The document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology, covering the structure and function of the human body, including various levels of anatomical study. It details the terminology and regional terms relevant to anatomical positioning, as well as the organization of organ systems and their functions. Additionally, it discusses maintaining homeostasis, survival needs, and feedback mechanisms within the body.

1. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Human Anatomy
and
Physiology

2. Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation
Lecture Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor
Florence-Darlington Technical
College
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

3. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Human Body—An Orientation
Anatomy
•Studies the structure of body parts and their
relationships.
Physiology
•Study of how the body and its parts work or
function
•Study of functional changes associated with
disease and aging.
Pathophysiology

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Gross or Macroscopic anatomy
•Larger structures
•Can be seen with the naked eye
•Approached of study: Regional and
Systemic Anatomy
Anatomy—Levels of Study

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Anatomy—Levels of Study
Surface anatomy
•Study of internal structures as they relate to
the overlying skin surface.

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Anatomy—Levels of Study
Microscopic anatomy
•Structures cannot be seen with the
naked eye
•Structures can only be viewed with a
microscope
•Subdivisions include cytology and
histology

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Anatomy—Levels of Study
Developmental anatomy
•Traces structural changes that occur in
the body throughout the life span.
•Embryology – concerns developmental
changes that occur before birth.

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The Language of Anatomy
•Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
•Exact terms are used for
•Position
•Direction
•Regions
•Structures

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Anatomical Position

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• prone position - anatomical position is
placed face-down

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• supine position- anatomical position is
placed face-up

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• posterosuperior view combines the posterior
and superior

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• B) anterosuperior

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Cervical
Umbilical
Pubic (genital)
Pelvic
Inguinal
(groin)
(a) Anterior/Ventral
KEY:
Deltoid
Digital
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Patellar
Fibular
Pedal (foot)
Digital
Upper limb
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Antecubital
Antebrachial
Carpal (wrist)
Manus (hand)
Crural (leg)
Tarsal (ankle)
Femoral (thigh)
Cephalic
Frontal
Orbital
Nasal
Buccal
Oral
Mental
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
Thoracic
Sternal
Axillary
Abdominal
(forearm)
Figure 1.5a
Regional Terms
•Anterior body
landmarks

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(b) Posterior/Dorsal
Gluteal
Sacral
Lumbar
Vertebral
Back (dorsal)
Scapular
Cervical
Cephalic
Occipital (back
of head)
Acromial
Brachial (arm)
Olecranal
Antebrachial
Manus (hand)
Digital
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular
Pedal (foot)
Calcaneal
Plantar
Upper limb
KEY:
Thorax
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
(forearm)
Lower limb
Figure 1.5b
Regional Terms
•Posterior body
landmarks

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Directional Terms
•Superior (cranial or cephalad)
toward the head end or upper part of a
structure or the body; above
•Inferior (caudal)
away from the head end or toward the
lower part of a structure
the body; below

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Directional Terms
•Ventral (anterior)
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
•Dorsal (posterior)
toward or at the backside of the
body; behind

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Directional Terms
•Medial:
toward or at the midline of the
body; on the inner side of
•Lateral:
away from the midline of the
body; on the outer side of the
body
•Intermediate:
between a more medial and a
more lateral structure

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Directional Terms
•Proximal:
close to the origin of the body
part or point of attachment to a
limb to the body trunk
•Distal:
farther from the origin of a body
part or the point of attachment of
a limb to the body trunk

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Directional Terms
•Superficial:
toward or at the body surface
•Deep:
away from the body surface;
more internal
•Ipsilateral: on the same side
•Contralateral: opposite side

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(a) Median (midsagittal)
Vertebral
column
(b) Frontal (coronal) plane
Right
lung Heart
Left
lung
(c) Transverse plane
Liver Aorta Spleen
Spinal
cord
Rectum Intestines Liver Stomach Spleen Subcutaneous
fat layer
Stomach
Figure 1.6

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PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
abdomin/o abdomen
acr/o extremity
aden/o gland
angi/o vessel
arthr/o joint
cardi/o heart
chondr/o cartilage
cyst/o bladder
cyt/o cell
den/o tooth
dermat/o skin
derm/o skin
duoden/o duodenum
Naming Structures of the Body
Peritoneal
Acromegaly
Adenoma
Angiogram
Arthritis
Cystitis
cytology

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PREFIX MEANING EXAMPLE
gastro stomach
hepat/o liver
laryng/o larynx
my/o muscle
nephr/o kidney
neur/o nerve
oste/o bone
ot/o ear
path/o disease
rhin/o nose
stomat/o mouth
thorac/o Thorax (chest)
Naming Structures of the Body
Gastritis
Hepatitis / Hepatoma
Laryngitis
Myology/Myositis
Nephritis
Otitis
Pathologic Anatomy
Neurology
Osteoporosis
Rhinitis / Rhinoplasty
Stomatitis
Pleural

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Body Cavities
•Dorsal body cavity
•Cranial cavity houses the brain
•Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
•Ventral body cavity
•Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and
others
•Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive
system and most urinary system organs

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Body cavities (and organs found within
them):
•Dorsal
Cranial cavity
- within the rigid
skull, contains the
brain.
Spinal cavity
- which runs within
the bony vertebral
column, protects the
spinal cord.

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Body cavities (and organs found within
them):
•Ventral
•Thoracic cavity
• Pleural cavity
• Mediastinum
• Pericardial cavity
•Abdominopelvic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
- stomach
- intestines
- liver, etc.
• Pelvic cavity

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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
•Called serous membranes or serosa
•Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
•Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
•Serous fluid separates the serosae

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Heart Serosae
Figure 1.10b

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Serous Membrane Relationship
Figure 1.10a

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Abdominopelvic quadrants (and organs found in each
region):
•Right upper
•Right lower
•Left upper
•Left lower

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Nine abdominopelvic regions (and organs in
each regions):
•Right hypochondriac
•Epigastric
•Left hypochondriac
•Right lumbar
•Umbilical
•Left lumbar
•Right iliac (inguinal)
•Hypogastric
•Left iliac (inguinal)

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Other Body Cavities
•Oral and digestive cavities
•Nasal Cavity
•Orbital cavities
•Middle ear cavities
•Synovial cavities

45. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1
Organismal level
Human organisms are
made up of many organ
systems.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that work
together closely.
Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues.
Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Smooth muscle cell
Cellular level
Cells are made
up of molecules.
Molecules
2
Atoms
1
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
3
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
4
5
Cardio–
vascular
system
6
Blood
vessels
Heart
Levels of Structural Organization

46. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 2

47. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 3

48. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 4

49. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 5

50. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 6

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Organ System Overview
•Integumentary
•Protects deeper organs from
injury due to bumps,
chemicals, bacteria, and
dehydration.
•Excretes salts and urea
•Helps regulate body
temperature
•Produces vitamin D
• Components
• Skin
• Nails
• Hair
• Cutaneous sense
organs and glands

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•Skeletal
•Protects and supports internal
organs
•Provides levers for muscular
action
•Cavities provide a site of
blood cell formation
•Stores minerals
Organ System Overview
• Components
• Bones
• Cartilage
• Tendons
• Ligaments

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•Muscular
•Produces movement
•Maintains posture
•Produces heat
Organ System Overview

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Organ System Overview
•Nervous
•Fast-acting control system
•Responds to internal and
external change
•Activates muscles and
glands
•Helps maintain short-term
homeostasis of the body
via rapid transmission of
electrical signals

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Organ System Overview
•Endocrine system
•Secretes chemical
molecules, called hormones,
into the blood
•Body functions controlled by
hormones include:
•Growth
•Reproduction
•Use of nutrients
•Plays a role in regulating
long-term homeostasis

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Organ System Overview
•Cardiovascular
•Transports materials in
body via blood pumped
by heart
•Oxygen
•Carbon dioxide
•Nutrients
•Wastes

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Organ System Overview
•Lymphatic
•Returns fluids to blood
vessels
•Cleanses the blood
•Involved in immunity

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Organ System Overview
•Respiratory
•Keeps blood supplied
with oxygen
•Removes carbon dioxide
•Contributes to the acid-
base balance of the
blood

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Organ System Overview
•Digestive
•Breaks down food
•Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
•Eliminates indigestible
material as feces

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Organ System Overview
•Urinary
•Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
•Maintains acid-base
balance
•Regulates water and
electrolytes

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•Reproductive
•Produces offspring
•Testes produce
sperm and male
hormone
•Ovaries produce
eggs and female
hormones
Organ System Overview

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Necessary Life Functions
•Maintain boundaries
•Internal environment remains distinct from
the external environment
•Movement
•Locomotion
•Movement of substances
•Responsiveness or excitability
•Ability to sense changes and react
•Digestion
•Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

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Necessary Life Functions
•Metabolism—chemical reactions within the
body
•Break down complex molecules into smaller
ones
•Build larger molecules from smaller ones
•Produces energy
•Regulated by hormones
•Excretion
•Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
•Wastes may be removed in urine or feces

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Necessary Life Functions
•Reproduction
•Occurs on cellular level or organismal level
•Produces future generation
•Growth
•Increases cell size and number of cells

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Survival Needs
•Nutrients
•Chemicals for energy and cell building
•Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
•Oxygen
•Required for chemical reactions

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Survival Needs
•Water
•60 to 80 percent of body weight
•Most abundant chemical in the human body
•Provides for metabolic reaction
•Stable body temperature
•37°C (98°F)
•Atmospheric pressure
•Must be appropriate for gas exchange

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Maintaining Homeostasis
•The body communicates through neural and
hormonal control systems

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Homeostasis
•Homeostasis—maintenance of relatively
stable internal conditions
•A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance
•Necessary for normal body functioning and
to sustain life
•Homeostatic imbalance
•A disturbance in homeostasis results in
disease

70. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4
Input: Information
sent along afferent
pathway to control
center.
Receptor
Control
Center
Effector
Receptor
detects change.
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
Output: Information
sent along efferent
pathway to effector.
Response
of effector feeds
back to reduce
the effect of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostatic
level.
1
2
3 4
5

71. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 1
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
1

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Receptor
Receptor
detects change.
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
1
2
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
•Receptor
•Responds to changes in the
environment (stimuli)
•Sends information to control
center

73. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 3
Input: Information
sent along afferent
pathway to control
center.
Receptor
Control
Center
Receptor
detects change.
Afferent
pathway
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
1
3
2
•Control center
•Determines set
point
•Analyzes
information
•Determines
appropriate
response

74. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 4
Input: Information
sent along afferent
pathway to control
center.
Receptor
Control
Center
Effector
Receptor
detects change.
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
Output: Information
sent along efferent
pathway to effector.
1
3 4
2
•Effector
•Provides a
means for
response to the
stimulus

75. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.4, step 5
Input: Information
sent along afferent
pathway to control
center.
Receptor
Control
Center
Effector
Receptor
detects change.
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
VARIABLE (in homeostasis)
Stimulus
produces
change in
variable.
Output: Information
sent along efferent
pathway to effector.
Response
of effector feeds
back to reduce
the effect of
stimulus and
returns variable
to homeostatic
level.
1
3 4
5
2

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Feedback Mechanisms
•Negative feedback
•Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
•Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its
intensity
•Works like a household thermostat

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Feedback Mechanisms
•Positive feedback
•Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
•In the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and during the birth of a baby

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Homeostatic imbalance +
•SEROSITIS – inflammation of the serous
membrane
3 TYPES:
•Pericarditis – inflammation of pericardium
(heart)
•Pleuritis – also pleurisy
- inflammation of pleura (lungs)
•Peritonitis – peritoneum