Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect combining four defects: a ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, an overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. It is the most common cyanotic heart defect seen in 6-10% of congenital heart diseases. Affected individuals experience cyanosis and fatigue due to reduced oxygen circulation. Diagnosis involves physical exams, echocardiograms, and x-rays showing the boot-shaped heart. Treatment includes medical management of hypoxic spells as well as surgical procedures like the Blalock-Taussig shunt or complete repair to improve oxygen circulation.
These are cardiac anomalies arising as a result of a defect in the structure or function of the heart and great vessels which is present at birth
These lesions either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it, or alter the pathway of blood circulating through the heart
These are cardiac anomalies arising as a result of a defect in the structure or function of the heart and great vessels which is present at birth
These lesions either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it, or alter the pathway of blood circulating through the heart
Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Or •Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchBronchiectasis.
A cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of congenital heart defects (CHDs). The patient appears blue (cyanotic), due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation. This can be caused by right-to-left or bidirectional shunting, or malposition of the great arteries.
Cyanotic heart defects, which account for approximately 25% of all CHDs, include:
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA)
Truncus arteriosus (Persistent)
Tricuspid atresia
Interrupted aortic arch
Pulmonary atresia (PA)
Pulmonary stenosis (critical)
Eisenmenger syndrome(Reversal of Shunt due to Pulmonary Hypertension) .
Patent ductus arteriosus may cause cyanosis in late stage.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) - Symptoms, Tests and Treatmentheartdoctor123456
Tetralogy of Fallot, also called TOF, is a congenital heart disease. A congenital heart disease is one that a person is born with. TOF is the most common heart disease that causes cyanosis (bluish color of the skin).
Bronchiectasis is a chronic, irreversible dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles. Or •Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchBronchiectasis.
A cyanotic heart defect is a group-type of congenital heart defects (CHDs). The patient appears blue (cyanotic), due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation. This can be caused by right-to-left or bidirectional shunting, or malposition of the great arteries.
Cyanotic heart defects, which account for approximately 25% of all CHDs, include:
Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)
Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
Transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA)
Truncus arteriosus (Persistent)
Tricuspid atresia
Interrupted aortic arch
Pulmonary atresia (PA)
Pulmonary stenosis (critical)
Eisenmenger syndrome(Reversal of Shunt due to Pulmonary Hypertension) .
Patent ductus arteriosus may cause cyanosis in late stage.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) - Symptoms, Tests and Treatmentheartdoctor123456
Tetralogy of Fallot, also called TOF, is a congenital heart disease. A congenital heart disease is one that a person is born with. TOF is the most common heart disease that causes cyanosis (bluish color of the skin).
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a congenital disorder in the heart wherein a neonate's ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth. Early symptoms are uncommon, but in the first year of life include increased work of breathing and poor weight gain. With age, the PDA may lead to congestive heart failure if left uncorrected. The ductus arteriosus is a normal fetal blood vessel that closes soon after birth. In a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) the vessel does not close and remains "patent" (open) resulting in irregular transmission of blood between two of the most important arteries close to the heart, the aorta and the pulmonary artery. PDA is common in neonates with persistent respiratory problems such as hypoxia, and has a high occurrence in premature children. In hypoxic newborns, too little oxygen reaches the lungs to produce sufficient levels of bradykinin and subsequent closing of the DA. Premature children are more likely to be hypoxic and thus have PDA because of their underdeveloped heart and lungs.
A patent ductus arteriosus allows a portion of the oxygenated blood from the left heart to flow back to the lungs by flowing from the aorta (which has higher pressure) to the pulmonary artery. If this shunt is substantial, the neonate becomes short of breath: the additional fluid returning to the lungs increases lung pressure to the point that the neonate has greater difficulty inflating the lungs. This uses more calories than normal and often interferes with feeding in infancy. This condition, as a constellation of findings, is called congestive heart failure.
In some cases, such as in transposition of the great vessels (the pulmonary artery and the aorta), a PDA may need to remain open. In this cardiovascular condition, the PDA is the only way that oxygenated blood can mix with deoxygenated blood. In these cases, prostaglandins are used to keep the patent ductus arteriosus open
Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart's structure that exist since birth. Congenital means that you're born with the defect. Congenital heart disease, also called congenital heart defect, can change the way blood flows through your heart. IF YOU LIKE GIVE YOUR LIKES AND FOLLOW THIS LINK
most common congenital cyanotic heart disease.one of the conotruncal family of heart lesions.. It accounts for 7 to 10% of all congenital heart abnormalities.
Transposition of the great arteries is a serious but rare heart defect present at birth (congenital), in which the two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed (transposed). The condition is also called dextro-transposition of the great arteries.
This presentation is an overview of congenital cyanotic heart diseases, with a special discussion on Tetralogy of Fallot. We discuss the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations as well as the most updated management options for treating this condition. The topic ends with a few important complications seen in TOF patients. Hope you find it useful.
You can follow us on: Facebook page 'Neonatohub' (online academic platform) OR visit our YouTube channel 'Neonatohub' for more paediatric and neonatology presentations.
congenital heart disease & rheumatic heart disease including their dental and medical management (sources:davidson's principles and practice of medicine 21st edition and american heart association)
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The hemodynamic and autonomic determinants of elevated blood pressure in obes...
Tetralogy of fallot
1. TETRALOGY OF
FALLOT
PRESENTED BY,
A.PRIYADHARSHIINI M.Sc(N),
LECTURER,
DEPARTMENT OF PAEDIATRICS,
JAI INSTITUTE OF NURSING AND
RESEARCH, GWALIOR
2. DEFINITION:
This condition is characterized by the
combination of four defects:
1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
2. Pulmonic stenosis
3. overriding or dextroposed aorta, and
4. Right ventricular hypertrophy
3.
4.
5. INCIDENCE:
It is the most common cyanotic heart
defect, and the most common cause
of blue baby syndrome.
It accounts for 6-10 percent all CHDs
6. Causes:
Not clear at this time
Children born to mothers with PKU are
highly susceptible, as are mothers who
drink during birth.
Genetic
7.
8. Pathophysiology:
Physiologically the pulmonic stenosis causes
concentric right ventricular hypertrophy
without cardiac enlargement and an increase in
right ventricular pressure
when the right ventricular pressure is as high as
the left ventricular or the aortic pressure, a
right to left shunt appears to decompress the
right ventricle
9. once the right and left ventricular become
identical, increasing severity of pulmonic
stenosis reduces the flow of blood into
the pulmonary artery and increases the
right to left shunt
as the systolic pressures between two
ventricle are identical there is little or no
left to right shunt and the VSD is silent
10. the flow from the right ventricle into the
pulmonary artery occurs across the pulmonic
stenosis producing an ejection systolic
murmur
more severe the pulmonic stenosis, the less
the flow into the pulmonary artery and the
bigger the right to left shunt more the cyanosis
11. thus the severity of cyanosis is directly
proportional to the severity of pulmonic
stenosis
The VSD of TOF is always large enough
to allow free exit to the right to left
shunt
congestive failure never occurs in TOF.
12. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:
It depends upon the size of VSD and degree of
right ventricular flow obstruction.
Blue baby ( cyanosis of lips and nail beds with
dyspnea is found initially with crying and
exertion)
Tired easily with exertion.
May have difficulty in feeding.
13. Sign of chronic hypoxemia.
Harsh systolic murmur, often
accomplished by a palpable thrill.
In radiograph the heart is boot-
shaped(i.e because the poor development
of pulmonary artery).
14. CONTD…
◦ Normal growth and development depend on a
normal Babies who have tetralogy of Fallot
may not gain weight or grow as quickly as
children who have healthy hearts because they
tire easily while feeding.
15. Squatting (a
compensatory
mechanism) is uniquely
characteristic of a right-
to-left shunt that
presents in the
exercising child.
Squatting increases the
peripheral vascular
resistance, which
diminishes the right-to-
left shunt and increases
pulmonary blood flow.
16. TET SPELLS:
Tet spells ( hyper
cyanotic spells)due to
cerebral anoxia – it
consists of irritability,
dyspnea, cyanosis,
flaccidity with or without
unconsciousness. It is
found in the morning
after awakening, during
or after feeding and
painful procedures.
17. Causes of spell:
Due to "spasm" or contraction of a band
of muscle in the right ventricle just under
the pulmonary valve. When this muscle
contracts, it further narrows the channel
for blood flow into the lungs. As a result,
oxygen delivery becomes further
reduced. This causes a spell
20. Heart sound-Normal first sound
Single second sound and
An ejection systolic murmur.
ECG- right axis deviation and right
ventricular hypertrophy
Echocardiography : identify the large
overriding aorta, right ventricular
hypertrophy and outflow obstruction.
Cardiac catheterization
21. Boot shaped heart (it
means apex is lifted up &
there is a concavity in the
region of pulmonary
artery)
Oligaemic lung fields
Hilar vessels are few, lung
vessels also few, large rt.
Ventricle.
Chest X Ray:
22. Medical management:
Monitoring for hypoxemia.
Hemoglobin levels and hematocrit values
may be evaluated to assess the anaemia.
Monitoring for hypercynotic episodes.
( 10-15minutes).
Balloon dilatation of R.V outflow tract.
23. Treatment for spells:
Knee chest position to
increase aortic
resistance. The increased
aortic and left ventricular
pressure reduces the
rush of blood through
the septal hole from the
right ventricle and
improves blood
circulation to the lungs
Oxygen
24. beta-blockers such as propranolol
acute episodes may require rapid
intervention with morphine to reduce
ventilatory drive and a vasopressor such
as epinephrine, phenylephrine, or
norepinephrine to increase blood
pressure.
25. Surgical management:
Blalock-Taussig operation : connection
between the right subclavian artery, and
the right pulmonary artery, which
increases the amount of oxygenated blood
reaching the lungs, relieving cyanosis.
Pott`s shunt : descending aorta is
anastomosed to the pulmonary artery
Waterstont`s shunt : ascending aorta
right pulmonary artery anastomosis
26.
27. Total correction: The hole in the
ventricular septum is closed with a patch
and the obstruction to right ventricular
outflow, pulmonic stenosis, is opened.
These corrections allow blood flow to
the lungs for oxygenation before being
pumped out into the body.