The document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology, detailing definitions, important branches, and structural organization. It discusses various body systems, components, and their respective functions, along with anatomical terminology and body planes. The content serves as an introduction to understanding the human body's structure and functions.

1. MRS BINCY VARGHESE
CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR
KGMU COLLEGE OF NURSING,KGMU, LUCKNOW
INTRODUCTION
TO ANATOMY

2. DEFINITION OF ANATOMY
ANATOMY (ana = up; tomy = process of cutting) is the
study of the structure of an organism and the relationship
of its parts.
 It is usually studied by dissection (careful cutting
apart) of body structures to study their relationships.

3. DEFINITION OF PHYSIOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY (physio = nature; logy = study of) is the
science of body functions i.e how the body parts works.

4. IMPORTANT BRANCHES/SUBDISCIPLINES OF
ANATOMY
 EMBRYOLOGY: Study of structures that emerge
from the time of the fertilized egg through the eighth
week in uterus.
 DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: Study of structures
that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg to the
adult form.

5.  HISTOLOGY (hist = tissue): Study of microscopic
structures of tissues.
 SURFACE ANATOMY: Study of anatomical
landmarks on the surface of body such as head or
chest

6.  RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY: Study of structures
that can be seen with x-rays.
 PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY: Study of structural
changes ( from gross to microscopic) associated with
the disease.

7. IMPORTANT BRANCHES/SUBDISCIPLINES OF
PHYSIOLOGY
 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY (neuro = nerve): Study of
functional properties of nerve cells.
 ENDOCRINOLOGY (endo = within; crin =
secretions): Study of hormones (chemical regulators
within the body) and how they control body functions.

8.  CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY (cardi = heart;
vascular = blood vessels): Study of the functions of
the heart and blood vessels.
 IMMUNOLOGY: Study of how body defends itself
against disease causing agents.

9.  RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY (respira = to
breathe): Study of the functions of the air passages
and lungs.
 RENAL PHYSIOLOGY (ren = kidney): Study of
functions of kidneys.

10.  PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (path = disease): Study of
functional changes associated with disease and
aging.

11. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION
1. THE CHEMICAL LEVEL
2. THE CELLULAR LEVEL
3. THE TISSUE LEVEL
4. THE ORGAN LEVEL
5. THE ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL
6. THE ORGANISMAL LEVEL

12. SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY
1. INTEGUEMENTARY SYSTEM
2. SKELETAL SYSTEM
3. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
4. NERVOUS SYSTEM
5. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
6. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

13. 7. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY
8. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
9. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
10. URINARY SYSTEM
11. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

14. INTEGUEMENTARY SYSTEM
Components: Skin and its structures (hair, nails, sweat
glands and oil glands)
Functions: Protection
Regulates body temperature
Eliminates some wastes
Helps make Vit. D
Detects sensation.

15. SKELETAL SYSTEM
Components: Bones, joints and their associated
cartilages.
Functions: Supports and protects
Provides attachment for muscles
Helps body movements
Houses cells that produces blood cells
Stores minerals and fats.

16. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Components: Muscles.
Functions: Produce body movements
Stabilizes body positions (postures)
Generates heat

17. NERVOUS SYSTEM
Components: Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves snd special
sense organs (Eyes and Ears).
Functions: Generates nerve impulses to regulate
body activities
Detects changes in the body’s internal
and external environment.
Interprets to changes and responds by
causing muscular contractions or
glandular secretions.

18. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Components: Blood, Heart and blood vessels
Functions: Pumps blood.
Carries oxygen and nutrients and wastes
away from cells.
Blood components helps defends
against disease and repairs damages.

19. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNOLOGY
Components: Lymphatic fluid and vessels; spleen,
thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils.
Functions: Returns protein and fluid to the blood.
Carries lipids from G.I Tract to blood
Protects against disease causing
microbes.

20. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Components: Lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea and
bronchial tubes leading into lungs.
Functions: Transfers oxygen to blood and carbon
dioxide from blood to air.
Regulates acid base balance of body
fluids.
Helps to produce sound.

21. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Components: Mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach,
small and large intestine, anus, and accessory
organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder
and pancreas.
Functions: Physical and chemical breakdown of
food.
Absorbs nutrients.
Eliminates solid wastes.

22. URINARY SYSTEM
Components: Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and
urethra.
Functions: Produce, stores and eliminates urine.
Eliminates wastes
Helps maintain the acid base balance of
body fluids.

23. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Components: Gonads (testes/ovaries) and associated
organs (uterine tubes, uterus and vagina, epididymis,
vas deferens and penis)
Functions: Gonads produce gametes (sperm or
oocytes).
Gonads release hormones and regulates
reproduction.
Associated organs transports and store
gametes .

24. ANATOMICAL
TERMINOLOGY

25. BODY POSITIONS
 SUPINE POSITION
When the body is lying
face up.
 PRONE POSITION
When the body is lying
face down.

26. ANATOMICAL POSITION
Body is erect/standing
with arms at sides and
palms turned forward.

27. BILATERAL SYMMETRY
Right and the left
portion of the body are
equally divided

28. BODY CAVITIES
Two types of body cavities:
1. Ventral Cavity: Consist of Thoracic Cavity
and Abdominopelvic cavity.
2. Dorsal Cavity: Include Cranial Cavity and
Spinal cavity.

29. BODY CAVITIES

30. Thoracic Cavity:
a) Pleural cavities: Surrounds the lungs. The serous
membrane is called “Pleura” that contains “pleural
fluid”.
b) Pericardial cavity: Surrounds the Heart. The
serous membrane is “Pericardium”.
c) Mediastinum: Central portion of the thoracic cavity
between the lungs. It contains Oesophagus, Trachea,
heart and large blood vessels.
BODY CAVITIES

31. BODY CAVITIES
Abdominopelvic cavity
 Abdominal Cavity
 Pelvic Cavity

32. Thin filmy membrane that covers the wall surface
is known as “Parietal layer”.
The thin membrane that covers the organ is called
as “Visceral layer”

33. REGIONAL NAMES
 Abdominal: Anterior torso below diaphragm
 Acromial: Shoulder
 Antebrachial: Forearm
 Antecubital: Depressed area in front of elbow
 Axillary: Armpit
 Brachial: Arm
 Buccal: Cheek (inside)

34.  Calcaneal: Heel of foot
 Carpal: Wrist
 Cephalic: Head
 Cervical: Neck
 Coxal: Hip
 Cranial: skull
 Crural: Leg
 Cubital: Elbow
 Cutaneous: Skin

35.  Digital: Fingers or toes
 Dorsal: Back or top
 Facial: Face
 Femoral: Thigh
 Frontal: Forehead
 Gluteal: Buttock
 Hallux: Great toe
 Inguinal: Groin
 Lumbar: Lower part of back between ribs and pelvis

36.  Mammary: Breast
 Manual: Hand
 Mental: Chin
 Nasal: Nose
 Navel: Umblicus
 Occipital: Back of lower part of skull
 Olecranal: Back of elbow
 Oral: Mouth
 Orbital or opthalmic: Eyes

37.  Otic: Ear
 Palmar: Palm of hand
 Patellar: Front of knee
 Pedal: Foot
 Pelvic: Lower portion of torso
 Perineal: Area between anus and genitals
 Plantar: Sole of foot
 Pollex: Thumb
 Popliteal: Area behind the knee

38.  Supraclavicular: Area above clavicle
 Sural: Calf
 Tarsal: Ankle
 Temporal: Side of skull
 Thoracic: Chest
 Zygomatic: Cheek

39. ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS

40. ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
1. Right hypochondriac region
2. Epigastric region
3. Left hypochondriac region
4. Right lumbar region
5. Umblical region
6. Left lumbar region
7. Right inguinal/iliac region
8. Hypogastric region
9. Left inguinal/iliac region

41. ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS

42. ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS
1. Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
2. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
3. Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
4. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

43. DIRECTIONAL
TERMS

44. It describes the position of one body part relative to
another.
Directional terms Definition
Superior (cephalic)
Towards the head or the upper part of a
structure
Inferior (caudal) Away from head or lower part
Anterior (ventral) At the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
At the back of the body

45. Directional terms Definition
Medial Nearer to the midline
Lateral Farther to the midline
Intermediate Between two structures
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as
another structure

46. Directional terms Definition
Contralateral
On the opposite of the body from
another structure
Proximal
Nearer to the origination of a
structure
Distal
Farther from the origination of the
structure
Superficial On the surface of the body
Deep Away from the surface of the body

47. TERMS RELATED TO ORGANS
1. Lumen: The hollow area of the organ.
2. Central and peripheral: Central means near the center
and Peripheral means towards the boundary.
3. Medullary and Cortical: Medullary refers to inner
region of an organ; Cortical means structures found in
the outer region.
4. Basal and Apical: The pointed part is called
Apical/Apex; Basal is the base.

48. BODY PLANES
AND SECTIONS

49. PLANES
Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body
parts.

50. PLANES
1. Sagittal plane: Vertical plane that divides the body
surface into right and left side.
a) Midsaggital/Median plane: Passes through midline
of the body/organ and divides into right and left
sides.
b) Parasagittal plane: Does not pass through the
midline. Divides the body/organ into unequal right
and left sides.

52. PLANES (contd..)
2. Frontal or Coronal Plane: It divides the body into
anterior and posterior portion.

53. PLANES (contd..)
3. Transverse/Cross sectional/Horizontal Plane:
Divides the body into superior and inferior portion.

54. PLANES (contd..)
4. Oblique Plane: Passes through the body or an
angle between the transverse plane/sagittal or frontal
plane.