A newborn presented with generalized body stiffness and an unhealed umbilical stump. The mother did not receive the tetanus vaccine. Examination found the infant was restless with clenched fists and frothy saliva. Tetanus was diagnosed based on clinical signs. Treatment included wound debridement, antibiotics, tetanus immune globulin, benzodiazepines for spasms, and supportive care. Tetanus prevention relies on childhood immunization and wound care. Prognosis depends on onset and severity of symptoms, and neonatal tetanus carries a poorer prognosis than adult tetanus.
1. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani, which produces a potent neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that prevents inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing uncontrolled muscle contractions.
2. The spores can remain dormant in soil until transforming in an oxygen-poor environment, where the bacterium produces tetanolysin and tetanospasmin toxins. Tetanospasmin is transported to motor neurons and prevents inhibition, leading to tetanic spasms.
3. Treatment involves airway management, preventing further toxin absorption with antitoxin immunoglobulin, and relieving symptoms like spasms with benzodiazepines and antibiotics. Immunization with tetan
A 5-day-old newborn presented with generalized body stiffness, inability to suck, and fever. The baby was delivered at home by a traditional birth attendant, and the umbilical cord was cut with an unsterile instrument. On examination, the baby had generalized spasms triggered by stimuli, locked jaw, tense abdomen, and an infected umbilical cord. The diagnosis was neonatal tetanus. Neonatal tetanus results from infection of Clostridium tetani spores in the umbilical stump of newborns without protective immunity from unimmunized mothers. Management involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, antitoxin, sedation, feeding via NG tube, and supportive care
Nephrotic syndrome is a manifestation of glomerular disease characterized by nephrotic range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is most common in children ages 1.5-6 years and affects boys more than girls. Causes include genetic, secondary, and idiopathic factors. Treatment involves managing edema, infections, and proteinuria with corticosteroids, diuretics, and immunosuppressants. Prognosis is generally good for steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome but poorer for steroid-resistant cases. Complications can include infections, thrombotic events, and renal failure.
This document summarizes meningitis in children, including the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It most commonly affects infants and children under 5 years old. Bacteria such as pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae are common causes. Signs include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and culture of spinal fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care. Vaccines can help prevent certain bacterial types. Complications may include neurological deficits if not treated promptly.
Tetanus is explained in very simple wording and style by the help of a scenario. Easy to memorize and present due to related pictures. Helpful for medical students, and knowledge seekers.
Fever is a common reason children see doctors and causes concern for parents. A fever is defined as a temperature over 37.2°C before noon or 37.7°C after noon. Fever occurs due to infection, inflammation or injury and raises the hypothalamic temperature set point. While sometimes indicating a minor self-limiting infection, fever can also signal a serious disorder. The document discusses evaluating fever, defining related terms like bacteremia and sepsis, the pathophysiology of fever production, and methods for safely measuring a child's temperature.
1. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani, which produces a potent neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that prevents inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing uncontrolled muscle contractions.
2. The spores can remain dormant in soil until transforming in an oxygen-poor environment, where the bacterium produces tetanolysin and tetanospasmin toxins. Tetanospasmin is transported to motor neurons and prevents inhibition, leading to tetanic spasms.
3. Treatment involves airway management, preventing further toxin absorption with antitoxin immunoglobulin, and relieving symptoms like spasms with benzodiazepines and antibiotics. Immunization with tetan
A 5-day-old newborn presented with generalized body stiffness, inability to suck, and fever. The baby was delivered at home by a traditional birth attendant, and the umbilical cord was cut with an unsterile instrument. On examination, the baby had generalized spasms triggered by stimuli, locked jaw, tense abdomen, and an infected umbilical cord. The diagnosis was neonatal tetanus. Neonatal tetanus results from infection of Clostridium tetani spores in the umbilical stump of newborns without protective immunity from unimmunized mothers. Management involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, antitoxin, sedation, feeding via NG tube, and supportive care
Nephrotic syndrome is a manifestation of glomerular disease characterized by nephrotic range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia. It is most common in children ages 1.5-6 years and affects boys more than girls. Causes include genetic, secondary, and idiopathic factors. Treatment involves managing edema, infections, and proteinuria with corticosteroids, diuretics, and immunosuppressants. Prognosis is generally good for steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome but poorer for steroid-resistant cases. Complications can include infections, thrombotic events, and renal failure.
This document summarizes meningitis in children, including the definition, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It most commonly affects infants and children under 5 years old. Bacteria such as pneumococcus, meningococcus, and H. influenzae are common causes. Signs include fever, headache, neck stiffness, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and culture of spinal fluid. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care. Vaccines can help prevent certain bacterial types. Complications may include neurological deficits if not treated promptly.
Tetanus is explained in very simple wording and style by the help of a scenario. Easy to memorize and present due to related pictures. Helpful for medical students, and knowledge seekers.
Fever is a common reason children see doctors and causes concern for parents. A fever is defined as a temperature over 37.2°C before noon or 37.7°C after noon. Fever occurs due to infection, inflammation or injury and raises the hypothalamic temperature set point. While sometimes indicating a minor self-limiting infection, fever can also signal a serious disorder. The document discusses evaluating fever, defining related terms like bacteremia and sepsis, the pathophysiology of fever production, and methods for safely measuring a child's temperature.
Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing spells that can end with a "whooping" sound when breathing in. While most severe in infants under 1 year old, it is very contagious and spreads through coughs or sneezes. Treatment focuses on limiting coughing fits through antibiotics and supportive care, with vaccination providing the best prevention against this potentially serious disease.
Enteric fever, also known as typhoid fever, is caused by the bacteria Salmonella enterica typhi or Salmonella paratyphi A, B, or C. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and has an incubation period of 7-14 days. Clinical features include sustained high fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, and rose-colored spots on the trunk. Complications can affect the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, hepatobiliary system, genitourinary system, and bones. Treatment involves antibiotics, hydration, and rest. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation, hand washing, and vaccination.
This document discusses febrile seizures in children. It defines febrile seizures as seizures occurring between 6 months and 5 years of age associated with a fever over 100.4°F. Febrile seizures are classified as simple or complex based on features such as duration, recurrence, and focal onset. They commonly occur in children aged 6 months to 2 years and are associated with infections. While the majority resolve spontaneously, recurrent seizures or those lasting over 30 minutes require medical treatment. Investigations are usually not needed for simple febrile seizures.
This document discusses meningitis, including causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that meningitis is an infection and inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The most common bacterial causes are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, nausea, and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves cerebrospinal fluid analysis showing elevated white blood cells, low glucose, and high protein. Treatment involves antibiotics such as third-generation cephalosporins and vancomycin.
This presentation was done by Dr. Julius P. Kessy,MD. An intern Doctor at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) during pediatrics unit clinical meeting and supervised by Dr. Christina K. Galabawa,MD,Mmed2, Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma (UDOM) in November, 2017.
This document provides guidance on diagnosing and treating diarrhoea in infants and young children. It defines diarrhoea and outlines signs of dehydration. Dehydration is classified as none, some or severe based on symptoms like restlessness, sunken eyes and skin pinch test. Treatment plans involving oral rehydration solution and continued feeding are provided according to dehydration level. Persistent and bloody diarrhoea require additional treatment and follow up. The guidelines aim to safely treat diarrhoea at home or refer urgently when needed.
This document provides information on diabetes including definitions, epidemiology, diagnosis, etiologic classifications, physiology, presentation, investigations, management, treatment, insulin types, and special considerations for pediatric diabetes. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insulin deficiency or resistance. Key points include that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative deficiency. Diagnosis requires hyperglycemic symptoms and blood glucose criteria. Management involves a multidisciplinary team, medical treatment including insulin administration and nutrition management, and screening for acute and long-term complications.
This document discusses how to check children for general danger signs such as inability to drink or feed, vomiting everything, convulsions, lethargy or unconsciousness. It outlines how to assess for these signs by asking caregivers questions and examining the child. Common causes of convulsions in children like CNS infections, febrile seizures, and metabolic disorders are reviewed. The approach to evaluating a child presenting with convulsions or coma is described, including taking a history, examining the child and assessing their level of consciousness using the AVPU scale, and conducting basic investigations.
Febrile seizure / Pediatrics
Simple vs. Complex seizure
Possible explanation of febrile seizure
Risk Factors for Febrile Seizures
Risk Factors for Recurrence of Febrile Seizure
Risk Factors for Occurrence of Subsequent Epilepsy After a Febrile Seizure
Genetic Factors
Evaluation
Lumbar Puncture
Optional LP
Electroencephalogram
Blood Studies
Neuroimaging
TREATMENT
Congenital syphilis is an infection transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy. It can occur at any stage of maternal infection. Without treatment, it can cause complications like stillbirth, neonatal death, and long term effects on bones, teeth, eyes and brain. Diagnosis involves serologic testing of both mother and infant. Treatment is with penicillin to prevent transmission and complications in the newborn. Careful follow up is needed to monitor treatment response and detect any late manifestations.
1. HIV attacks T-cells in the immune system, leading to AIDS in advanced stages.
2. Clinical manifestations in children vary widely and can include failure to thrive, respiratory issues, gastrointestinal diseases, and neurological problems.
3. Diagnosis is made through HIV antibody testing after 18 months or virological testing before 18 months, and management includes prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, treating opportunistic infections, adequate nutrition, and immunization.
Congenital hypothyroidism is quite common in Indians and is the most common reversible congenital cause of mental retardation.
Early identification and intervention is important as Thyroid dependent brain development is complete by 3 years of age.
Universal screening is ideal as most cases are sporadic.
Positive cases on screening by filter paper test should be confirmed by serum levels estimation.
Serum Thyroid hormone levels are of primary importance in diagnosing and managing this condition, other investigations are ancillary.
Age based reference values must be followed in interpreting the results.
Timely monitoring (serum hormone levels, compliance, growth & development) and adequate counseling of care givers are key in managing this condition.
Here are some key points regarding the feasibility of bacteriological diagnosis in children with TB:
- Sputum induction or gastric lavage are generally required to obtain specimens from children, as they typically cannot produce sputum on demand. This requires specialized equipment and trained personnel.
- Even with induced sputum or gastric lavage, specimen quality and volume may be low, reducing the sensitivity of bacteriological tests.
- Young children especially may not be able to cooperate with procedures like sputum induction.
- Extrapulmonary TB is more common in children than adults, so specimens from sites like lymph nodes, cerebrospinal fluid, etc. need to be obtained invasively via procedures like biopsy or lumbar puncture
1) Neonatal seizures have an incidence of 10.3-36.1 per 1000 live births depending on gestational age and birth weight. They can be subtle, clonic, tonic, or myoclonic.
2) The main etiologies of neonatal seizures include hypoxic-ischemic injury, infections, hemorrhage, inborn errors of metabolism, and structural abnormalities.
3) Treatment involves correcting hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia if present, followed by antiepileptic drugs like phenobarbital, phenytoin, or benzodiazepines. Weaning of antiepileptic drugs depends on the neurological exam and EEG findings.
This document discusses various perinatal and congenital infections including TORCH infections. It provides details on the causative organisms, modes of transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of toxoplasmosis, rubella, CMV, herpes, HIV, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, varicella zoster virus, syphilis, malaria, and parvovirus infections. Timely diagnosis and treatment of perinatally acquired infections is important. Prevention strategies include maternal screening, vaccination, treatment of infected mothers, and avoiding risk factors during pregnancy and delivery.
This document discusses Neonatal Cold Injury Syndrome (NCIS), also known as sclerema neonatorum. It describes the etiology as being mainly due to cold stress in newborns. The main clinical features are low body temperature and scleredema, which is hardening of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. In severe cases, NCIS can lead to multiple organ dysfunction. The document outlines risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches such as rewarming and supportive care.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Bacterial meningitis is the most serious type. Common symptoms in infants and children include fever, irritability, vomiting, and lethargy. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture, CSF examination, and imaging tests. Treatment consists of antibiotics, anticonvulsants, managing increased intracranial pressure, and supportive care like IV fluids and monitoring the patient's condition. Nursing care focuses on isolation, medication administration, seizure control, comfort, nutrition, and guiding parents.
The document discusses strategies for preventing perinatal infections. It reviews major bacterial and viral infections, risk factors, diagnostic and treatment approaches, and examples of effective prevention measures. Key prevention strategies include prenatal screening and treatment, vaccination programs, and guidelines for managing at-risk pregnancies and deliveries. National recommendations and monitoring have significantly reduced rates of certain infections.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and is characterized by prolonged muscle contractions. It enters the body through wounds and produces a neurotoxin. Symptoms include painful muscle spasms, lockjaw, and arching of the back. It remains a public health issue in developing countries where 59,000 newborns died of neonatal tetanus in 2008. Treatment focuses on wound care, controlling spasms, antibiotics, and supportive care. Immunization is highly effective and the WHO aims to eliminate neonatal tetanus globally through clean delivery practices and vaccination.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and is characterized by prolonged muscle contractions. It enters the body through wounds and produces a neurotoxin. Symptoms include painful muscle spasms, lockjaw, and arching of the back. It remains a public health issue in developing countries where 59,000 newborns died of neonatal tetanus in 2008. Treatment focuses on wound care, controlling spasms, antibiotics, and supportive care. Immunization is highly effective and the WHO aims to eliminate neonatal tetanus globally through clean delivery practices and vaccination.
Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a highly contagious bacterial disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing spells that can end with a "whooping" sound when breathing in. While most severe in infants under 1 year old, it is very contagious and spreads through coughs or sneezes. Treatment focuses on limiting coughing fits through antibiotics and supportive care, with vaccination providing the best prevention against this potentially serious disease.
Enteric fever, also known as typhoid fever, is caused by the bacteria Salmonella enterica typhi or Salmonella paratyphi A, B, or C. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and has an incubation period of 7-14 days. Clinical features include sustained high fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, and rose-colored spots on the trunk. Complications can affect the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, hepatobiliary system, genitourinary system, and bones. Treatment involves antibiotics, hydration, and rest. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation, hand washing, and vaccination.
This document discusses febrile seizures in children. It defines febrile seizures as seizures occurring between 6 months and 5 years of age associated with a fever over 100.4°F. Febrile seizures are classified as simple or complex based on features such as duration, recurrence, and focal onset. They commonly occur in children aged 6 months to 2 years and are associated with infections. While the majority resolve spontaneously, recurrent seizures or those lasting over 30 minutes require medical treatment. Investigations are usually not needed for simple febrile seizures.
This document discusses meningitis, including causes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that meningitis is an infection and inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain, which can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The most common bacterial causes are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Clinical manifestations include fever, headache, nausea, and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves cerebrospinal fluid analysis showing elevated white blood cells, low glucose, and high protein. Treatment involves antibiotics such as third-generation cephalosporins and vancomycin.
This presentation was done by Dr. Julius P. Kessy,MD. An intern Doctor at Dodoma Regional Referral Hospital (DRRH) during pediatrics unit clinical meeting and supervised by Dr. Christina K. Galabawa,MD,Mmed2, Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Dodoma (UDOM) in November, 2017.
This document provides guidance on diagnosing and treating diarrhoea in infants and young children. It defines diarrhoea and outlines signs of dehydration. Dehydration is classified as none, some or severe based on symptoms like restlessness, sunken eyes and skin pinch test. Treatment plans involving oral rehydration solution and continued feeding are provided according to dehydration level. Persistent and bloody diarrhoea require additional treatment and follow up. The guidelines aim to safely treat diarrhoea at home or refer urgently when needed.
This document provides information on diabetes including definitions, epidemiology, diagnosis, etiologic classifications, physiology, presentation, investigations, management, treatment, insulin types, and special considerations for pediatric diabetes. It defines diabetes as a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia caused by insulin deficiency or resistance. Key points include that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition resulting in absolute insulin deficiency, while type 2 involves insulin resistance with relative deficiency. Diagnosis requires hyperglycemic symptoms and blood glucose criteria. Management involves a multidisciplinary team, medical treatment including insulin administration and nutrition management, and screening for acute and long-term complications.
This document discusses how to check children for general danger signs such as inability to drink or feed, vomiting everything, convulsions, lethargy or unconsciousness. It outlines how to assess for these signs by asking caregivers questions and examining the child. Common causes of convulsions in children like CNS infections, febrile seizures, and metabolic disorders are reviewed. The approach to evaluating a child presenting with convulsions or coma is described, including taking a history, examining the child and assessing their level of consciousness using the AVPU scale, and conducting basic investigations.
Febrile seizure / Pediatrics
Simple vs. Complex seizure
Possible explanation of febrile seizure
Risk Factors for Febrile Seizures
Risk Factors for Recurrence of Febrile Seizure
Risk Factors for Occurrence of Subsequent Epilepsy After a Febrile Seizure
Genetic Factors
Evaluation
Lumbar Puncture
Optional LP
Electroencephalogram
Blood Studies
Neuroimaging
TREATMENT
Congenital syphilis is an infection transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy. It can occur at any stage of maternal infection. Without treatment, it can cause complications like stillbirth, neonatal death, and long term effects on bones, teeth, eyes and brain. Diagnosis involves serologic testing of both mother and infant. Treatment is with penicillin to prevent transmission and complications in the newborn. Careful follow up is needed to monitor treatment response and detect any late manifestations.
1. HIV attacks T-cells in the immune system, leading to AIDS in advanced stages.
2. Clinical manifestations in children vary widely and can include failure to thrive, respiratory issues, gastrointestinal diseases, and neurological problems.
3. Diagnosis is made through HIV antibody testing after 18 months or virological testing before 18 months, and management includes prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, treating opportunistic infections, adequate nutrition, and immunization.
Congenital hypothyroidism is quite common in Indians and is the most common reversible congenital cause of mental retardation.
Early identification and intervention is important as Thyroid dependent brain development is complete by 3 years of age.
Universal screening is ideal as most cases are sporadic.
Positive cases on screening by filter paper test should be confirmed by serum levels estimation.
Serum Thyroid hormone levels are of primary importance in diagnosing and managing this condition, other investigations are ancillary.
Age based reference values must be followed in interpreting the results.
Timely monitoring (serum hormone levels, compliance, growth & development) and adequate counseling of care givers are key in managing this condition.
Here are some key points regarding the feasibility of bacteriological diagnosis in children with TB:
- Sputum induction or gastric lavage are generally required to obtain specimens from children, as they typically cannot produce sputum on demand. This requires specialized equipment and trained personnel.
- Even with induced sputum or gastric lavage, specimen quality and volume may be low, reducing the sensitivity of bacteriological tests.
- Young children especially may not be able to cooperate with procedures like sputum induction.
- Extrapulmonary TB is more common in children than adults, so specimens from sites like lymph nodes, cerebrospinal fluid, etc. need to be obtained invasively via procedures like biopsy or lumbar puncture
1) Neonatal seizures have an incidence of 10.3-36.1 per 1000 live births depending on gestational age and birth weight. They can be subtle, clonic, tonic, or myoclonic.
2) The main etiologies of neonatal seizures include hypoxic-ischemic injury, infections, hemorrhage, inborn errors of metabolism, and structural abnormalities.
3) Treatment involves correcting hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia if present, followed by antiepileptic drugs like phenobarbital, phenytoin, or benzodiazepines. Weaning of antiepileptic drugs depends on the neurological exam and EEG findings.
This document discusses various perinatal and congenital infections including TORCH infections. It provides details on the causative organisms, modes of transmission, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of toxoplasmosis, rubella, CMV, herpes, HIV, hepatitis B, tuberculosis, varicella zoster virus, syphilis, malaria, and parvovirus infections. Timely diagnosis and treatment of perinatally acquired infections is important. Prevention strategies include maternal screening, vaccination, treatment of infected mothers, and avoiding risk factors during pregnancy and delivery.
This document discusses Neonatal Cold Injury Syndrome (NCIS), also known as sclerema neonatorum. It describes the etiology as being mainly due to cold stress in newborns. The main clinical features are low body temperature and scleredema, which is hardening of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. In severe cases, NCIS can lead to multiple organ dysfunction. The document outlines risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment approaches such as rewarming and supportive care.
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Bacterial meningitis is the most serious type. Common symptoms in infants and children include fever, irritability, vomiting, and lethargy. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture, CSF examination, and imaging tests. Treatment consists of antibiotics, anticonvulsants, managing increased intracranial pressure, and supportive care like IV fluids and monitoring the patient's condition. Nursing care focuses on isolation, medication administration, seizure control, comfort, nutrition, and guiding parents.
The document discusses strategies for preventing perinatal infections. It reviews major bacterial and viral infections, risk factors, diagnostic and treatment approaches, and examples of effective prevention measures. Key prevention strategies include prenatal screening and treatment, vaccination programs, and guidelines for managing at-risk pregnancies and deliveries. National recommendations and monitoring have significantly reduced rates of certain infections.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and is characterized by prolonged muscle contractions. It enters the body through wounds and produces a neurotoxin. Symptoms include painful muscle spasms, lockjaw, and arching of the back. It remains a public health issue in developing countries where 59,000 newborns died of neonatal tetanus in 2008. Treatment focuses on wound care, controlling spasms, antibiotics, and supportive care. Immunization is highly effective and the WHO aims to eliminate neonatal tetanus globally through clean delivery practices and vaccination.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and is characterized by prolonged muscle contractions. It enters the body through wounds and produces a neurotoxin. Symptoms include painful muscle spasms, lockjaw, and arching of the back. It remains a public health issue in developing countries where 59,000 newborns died of neonatal tetanus in 2008. Treatment focuses on wound care, controlling spasms, antibiotics, and supportive care. Immunization is highly effective and the WHO aims to eliminate neonatal tetanus globally through clean delivery practices and vaccination.
Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, which is characterized by prolonged muscle contractions. The bacteria forms spores that are found in soil and can enter the body through wounds. Once inside the body, the spores produce a neurotoxin that causes painful muscle spasms. Tetanus is especially prevalent in developing countries and causes around 59,000 newborn deaths per year worldwide. Vaccination is the most effective prevention strategy and has helped Nepal eliminate neonatal tetanus. Treatment focuses on wound care, antibiotics, controlling spasms, and supportive measures.
Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani that enters the body through a wound. It causes painful muscle spasms by releasing a neurotoxin that interferes with nerve signals to muscles. There are four types - neonatal, cephalic, generalized, and local. Generalized tetanus is most common and starts with lockjaw before causing stiffness in the neck and muscles. Treatment focuses on antitoxins, antibiotics, sedatives, and wound care to prevent further infection while supporting breathing and recovery. Regular vaccination is the best prevention against this potentially fatal disease.
This document discusses tetanus (Clostridium tetani), including its pathogenesis, mode of transmission, clinical manifestations, treatment, prevention, and laboratory diagnosis. Key points:
- C. tetani produces a neurotoxin (tetanospasmin) that causes painful muscle spasms by inhibiting inhibitory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord.
- It enters through wounds and causes an incubation period of 6-10 days before symptoms appear, starting with lockjaw. Generalized spasms can also occur.
- Treatment involves passive immunization with tetanus immunoglobulin, antibiotics, and symptomatic care. Prevention is through active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines.
Tetanus |Causes | Signs and symptoms| All aspects - medical discussion martinshaji
this is a brief study regarding almost all aspects of tetanus .Tetanus is a condition caused by a nerve toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium tetani, which may also cause fatal condition too.
please comment
thank you
Clostridium tetani causes tetanus through the release of neurotoxins that block inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. It enters the body through puncture wounds and causes symptoms like muscle spasms and rigidity. Treatment involves wound debridement, antitoxin administration, active immunization, and controlling muscle spasms and autonomic dysfunction through various medications. Prognosis depends on severity but case fatality rates in developing countries range from 8-50%.
Tetanus is a bacterial disease caused by Clostridium tetani which produces a neurotoxin. It is characterized by prolonged muscle contractions. The bacteria spores are ubiquitous in the environment and infection occurs when the spores enter the body through a wound. The toxin causes uncontrolled muscle spasms by interfering with nerve transmission. Symptoms include painful muscle spasms, lockjaw and arching of the back. Diagnosis is based on clinical presentation and history of injury. Treatment involves wound care, antibiotics, tetanus immunoglobulin and control of spasms. The disease can be prevented through routine immunization and proper wound care.
Tetanus is a neurological disease caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. It causes painful muscle spasms and can be fatal. It occurs worldwide but is more common in developing nations. Neonatal tetanus is a major cause of death in infants. Prevention relies on immunizing mothers during pregnancy through tetanus toxoid vaccines. Treatment involves managing spasms and complications through supportive care like mechanical ventilation. Strict clean delivery practices and ensuring mothers receive tetanus vaccines can eliminate neonatal tetanus globally.
Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that affects the throat and tonsils. It produces a toxin that can damage organs like the heart and kidneys. Symptoms include a gray membrane in the throat and swollen lymph nodes. It is diagnosed through culture and history. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics. Immunization through the DTaP vaccine is recommended in a series of doses for children and boosters every 10 years to prevent spread through respiratory droplets. Preventive measures include isolation, disinfection, immunization and treating carriers.
Tetanus is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria. The bacteria form spores that can enter the body through wounds and are resistant to heat and chemicals. Symptoms include painful muscle spasms and stiffness. It is diagnosed based on symptoms and treated with supportive care, as there is no cure once symptoms appear. Immunization through vaccines containing tetanus and diphtheria toxoids is the best prevention against tetanus.
Tetanus is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria. The bacteria form spores that can enter the body through wounds and are resistant to heat and chemicals. Symptoms include painful muscle spasms and stiffness. It is diagnosed based on symptoms and treated with supportive care, as there is no cure once symptoms appear. Immunization through vaccines containing tetanus and diphtheria toxoids is the best prevention against tetanus.
This slides helps to know the history of Immunisation along with the present programs & conditions. This also consists of Immunisation Schedule of Nepal along with features of some vaccines.
Tetanus is a severe illness of the central nervous system caused by bacteria. It can cause death and is not contagious but can be prevented by vaccination. The document discusses that tetanus is caused by toxins produced by tetanus bacteria typically entering through a skin wound. Symptoms include muscle stiffness, spasms and lockjaw. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antitoxin shots and antibiotics. Vaccination with DTaP shots starting in infancy is recommended to prevent tetanus.
Tetanus is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani that causes muscle spasms. It is found worldwide in soil and can enter the body through breaks in the skin. The bacteria produces a toxin that travels to the spinal cord and disrupts signals from motor neurons to muscles, causing painful muscle contractions. Symptoms include lockjaw, muscle spasms, and arching of the back. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms, antibiotics, wound care, and supportive care until the toxin is cleared. Immunization provides the best prevention against tetanus through active immunization with tetanus toxoid or passive immunization with antibodies in high-risk cases.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. It enters the body through wounds and produces a potent neurotoxin. The neurotoxin causes painful muscle spasms starting in the jaw and neck and spreading to other muscles. It is diagnosed based on symptoms and prevented through routine immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines. Treatment involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria, tetanus immune globulin to neutralize the toxin, and medications and breathing support to manage symptoms.
This document discusses tetanus (lockjaw), caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. It can enter the body through wounds or the umbilical cord in neonates. The bacteria produce toxins that cause painful muscle spasms. Symptoms include jaw stiffness, neck rigidity, swallowing difficulties, and spasms triggered by stimuli. Treatment involves wound care, antibiotics, tetanus immunoglobulin, sedation and respiratory support. Homeopathic remedies that may help include Nux Vomica, Ledum, Aconite, Hypericum and Ignatia. Prevention relies on tetanus vaccination of mothers during pregnancy and infants through childhood.
This document provides information about tetanus, including:
- Tetanus is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria. It causes painful muscle contractions.
- It is transmitted when tetanus spores in soil or dust enter the body through breaks in the skin. Common causes are wounds, burns and injections.
- Types include traumatic, puerperal, neonatal and idiopathic tetanus. Neonatal tetanus is a major cause of newborn death in developing countries.
- Prevention includes active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines and passive immunization with antitetanus immunoglobulin for wound management. Clean delivery practices
Neonatal tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani spores entering the body through a wound. The spores produce a neurotoxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It most commonly affects newborns through unclean umbilical cords or delivery practices. Clinical features include lockjaw and painful muscle spasms. Management focuses on sedation, antibiotics, antitoxin administration, wound care, and supportive measures like ventilation. Prognosis depends on quality of care but mortality can exceed 60% without treatment and 20-50% with treatment. Prevention emphasizes clean delivery practices, mother and child immunization against tetanus.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
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We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
3. A 8 days old newborn presented with Generalized body
stiffness for 2 days and triggered by stimulation of light or
loud Noise , lasting 1-3 mins and Inability to feed, cry were
muffled, the umbilical stump was tight with plastic gloves,
Mother didn’t receive vaccine Tetanus Toxoid .
O/E patient is conscious, Restless, afebrile, Unhealed
umbilicus and discharge (Oozing), Generalized stiffness
with frothy saliva.. Clenched fists
4/6/2022 CME: NEONATAL TETANUS 3
4. Abnormal body movement and stiffness
Lock jaw
Mother didn’t receive vaccine T.T
discharge on umbilicus (Unhealed)
The umbilicus stump was cut by non-sterile instrument
The umblical Stump tight with plastic gloves
Poor socioeconomic
4/6/2022 CME: NEONATAL TETANUS 4
6. Tetanus is an acute, often fatal disease.
but prevented by Immunization with tetanus toxoid
C:ME: Tetanus 6
4/6/2022
7. •Occurence: Tetanus occurs worldwide but is more
common in hot, damp climates
•Reservoir: Organism Found primarily in the soil, intestine of
animal and humans
•Mode of transmission: Primarily by contaminated wounds,
animal bites
•Incubation Period: 8 days (3-21 days)
C:ME: Tetanus 7
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8. • Communicability: Not Contagious from person to
person
• Age: Active age 5-40 years, newborn baby, female
during delivery or abortion
• Occupation: Agricultural workers are at higher risk
• Environmetal and social factors: Unhygienic custom
habit, Unhygienic delivery practices
C:ME: Tetanus 8
…
4/6/2022
10. Tetanus Caused by Clostridium tetani obligate intracellular
spore forming anaerobe. gram-positive,
Spores found in soil, house dust, animal intestine.
Enter normal tissues and persist for several months.
Germinate under anaerobic conditions and produce
toxin(Tetanolysis and Tetanospasmin)
Tetanospasmin estimated human lethal dose = 2.5 ng/kg
C:ME: Tetanus 10
4/6/2022
14. Generalized tetanus: Most commonly encountered form of tetanus 80%, its
characterized by Headache, trismus or lockjaw, restlessness, neck muscle
spasm
Localized Tetanus: Its is milder form characterized by pain and stiffness to
the site of wound
Cephalic Tetanus: It is Uncommon and fatal, primarily affect one or several
muscles in the face rapidly after a head injury or ear infection. Trismus may
occur, the disease can easily progress to Generalized
Neonatal Tetanus: Occurs within 3-12 days of birth as progressive difficult in
feeding with associated hugger and crying
C:ME: Tetanus 14
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16. The Diagnosis of Tetanus is Basically clinical.
The are no specific confirmatory Test
The routine blood and CSF investigation are normal
Some baseline investigations could be carried out on admission Like
CBC,Rapid Blood Sugar, Blood culture.
C:ME: Tetanus 16
4/6/2022
17. The Spatula Test
This simple test involves touching the oropharynx with a
spatula or tongue blade.
Usually, this test causes a gag reflex with the patient, and
the patient tries to expel the spatula. (This means they
have tested negative.)
In tetanus, patients develop a reflex spasm of the
masseters and bite the spatula (a positive test).
C:ME: Tetanus 17
4/6/2022
18. Drug-induced dystonias such as those due to
phenothiazines(absence of tonic muscular contraction between
spasms,eye deviations )
Trismus due to dental infection
Strychnine poisoning due to ingestion of rat poison
Malignant neuroleptic syndrome (presence of fever, altered mental
status,rapid response to Diaspam )
Meningitis or Encephalitis & Sepsis
Dystonic reaction to Metoclopromide, promethazine
Stiff-person syndrome (The absence of trismus or facial spasms )
Epilepsy
C:ME: Tetanus 18
4/6/2022
21. Principle of Treatment
1. Halting toxin production(Prevention of further toxin production )
Wound management (wound debridement)
Antimicrobial therapy
Metronidazole 500 mg intravenously [IV].30mg/kg/day in divided
doses 4 times daily for 7 to 10 days.
penicillin G 2 to 5 million units IV, 100,000 unit/kg/day in divided doses
every six hour for 7 to 10 days
C:ME: Tetanus 21
4/6/2022
22. 2.Neutralization of unbound toxin
Since tetanus toxin is irreversibly bound to tissues.
Passive immunization to neutralize unbound toxin.
Human tetanus immune globulin (HTIG) is the preparation of choice
Dosing: Pediatric
Dosing: Neonatal
Administration
4/6/2022 C:ME: Tetanus 22
23. Dosing: Pediatric
Tetanus, prophylaxis:
Infants and Children <7 years: IM: 250 units as a single dose or 4 units/kg
Children ≥7 years and Adolescents: IM: 250 units as a single dose (Red
Book [AAP 2018]
Tetanus, treatment: Infants, Children, and Adolescents
IM: 3,000 to 6,000 units as a single dose. (around the wound is
recommended)
4/6/2022 C:ME: Tetanus 23
24. Administration: Pediatric
Administer into lateral aspect of thigh or deltoid muscle of upper arm
Avoid gluteal region due to risk of injury to sciatic nerve
Do not administer tetanus toxoid and tetanus immune globulin in
same syring
tetanus toxoid may be administered at the same time in separate
limbs
4/6/2022 C:ME: Tetanus 24
26. Tetanus, prophylaxis:
IM: 250 units as a single dose.
May also calculate 4 units/kg; however, full dose of 250 units is
recommended (Bradley 2021; Red Book [AAP 2018]);
Tetanus, treatment:
dosing regimens variable: IM: 3,000 to 6,000 units as a single dose.
experts recommend a lower 500 unit dose (Bradley 2021; Red
Book [AAP 2018]; WHO 2010).
4/6/2022 C:ME: Tetanus 26
Dosing: Neonatal
27. 3. Control of spasm
- Nursing in quiet
environment
- avoid unnecessary stimuli
- Protecting the airway
- Use sedative drugs
C:ME: Tetanus 27
4. Supportive care
- Adequate hydration
- Nutrition (Breast feeding
with NG tube )
- Treatment of secondary
infection
- prevention of bed sores.
4/6/2022
28. Benzodiazepines : Diazepam ing IV or infusion of IV Midazolam
Diazepam -- Most commonly used drug for treatment of tetanic spasms and tetanic
seizures.
Infants:>30 days and Children <5 yr. IV 1 to 2mg every 3 to 4 hours as needed
Children > 5 years and adolescents IV 5 to 10 mg every 3 to 4 hours as needed
WHO2010: infant, children and adolescents IV 0.1 to 0.2 mg /kg /dose every 2 to
6hours titrate as needed
C:ME: Tetanus 28
4/6/2022
29. Management of autonomic dysfunction
Several drugs have been used to produce adrenergic
blockade and suppress autonomic hyperactivity
Only treatment with magnesium sulfate has been
studied in a randomized clinical trial in tetanus
Magnesium sulfate 25mg/kg/dose
4/6/2022 C:ME: Tetanus 29
30. STANDARD OF CARE
Rapid sequence intubation to prevent reflex laryngospasm .
Tetanus toxoid
Human Tetanus immunoglobulin I/M ( 500 to 6000 IU)
Surgical wound debridement
SEDATION AND PAIN CONTROL
Hydration (MIXED SOLUTION) Or Nutritional feeding through NG
tube
C:ME: Tetanus 30
4/6/2022
32. Prognosis
• Prognosis is dependent on incubation period, time from spore inoculation
to first symptom, and time from first symptom to first tetanic spasm.
• In general, shorter intervals indicate more severe tetanus and a poorer
prognosis.
• Clinical tetanus does not produce a state of immunity; therefore, patients
who survive the disease require active immunization with tetanus toxoid to
prevent a recurrence.
• N.B ; Neonatal tetanus are poor prognosis than Adult.
C:ME: Tetanus 32
4/6/2022
33. Prevention
Tetanus is completely preventable by active
tetanus immunization.
Immunization is thought to provide protection
for 10 years.
Begins in infancy with the PENTA series of
shots.
The PENTA vaccine is a “5-in-1" vaccine that
protects against diphtheria, pertussis, and
tetanus.
C:ME: Tetanus 33
4/6/2022
34. Prevention
Tetanus carries a 35% mortality rate, making prevention very
important!
The best course is childhood immunizations, with consistent booster
doses, and prompt cleaning of wounds with hydrogen peroxide.
C:ME: Tetanus 34
4/6/2022
35. REFERENCES
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tetanus.
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt16-
tetanus.html (Accessed on February 24, 2020).
• World Health Organization. Immunization surveillance, assessment
and monitoring. Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus (MNT) elimination.
• Uptodate: Literature review current through: Nov 2021. | This topic
last updated: Nov 18, 2021.
• Nelson Textbook edition 21 .(2020)
• Redbook Infectious disease last edition and AAP
4/6/2022 C:ME: Tetanus 35
phenothiazines :deviation of the eyes, writhing movements of the head and neck,and an absence of tonic muscular contraction between spasms
Malignant neuroleptic syndrome
present with striking symptoms of autonomic instability and muscular rigidity. However, th presence of fever, altered mental status
Stiff-person syndrome :
are neurologic disorder characterized by severe muscle rigidity
movements or auditory, tactile, or emotional stimulation,
The absence of trismus or facial spasms