Bipedalism involves walking upright on two feet instead of four. Key anatomical changes that enabled effective bipedal movement include a cone-shaped rib cage, basin-shaped pelvis, inward-angled lower limbs, and lumbar curve in the spine. The foramen magnum also shifted below the skull to balance the head. Various hominin species such as Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, and Homo evolved increasingly specialized anatomies over millions of years that enhanced efficient bipedal locomotion.
No cultural group is homogenous. Individual members differ in their thoughts and behaviours
Theory underpins most scientific endeavors, and, in the 1970s, researchers began to lay the groundwork for cultural evolutionary theory, building on the neo-Darwinian synthesis of genetics and evolution by using verbal, diagrammatic, and mathematical models
One of the most obvious characteristics shown by humans that is not shared by many other animal species on Earth is the ability to walk on two feet instead of four feet. This trait, called bipedalism, seems to play a large role in the pathway of human evolution. It does not seem to have anything to do with being able to run faster, as many four-legged animals can run faster than even the fastest of humans. Of course, humans do not worry much about predators, so there must have been another reason bipedalism was chosen by natural selection to be the preferred adaptation.
No cultural group is homogenous. Individual members differ in their thoughts and behaviours
Theory underpins most scientific endeavors, and, in the 1970s, researchers began to lay the groundwork for cultural evolutionary theory, building on the neo-Darwinian synthesis of genetics and evolution by using verbal, diagrammatic, and mathematical models
One of the most obvious characteristics shown by humans that is not shared by many other animal species on Earth is the ability to walk on two feet instead of four feet. This trait, called bipedalism, seems to play a large role in the pathway of human evolution. It does not seem to have anything to do with being able to run faster, as many four-legged animals can run faster than even the fastest of humans. Of course, humans do not worry much about predators, so there must have been another reason bipedalism was chosen by natural selection to be the preferred adaptation.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Evolution of jaws & temporo mandibular joint / oral surgery coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Human Evolution of the Teeth & Jaws: A Mouthful of History- International Jou...hindol1996
The morphology & function of the teeth & jaws of Homo sapiens has changed with hominid evolution to their present form, when compared to those who lived 25,000 years ago, of the last common ancestor of humans & living apes. The field of human evolution is not normally considered within the scope of dentistry, yet the very same jaws & teeth upon which dentistry depends provide much of the essential evidence of human evolution. This review article tells a story of the patterns of dental morphological evolution in the course of time in relation to human origins. It provides a compelling account of how the interaction of diet, speech & environment has shaped human evolution of the jaws & teeth.
HUman Biological and Cultural EvolutiojPaulVMcDowell
Covers comparative human-nonhunan anatomy, describes the mechanisms of evolution, provides a taxonomy, and traces the evolution of fossil hominins and their tools, and
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Evolution of jaws & temporo mandibular joint / oral surgery coursesIndian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Human Evolution of the Teeth & Jaws: A Mouthful of History- International Jou...hindol1996
The morphology & function of the teeth & jaws of Homo sapiens has changed with hominid evolution to their present form, when compared to those who lived 25,000 years ago, of the last common ancestor of humans & living apes. The field of human evolution is not normally considered within the scope of dentistry, yet the very same jaws & teeth upon which dentistry depends provide much of the essential evidence of human evolution. This review article tells a story of the patterns of dental morphological evolution in the course of time in relation to human origins. It provides a compelling account of how the interaction of diet, speech & environment has shaped human evolution of the jaws & teeth.
HUman Biological and Cultural EvolutiojPaulVMcDowell
Covers comparative human-nonhunan anatomy, describes the mechanisms of evolution, provides a taxonomy, and traces the evolution of fossil hominins and their tools, and
1. Biomechanics of ankle joint subtalar joint and footSaurab Sharma
Biomechanics of Ankle joint- intended to share the powerpoint with first year undergraduate students at Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Nepal.
Human evolution
1
Classification of Hominins
Kingdom: Animalia
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Anthropoidea
Superfamily: Hominoidea
Family: Hominidea
Subfamily: Homininae
Tribe: Hominini
2
T. Harrison Science 327, 532-534 (2010)
Animalia: depend on intake of living food; do not make their own food
Subphylum: have a bony skeleton with bilateral symmetry
Class: live bearing, mother nurses young, 4 chambered heart, warm blooded, sweat glands, 2 sets of teeth with four kinds of teeth
Order: Generalized arboreal; 5 digits, hands and feet capable of grasping; tendency to erect posture with head balanced on spinal column; reliance on vision rather than smell; 3D vision; nails rather than claws; opposable thumb; extensive bony protection of eyes
Suborder: New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, apes, and humans; are two other primate suborders (prosimians and tarsiers)
Superfamily: short, flat, broad trunk; vertebral column set within rib cage; dorsal scapula & lateral facing shoulder = full rotation of arms; no external tail; specialized dentition
Family: humans, ancestors, & all great apes
Subfamily: humans, ancestors, chimps, & gorillas
Tribe: humans and ancestors
2
What is a Hominin?
Modern humans
Our ancestors
Other species branching off this lineage
First Hominin debate
5 – 10 mya
Earliest Hominin fossils are:
African, ~7 million years old
Very apelike – mosaic of traits
3
At the end of the Miocene, around 6 mya, a new tribe of primates arose: the Hominins.
This family includes modern humans and our extinct ancestors since the divergence from the last common ancestor with chimpanzees.
DNA evidence and protein studies suggest that the last common ancestor to the chimpanzee and human lineages evolved at this time, around 6 mya; however, this evidence does not tell us about what these early ancestors would have looked like
Hominins, members of the taxonomic family Homininae, may be distinguished from the apes by the following anatomical traits: (next slide)
3
Identifying Hominins
Key Hominin traits:
Skeletal traits associated with bipedalism
Changes to the face, teeth, and jaws
Expansion of the brain (encephalization)
Tool-making behavior
4
The identification of hominin fossils depends on some key skeletal traits BUT identifications are not certain in all circumstances. (Why is this the case? Well recall our discussion in class regarding the fossil record for primates…). The key traits we look at are:
- bipedalism
-dental traits
-increased cephalisation, or increased brain size
-a reduced face, also known as a reduction in facial prognathism
-and finally a little bit of culture
It is important to realize that many of these traits evolved in a mosaic fashion. Many of the early hominids that we will be discussing today will not show all of these traits but a subset of them. This can cause controversy in classification, as different researchers emphasize th ...
Musculoskeletal system – movements of the lower limb technologiesKareem Magar
A teaching resource I created for an assessment for university. It lists all the main movements of the lower limb (hip joint, leg/knee and leg/foot), the muscles associated with each movement and any other relevant information. At the end is a table summarizing all the information in depth, including origin and insertion. Included within the presentation are pictures of every movement and muscle involved, as well as links to useful resources such as a 3D anatomy model.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. BIPEDAL MOVEMENT
walk on 2, instead of 4
upright bipedal walking is a habitual and obligatory
form of transportation
Ardipithecus and Australopithecus
3. PARTS OF THE BODY
Neck, Skull, Rib Cage, Pelvis, and Limbs
Rib Cage - cone-like shape
Pelvis - basin-like shape
Lower Limbs - lengthen and angle inward
Major structures are all stack on top of each other,
supporting the next feature up
4. HOW DOES IT WORK?
Each step shifts body wait from one foot to the other
Both feet are on the ground only 25% of the time
Knees bend to keep balance
Upper body weight must remain stable over pelvis
5. FORAMEN MAGNUM
Apes - angled backward
Humans - located beneath the skull to balance head
and hold upright
6. SPINE
Apes - have no lumbar curve to pull upper body back
over pelvis
Humans - Additional lumbar curve that positions
body inward, over pelvis
7. FEMUR
Apes - straight, rotate pelvis to side with every step
Humans - angles inward so that weight is supported
at the midline
long, increasing stride length for efficient walking
8. KNEE
Apes - more mobile knee (climbing)
more rotation
Humans - stable during walking, reduction of
rotation
9. FOOT
Ape - big toe is divergent (grasp branches)
transverse arch
Humans - big toe is enlarged, lined up with other
toes, giving balance
two arches
11. ARDIPITHECUS
RAMIDUS
4.4 million years
East Africa, Woodland forest
Foramen magnum positioned forward under skull
Arms - ape features
Long, curved finger bones
12. AUSTRALOPITECUS
BOISEI
2.3 - 1.2 million years
East Africa, Savanna Woodland
Brain Size (410 - 530 cm sq.)
Robust chewing forces, including teeth and jaw
Femur angles in placing knee over foot
13. HOMO SAPIENS
100,000 years - present
Large brain size (1000-1700 cm 3)
Small, generalized teeth
Modern body proportions
Fully bipedal anatomy
