Anatomy and physiology

1. Chapter 1:
The human body--
An Orientation

2. Chapter 1: The human body ---- An Orientation
Anatomy
•Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships.
Physiology
•Study of how the body and its parts work or function.
Pathophysiology
•Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging.

3. Anatomy ----Levels of study
Gross or Macroscopic anatomy
•Larger structures
•Can be seen with the naked eye
Surface anatomy
•Exterior of the body to visualize the structures deeper inside
the body.

4. Anatomy ----Levels of study
Microscopic anatomy
•Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye
•Structures can only be viewed with a microscope
•Subdivisions include Cytology and
Histology

5. Anatomy ----Levels of study
Developmental anatomy
•Traces structural changes that occur in the body
throughout the life span.
•Embryology – concerns developmental changes that occur
before birth.

6. Anatomical Imaging

7. Anatomical Imaging

8. Anatomical position
• Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward.
• Palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from the
body.
• Right and left always refers to the sides belonging to the
person or specimen being viewed --- never to the viewer.

9. Language of Anatomy
•Positional terms
•Regional terms
•Directional terms
•Structural terms

10. Positional terms
• Prone position - anatomical position is placed face-down

11. Anatomical position
• supine position- anatomical position is placed face-up.

12. Anatomical position
• posterosuperior view -
combines the posterior
and superior.

13. Anatomical position
• Anterosuperior-
combines anterior and
superior.

14. Regional Terms
•Anterior body landmarks

15. Regional Terms
•Posterior body landmarks

16. Directional Terms
•Ventral (anterior)
toward or at the front of the body; in
front of
•Dorsal (posterior)
toward or at the backside
of the body; behind

17. Directional Terms
•Medial:
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner
side of
•Lateral:
away from the midline of the body; on the outer
side of the body
•Intermediate:
between a more medial and a more lateral structure

18. Directional Terms
•Proximal:
close to the origin of the body part or point
of attachment to a limb to the body trunk
•Distal:
farther from the origin of a body part or the
point of attachment of a limb to the body
trunk

19. Directional Terms
•Superficial:
toward or at the body surface
•Deep:
away from the body surface; more internal
•Ipsilateral: on the same side
•Contralateral: opposite side

20. Directional Terms

21. Directional Terms

22. Body Planes

23. Body Planes

24. Body Planes

25. Body Planes

26. Body Planes

27. Body Planes

28. Medical Terminologies

29. Medical Terminologies

30. Body Cavities
•Dorsal body cavity
 Cranial cavity houses the brain
 Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
•Ventral body cavity
 Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and
others
 Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive
system and most urinary system organs

31. Body Cavities (and organs found within them)
•Dorsal
Cranial cavity
- within the rigid skull,
contains the brain.
Spinal cavity
- which runs within the
bony vertebral column,
protects the spinal cord.

32. Body Cavities

33. Body Cavities (and organs found within them)
• Ventral
• Thoracic cavity
 Pleural cavity
 Mediastinum
 Pericardial cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
 Abdominal cavity
- stomach
- intestines
- liver, etc.
 Pelvic cavity

34. Body Cavities (and organs found within them)

35. Body Cavities (and organs found within them)

36. Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
•Called serous membranes or serosa
•Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
•Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
•Serous fluid separates the serosae

37. Heart Serosae/Membranes

38. Heart Serosae/Membranes

39. Abdominopelvic quadrants (and organs found in
each region)
•Right upper
•Right lower
•Left upper
•Left lower

40. Abdominopelvic Regions (and organs found in
each region)
•Right hypochondriac
•Epigastric
•Left hypochondriac
•Right lumbar
•Umbilical
•Left lumbar
•Right iliac (inguinal)
•Hypogastric
•Left iliac (inguinal)

41. Abdominopelvic Regions (and organs found in
each region)

42. Abdominopelvic Regions (and organs found in
each region)

43. Organ systems consist of
different organs that work
together closely.
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made
up of molecules.
Atoms
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level
Cardio–
vascular
system
6 Organismal level
Human organisms are
made up of many organ
systems.
Blood
vessels
Heart
Levels of Structural Organization

44. Levels of Structural Organization

45. Levels of Structural Organization

46. Levels of Structural Organization

47. Levels of Structural Organization

48. Levels of Structural Organization

49. Levels of Structural Organization

50. QUIZ # 1
PREPARE FOR A QUIZ

51. QUIZ # 1
1. Studies the structure of body
parts and their relationships.

52. QUIZ # 1
2. Study of how the body and its
parts work or function.

53. QUIZ # 1
3. STUDY OF CELLS

54. QUIZ # 1
4. STUDY OF TISSUES

55. QUIZ # 1
5. Traces structural changes that occur in
the body throughout the life span.

56. QUIZ # 1
6. anatomical position is placed
face-down

57. QUIZ # 1
7. anatomical position is placed
face-up.

58. QUIZ # 1
8. Regional term for wrist

59. QUIZ # 1
9. Regional term for breast

60. QUIZ # 1
10. Regional term for groin.

61. QUIZ # 1
11. toward or at the front of the
body; in front of

62. QUIZ # 1
12. away from the midline of the body; on the
outer side of the body

63. QUIZ # 1
13-16. what are the body planes?

64. QUIZ # 1
13. Body cavity that houses the
brain

65. QUIZ # 1
14. Body cavity that houses the
heart, lungs and others.

66. QUIZ # 1
15. Serous membrane that covers
the internal organs

67. QUIZ # 1
16. separates the serosae

68. QUIZ # 1
17-20. what are the body planes?

69. ASSIGNMENT # 1
IDENTIFY THE 12 ORGAN SYSTEM, THEIR
MAJOR ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

70. Organ System Overview

71. Organ System Overview
•Integumentary
•Protects deeper organs
from injury due to bumps,
chemicals, bacteria, and
dehydration.
•Excretes salts and urea
•Helps regulate
body temperature
•Produces vitamin D
• Components
• Skin
• Nails
• Hair
• Cutaneous sense
organs and glands

72. Organ System Overview
•Skeletal
•Protects and supports
intern organs
•Provides levers for
muscular action
• Cavities provide a site of
blood cell formation
• Stores minerals
• Components
• Bones
• Cartilage
• Tendons
• Ligaments

73. Organ System Overview
•Muscular
•Produces movement
•Maintains posture
•Produces heat

74. Organ System Overview
•Nervous
•Fast-acting control system
•Responds to internal and
external change
•Activates muscles and glands
•Helps maintain short-term
homeostasis of the body via rapid
transmission of electrical signals

75. Organ System Overview
•Cardiovascular
•Transports materials in body via blood
pumped by heart
•Oxygen
•Carbon dioxide
•Nutrients
•Wastes

76. Organ System Overview
•Lymphatic
•Returns fluids to blood vessels
•Cleanses the blood
•Involved in immunity

77. Organ System Overview
•Respiratory
•Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
•Removes carbon dioxide
•Contributes to the acid- base balance
of the blood

78. Organ System Overview
•Digestive
•Breaks down food
•Allows for nutrient absorption into
blood
•Eliminates indigestible material as
feces

79. Organ System Overview
•Urinary
•Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
•Maintains acid-base balance
•Regulates water and electrolytes

80. Organ System Overview
•Reproductive
•Produces offspring
•Testes produce sperm and male
hormone
•Ovaries produce eggs and
female hormones

81. Necessary Life Functions
•Maintain boundaries
•Internal environment remains distinct from the external
environment
•Movement
•Locomotion
•Movement of substances

82. Necessary Life Functions
•Responsiveness or excitability
•Ability to sense changes and react
•Digestion
•Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

83. Necessary Life Functions
•Metabolism—chemical reactions within the body
•Break down complex molecules into smaller ones
•Build larger molecules from smaller ones
•Produces energy
•Regulated by hormones
•Excretion
•Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
•Wastes may be removed in urine or feces

84. Necessary Life Functions
•Reproduction
•Occurs on cellular level or organismal level
•Produces future generation
•Growth
•Increases cell size and number of cells

85. Survival Needs
•Nutrients
•Chemicals for energy and cell building
•Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and
minerals
•Oxygen
•Required for chemical reactions

86. Survival Needs
•Water
•60 to 80 percent of body weight
•Most abundant chemical in the human body
•Provides for metabolic reaction
•Stable body temperature
•37°C (98°F)
•Atmospheric pressure
•Must be appropriate for gas exchange

87. Maintaining Homeostasis
•The body communicates
through neural and hormonal
control systems

88. Homeostasis
•Homeostasis—maintenance of relatively stable internal
conditions
•A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance
•Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life
•Homeostatic imbalance
•A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease

89. Homeostasis

90. Homeostasis

91. Homeostasis

92. Homeostasis

93. Homeostasis

94. Homeostasis

95. Feedback Mechanism
•Negative feedback
•Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
•Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its
intensity
•Works like a household thermostat

96. Feedback Mechanism
•Positive feedback
•Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
•In the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and during the birth of a baby

97. Homeostatic imbalance
•SEROSITIS – inflammation of the serous
membrane
3 TYPES:
•Pericarditis – inflammation of pericardium
(heart)
•Pleuritis – also pleurisy
- inflammation of pleura (lungs)
•Peritonitis – peritoneum

98. 1. POSITIONAL TERM
2. REGIONAL TERMS
3. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
4. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION
5.ORGAN SYSTEM
6. HOMEOSTASIS
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