There are two main classifications of joints in the body: functional classification based on movement and structural classification based on material binding the bones. Structurally, there are fibrous joints with no cavity, cartilaginous joints with cartilage but no cavity, and synovial joints with ligaments, a cavity, and fluid-filled sac. Common synovial joints include ball-and-socket shoulders and hips, hinge elbows and knees, and pivot neck joints.

1. Joints = Articulations

2. Joints = Articulations Classification of joints: 2 ways Functional Classification - based on amount of movement allowed at the joint: 3 Types: Synarthroses – immovable joints Amphiarthroses – slightly movable joints Diathroses – freely movable joints Structural Classification - based on the material binding the body and the absence or the presence of a joint cavity: 3 Types: Fibrous Joints – Fibrous CT binds the bones; joint cavity absent Cartilaginous joints – Cartilage binds the bones; joint cavity absent Synovial joints- ligaments bind the bones; joint cavity PRESENT

3. 3 Structural classes of joints Fibrous Joints – bones joined together by dense CT; joint cavity absent 3 types: Sutures – located only in the skull Gomphoses – located only between teeth and bony alveolar sockets Syndesmoses – ligaments or bands connect the bones Cartilaginous Joints – cartilage connects the bones; joint cavity absent 2 types: Synchondroses – Hyaline cartilage connects bones Symphyses – Fibrocartilage connects bones Synovial Joints – ligaments bind the bones; Joint cavity present 6 types: Plane joints Pivot joints Saddle joints Hinge joints Condyloid joints Ball-and-socket

4. Figure 8.1 : Fibrous joints , p. 253. (a) (b) Dense fibrous connective tissue Suture line Fibula Tibia Suture Syndesmos is Ligament

5. Figure 8.2 : Cartilaginous joints, p. 254. (a) (c) (b) Epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage) S ynchondrose s Sternum (manubrium) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) Symphyses Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Body of vertebra

6. Figure 8.3: General structure of a synovial joint, p. 255. (a) (b) Periosteum Ligament Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane Articular (hyaline) cartilage Articular capsule

7. Figure 8.4: Friction-reducing structures: Bursae and tendon sheaths, p. 257. (a) (b) Acromion of scapula Glenoid cavity containing synovial fluid Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Cavity in bursa containing synovial fluid Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule Humerus Hyaline cartilage Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Fibrous articular capsule Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle

8. Figure 8.8a-b: Knee joint, p. 266. (a) (b) Femur Tendon of quadriceps femoris Suprapatellar bursa Patella Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Infrapatellar fat pad Deep infrapatellar bursa Patellar ligament Articular capsule Lateral meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament Tibia Fibular collateral ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Medial condyle Tibial collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus Patellar ligament Patella Quadriceps tendon Lateral condyle of femur Lateral meniscus Fibula Tibia

9. Figure 8.8a: Knee joint, p. 266. (a) Femur Tendon of quadriceps femoris Suprapatellar bursa Patella Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Posterior cruciate ligament Infrapatellar fat pad Deep infrapatellar bursa Patellar ligament Articular capsule Lateral meniscus Anterior cruciate ligament Tibia

10. Figure 8.8b: Knee joint, p. 266. (b) Fibular collateral ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Medial condyle Tibial collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus Patellar ligament Patella Quadriceps tendon Lateral condyle of femur Lateral meniscus Fibula Tibia

11. Figure 8.8c-d: Knee joint, p. 266. (c) (d) Quadriceps femoris muscle Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Patella Lateral patellar retinaculum Medial patellar retinaculum Tibial collateral ligament Tibia Fibular collateral ligament Fibula Patellar ligament Medial femoral condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus on medial tibial condyle

12. Figure 8.8c: Knee joint, p. 266. (c) Quadriceps femoris muscle Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Patella Lateral patellar retinaculum Medial patellar retinaculum Tibial collateral ligament Tibia Fibular collateral ligament Fibula Patellar ligament

13. Figure 8.8d: Knee joint, p. 266. (d) Medial femoral condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus on medial tibial condyle

14. Figure 8.8e: Knee joint, p. 266. (e) Articular capsule Oblique popliteal ligament Lateral head of gastrocnemius muscle Fibular collateral ligament Arcuate popliteal ligament Tibia Femur Medial head of gastrocnemius muscle Tendon of semimembranosus muscle Popliteus muscle Tendon of adductor magnus Bursa

15. Figure 8.9: A common knee injury, p. 267. Lateral Medial Patella (outline) Tibial collateral ligament (torn) Medial meniscus (torn) Anterior cruciate ligament (torn) Hockey puck

16. Figure 8.10a: The elbow joint, p. 268. (a) Articular capsule Synovial membrane Synovial cavity Articular cartilage Coronoid process Tendon of biceps muscle Ulna Humerus Fat pad Tendon of triceps muscle Bursa Trochlea Articular cartilage of the trochlear notch

17. Figure 8.10b: The elbow joint, p. 268. (b) Humerus Lateral epicondyle Articular capsule Radial collateral ligament Olecranon process Anular ligament Radius Ulna

18. Figure 8.10c: The elbow joint, p. 268. (c) Anular ligament Humerus Medial epicondyle Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament Ulna Articular capsule Radius Coronoid process

19. Figure 8.10d: The elbow joint, p. 268. (d) Articular capsule Anular ligament Coronoid process Radius Humerus Medial epicondyle Ulnar collateral ligament Ulna

20. Figure 8.11a: The shoulder joint, p. 269. (a) Acromion Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Coracohumeral ligament Greater tubercle of humerus Transverse humeral ligament Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Articular capsule reinforced by glenohumeral ligaments Subscapular bursa Tendon of the subscapularis muscle Scapula Coracoid process

21. Figure 8.11b: The shoulder joint, p. 269. (b) Acromion Coracoid process Articular capsule Glenoid cavity Glenoid labrum Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Glenohumeral ligaments Tendon of the subscapularis muscle Scapula Posterior Anterior

22. Figure 8.11c: The shoulder joint, p. 269. (c) Head of humerus Muscle of rotator cuff (cut) Acromion (cut) Glenoid cavity of scapula Capsule of shoulder joint (opened)

23. Figure 8.12a-b: The hip joint, p. 270. (a) (b) Articular cartilage Coxal (hip) bone Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Synovial cavity Articular capsule Acetabular labrum Femur Acetabular labrum Synovial membrane Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Head of femur Articular capsule (cut)

24. Figure 8.12c-d: The hip joint, p. 270. (c) (d) Anterior inferior iliac spine Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Greater trochanter Ischium Iliofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Greater trochanter of femur

25. Figure 8.13: The temporomandibular (jaw) joint, p. 271. (a) (b) (c) Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Articular tubercle Infratemporal fossa External acoustic meatus Lateral ligament Articular capsule Neck of mandible Articular capsule Articular cartilage covering the mandibular fossa Articular disc Articular tubercle Superior joint cavity Inferior joint cavity Mandibular condyle Neck of mandible Synovial membranes Laterial excursion

26. Figure 8.13a: The temporomandibular (jaw) joint, p. 271. (a) Zygomatic process Mandibular fossa Articular tubercle Infratemporal fossa External acoustic meatus Lateral ligament Articular capsule Neck of mandible

27. Figure 8.13b: The temporomandibular (jaw) joint, p. 271. (b) Articular capsule Articular cartilage covering the mandibular fossa Articular disc Articular tubercle Superior joint cavity Inferior joint cavity Mandibular condyle Neck of mandible Synovial membranes