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chapter-1-The-Human-body-An-Orientation.pptx
- 1. Chapter 1: The humanbody-- An Orientation
- 2. Chapter 1: Thehuman body ---- An Orientation Anatomy •Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships. Physiology •Study of how the body and its parts work or function. Pathophysiology •Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging.
- 3. Anatomy ----Levels ofstudy Gross or Macroscopic anatomy •Larger structures •Can be seen with the naked eye Surface anatomy •Exterior of the body to visualize the structures deeper inside the body.
- 4. Anatomy ----Levels ofstudy Microscopic anatomy •Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye •Structures can only be viewed with a microscope •Subdivisions include Cytology and Histology
- 5. Anatomy ----Levels ofstudy Developmental anatomy •Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span. •Embryology – concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.
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- 8. Anatomical position • Personstands erect with feet together and eyes forward. • Palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from the body. • Right and left always refers to the sides belonging to the person or specimen being viewed --- never to the viewer.
- 9. Language of Anatomy •Positionalterms •Regional terms •Directional terms •Structural terms
- 10. Positional terms • Proneposition - anatomical position is placed face-down
- 11. Anatomical position • supineposition- anatomical position is placed face-up.
- 12. Anatomical position • posterosuperiorview - combines the posterior and superior.
- 13. Anatomical position • Anterosuperior- combinesanterior and superior.
- 14. Regional Terms •Anterior bodylandmarks
- 15. Regional Terms •Posterior bodylandmarks
- 16. Directional Terms •Ventral (anterior) towardor at the front of the body; in front of •Dorsal (posterior) toward or at the backside of the body; behind
- 17. Directional Terms •Medial: toward orat the midline of the body; on the inner side of •Lateral: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of the body •Intermediate: between a more medial and a more lateral structure
- 18. Directional Terms •Proximal: close tothe origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk •Distal: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- 19. Directional Terms •Superficial: toward orat the body surface •Deep: away from the body surface; more internal •Ipsilateral: on the same side •Contralateral: opposite side
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- 30. Body Cavities •Dorsal bodycavity Cranial cavity houses the brain Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord •Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and others Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs
- 31. Body Cavities (andorgans found within them) •Dorsal Cranial cavity - within the rigid skull, contains the brain. Spinal cavity - which runs within the bony vertebral column, protects the spinal cord.
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- 33. Body Cavities (andorgans found within them) • Ventral • Thoracic cavity Pleural cavity Mediastinum Pericardial cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity - stomach - intestines - liver, etc. Pelvic cavity
- 34. Body Cavities (andorgans found within them)
- 35. Body Cavities (andorgans found within them)
- 36. Ventral Body CavityMembranes •Called serous membranes or serosa •Parietal serosa lines internal body walls •Visceral serosa covers the internal organs •Serous fluid separates the serosae
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- 39. Abdominopelvic quadrants (andorgans found in each region) •Right upper •Right lower •Left upper •Left lower
- 40. Abdominopelvic Regions (andorgans found in each region) •Right hypochondriac •Epigastric •Left hypochondriac •Right lumbar •Umbilical •Left lumbar •Right iliac (inguinal) •Hypogastric •Left iliac (inguinal)
- 41. Abdominopelvic Regions (andorgans found in each region)
- 42. Abdominopelvic Regions (andorgans found in each region)
- 43. Organ systems consistof different organs that work together closely. Smooth muscle cell Molecules 2 Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Atoms 1 Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. 3 Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) 4 Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level Cardio– vascular system 6 Organismal level Human organisms are made up of many organ systems. Blood vessels Heart Levels of Structural Organization
- 44. Levels of StructuralOrganization
- 45. Levels of StructuralOrganization
- 46. Levels of StructuralOrganization
- 47. Levels of StructuralOrganization
- 48. Levels of StructuralOrganization
- 49. Levels of StructuralOrganization
- 50. QUIZ # 1 PREPAREFOR A QUIZ
- 51. QUIZ # 1 1.Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships.
- 52. QUIZ # 1 2.Study of how the body and its parts work or function.
- 53. QUIZ # 1 3.STUDY OF CELLS
- 54. QUIZ # 1 4.STUDY OF TISSUES
- 55. QUIZ # 1 5.Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span.
- 56. QUIZ # 1 6.anatomical position is placed face-down
- 57. QUIZ # 1 7.anatomical position is placed face-up.
- 58. QUIZ # 1 8.Regional term for wrist
- 59. QUIZ # 1 9.Regional term for breast
- 60. QUIZ # 1 10.Regional term for groin.
- 61. QUIZ # 1 11.toward or at the front of the body; in front of
- 62. QUIZ # 1 12.away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of the body
- 63. QUIZ # 1 13-16.what are the body planes?
- 64. QUIZ # 1 13.Body cavity that houses the brain
- 65. QUIZ # 1 14.Body cavity that houses the heart, lungs and others.
- 66. QUIZ # 1 15.Serous membrane that covers the internal organs
- 67. QUIZ # 1 16.separates the serosae
- 68. QUIZ # 1 17-20.what are the body planes?
- 69. ASSIGNMENT # 1 IDENTIFYTHE 12 ORGAN SYSTEM, THEIR MAJOR ORGANS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
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- 71. Organ System Overview •Integumentary •Protectsdeeper organs from injury due to bumps, chemicals, bacteria, and dehydration. •Excretes salts and urea •Helps regulate body temperature •Produces vitamin D • Components • Skin • Nails • Hair • Cutaneous sense organs and glands
- 72. Organ System Overview •Skeletal •Protectsand supports intern organs •Provides levers for muscular action • Cavities provide a site of blood cell formation • Stores minerals • Components • Bones • Cartilage • Tendons • Ligaments
- 73. Organ System Overview •Muscular •Producesmovement •Maintains posture •Produces heat
- 74. Organ System Overview •Nervous •Fast-actingcontrol system •Responds to internal and external change •Activates muscles and glands •Helps maintain short-term homeostasis of the body via rapid transmission of electrical signals
- 75. Organ System Overview •Cardiovascular •Transportsmaterials in body via blood pumped by heart •Oxygen •Carbon dioxide •Nutrients •Wastes
- 76. Organ System Overview •Lymphatic •Returnsfluids to blood vessels •Cleanses the blood •Involved in immunity
- 77. Organ System Overview •Respiratory •Keepsblood supplied with oxygen •Removes carbon dioxide •Contributes to the acid- base balance of the blood
- 78. Organ System Overview •Digestive •Breaksdown food •Allows for nutrient absorption into blood •Eliminates indigestible material as feces
- 79. Organ System Overview •Urinary •Eliminatesnitrogenous wastes •Maintains acid-base balance •Regulates water and electrolytes
- 80. Organ System Overview •Reproductive •Producesoffspring •Testes produce sperm and male hormone •Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones
- 81. Necessary Life Functions •Maintainboundaries •Internal environment remains distinct from the external environment •Movement •Locomotion •Movement of substances
- 82. Necessary Life Functions •Responsivenessor excitability •Ability to sense changes and react •Digestion •Breakdown and absorption of nutrients
- 83. Necessary Life Functions •Metabolism—chemicalreactions within the body •Break down complex molecules into smaller ones •Build larger molecules from smaller ones •Produces energy •Regulated by hormones •Excretion •Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions •Wastes may be removed in urine or feces
- 84. Necessary Life Functions •Reproduction •Occurson cellular level or organismal level •Produces future generation •Growth •Increases cell size and number of cells
- 85. Survival Needs •Nutrients •Chemicals forenergy and cell building •Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals •Oxygen •Required for chemical reactions
- 86. Survival Needs •Water •60 to80 percent of body weight •Most abundant chemical in the human body •Provides for metabolic reaction •Stable body temperature •37°C (98°F) •Atmospheric pressure •Must be appropriate for gas exchange
- 87. Maintaining Homeostasis •The bodycommunicates through neural and hormonal control systems
- 88. Homeostasis •Homeostasis—maintenance of relativelystable internal conditions •A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance •Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life •Homeostatic imbalance •A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease
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- 95. Feedback Mechanism •Negative feedback •Includesmost homeostatic control mechanisms •Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity •Works like a household thermostat
- 96. Feedback Mechanism •Positive feedback •Increasesthe original stimulus to push the variable farther •In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby
- 97. Homeostatic imbalance •SEROSITIS –inflammation of the serous membrane 3 TYPES: •Pericarditis – inflammation of pericardium (heart) •Pleuritis – also pleurisy - inflammation of pleura (lungs) •Peritonitis – peritoneum
- 98. 1. POSITIONAL TERM 2.REGIONAL TERMS 3. DIRECTIONAL TERMS 4. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION 5.ORGAN SYSTEM 6. HOMEOSTASIS VIDEO RECITATION: