Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through a wound. The bacteria produces a toxin that blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, causing painful muscle spasms. Symptoms include lockjaw and muscle rigidity. It is diagnosed based on symptoms and confirmed by culture if the bacteria is present. Treatment involves antibiotics, tetanus immune globulin to neutralize toxin, wound debridement, and supportive care. Prevention through routine tetanus vaccination is highly effective at eliminating this disease.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) in children, including definitions, epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and extra-pulmonary TB. It notes that TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and discusses the organism's characteristics. It also summarizes TB treatment categories, global and Pakistan-specific statistics, and describes the disease process and sites of extra-pulmonary TB in more detail.
This document provides information about diphtheria, including its causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention through vaccination. It notes that diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents as a membrane in the throat or other areas that can lead to breathing issues. Symptoms vary depending on the infected area. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics. Prevention relies on widespread immunization with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, especially for children. Maintaining high vaccination rates through multiple doses is important to protect communities from this potentially fatal disease.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body
Although diphtheria is not very common but its also not very uncommon. Although there is immunization regarding diphtheria in expanded program of immunization in Pakistan but still we find cases off and on
Typhoid fever is a systemic bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi contracted through contaminated food or water. It remains prevalent in developing countries and can be fatal if left untreated. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, treatments, and complications of typhoid fever. It causes high fever, abdominal pain, and can lead to gastrointestinal perforation or bleeding without appropriate antibiotics like ciprofloxacin. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for fever and complications, maintaining nutrition and hydration, and preventing spread.
Tetanus is a nervous system disorder caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria that produces a toxin. It causes muscle spasms and there are four clinical patterns: generalized, local, cephalic, and neonatal. Treatment involves halting toxin production, neutralizing unbound toxin with immunoglobulin, controlling muscle spasms and autonomic dysfunction, and providing supportive care. Prognosis depends on availability of supportive care, with neonatal tetanus having higher mortality than other forms.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and results in painful muscle spasms. It is characterized by three main types: generalized, localized, and neonatal. The bacteria forms spores that can survive in soil for years and enter the body through wounds. The toxin it produces is transported to the central nervous system where it blocks neurotransmitter release, causing spasms. Treatment involves wound cleansing, antitoxin administration to neutralize toxin, antibiotics, and medications or paralysis to control spasms while providing respiratory support. Prevention centers on active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccine. Prognosis depends on factors like age, incubation period, and vaccination history.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria, whose spores are found worldwide in soil. The bacteria produces a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes painful muscle contractions. Tetanus is transmitted through puncture wounds, burns, and other injuries that provide a route of entry for spores. The disease is entirely preventable through active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines as part of routine childhood immunization schedules and during pregnancy to prevent neonatal tetanus. Passive immunization with tetanus immunoglobulin provides temporary protection.
This document provides information on tuberculosis (TB) in children, including definitions, epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and extra-pulmonary TB. It notes that TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and discusses the organism's characteristics. It also summarizes TB treatment categories, global and Pakistan-specific statistics, and describes the disease process and sites of extra-pulmonary TB in more detail.
This document provides information about diphtheria, including its causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention through vaccination. It notes that diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents as a membrane in the throat or other areas that can lead to breathing issues. Symptoms vary depending on the infected area. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics. Prevention relies on widespread immunization with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, especially for children. Maintaining high vaccination rates through multiple doses is important to protect communities from this potentially fatal disease.
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body
Although diphtheria is not very common but its also not very uncommon. Although there is immunization regarding diphtheria in expanded program of immunization in Pakistan but still we find cases off and on
Typhoid fever is a systemic bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi contracted through contaminated food or water. It remains prevalent in developing countries and can be fatal if left untreated. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, treatments, and complications of typhoid fever. It causes high fever, abdominal pain, and can lead to gastrointestinal perforation or bleeding without appropriate antibiotics like ciprofloxacin. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for fever and complications, maintaining nutrition and hydration, and preventing spread.
Tetanus is a nervous system disorder caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria that produces a toxin. It causes muscle spasms and there are four clinical patterns: generalized, local, cephalic, and neonatal. Treatment involves halting toxin production, neutralizing unbound toxin with immunoglobulin, controlling muscle spasms and autonomic dysfunction, and providing supportive care. Prognosis depends on availability of supportive care, with neonatal tetanus having higher mortality than other forms.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and results in painful muscle spasms. It is characterized by three main types: generalized, localized, and neonatal. The bacteria forms spores that can survive in soil for years and enter the body through wounds. The toxin it produces is transported to the central nervous system where it blocks neurotransmitter release, causing spasms. Treatment involves wound cleansing, antitoxin administration to neutralize toxin, antibiotics, and medications or paralysis to control spasms while providing respiratory support. Prevention centers on active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccine. Prognosis depends on factors like age, incubation period, and vaccination history.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria, whose spores are found worldwide in soil. The bacteria produces a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes painful muscle contractions. Tetanus is transmitted through puncture wounds, burns, and other injuries that provide a route of entry for spores. The disease is entirely preventable through active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines as part of routine childhood immunization schedules and during pregnancy to prevent neonatal tetanus. Passive immunization with tetanus immunoglobulin provides temporary protection.
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection of the respiratory system caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces a toxin. It primarily affects the throat and can lead to complications impacting breathing, the heart, nerves and other organs if not treated promptly with antitoxin and antibiotics. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its definition, causative agents, spread, epidemiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that TB is caused by bacteria in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex that usually affect the lungs. Diagnosis involves tests like smear microscopy, culture, PCR and tuberculin skin testing. Standard treatment involves a combination of antibiotics over 6-9 months. Drug-resistant forms like multi-drug resistant TB and extensively drug-resistant TB require longer and more toxic treatment regimes.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through a wound. The bacteria produces a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes painful muscle spasms and rigidity. Symptoms typically begin with lockjaw and stiffness of the neck muscles before becoming generalized. The disease is often fatal if untreated. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms, though the bacteria can sometimes be identified from wound samples. Treatment involves antitoxin administration to neutralize the toxin along with antibiotics. Prophylaxis through active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines or passive immunization with antitoxin is important to prevent occurrence.
Clostridium tetani (tetanus) - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology. Tetanus is a toxin-mediated disease. The infectious agent of the disease is a neurotoxin produced by gram positive-anaerobic spore-forming organisms, Clostridium tetani. Movement of our voluntary muscles is controlled by our central nervous system. This animation describes the process of infection with Clostridium tetani and how the toxin it releases interrupts nervous control of our muscles, leading to tetanus. This loss of muscle control causes the convulsive muscle spasms typical of tetanus, which are so severe they can cause bone fractures and dislocations.infection of tetanus occurs when bacteria contaminates the wound and produce the exotoxin. The contaminated-wounds with deep puncture trauma and devitalized tissue, are at high risk for developing tetanus.
There is no person to person transmission for tetanus.
Three overlapping clinical pictures are shown, which are generalized, neonatal, and localized.
Complications include laryngospasm, fractures, arrhythmias, nosocomial-hospitalizations. Heroin users are at increased risk of tetanus.
Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani that enters the body through a wound. It causes painful muscle spasms by releasing a neurotoxin that interferes with nerve signals to muscles. There are four types - neonatal, cephalic, generalized, and local. Generalized tetanus is most common and starts with lockjaw before causing stiffness in the neck and muscles. Treatment focuses on antitoxins, antibiotics, sedatives, and wound care to prevent further infection while supporting breathing and recovery. Regular vaccination is the best prevention against this potentially fatal disease.
This document discusses Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the bacteria that causes diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough) caused by Bordetella pertussis. It covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of diphtheria and pertussis. It also discusses the diphtheria and pertussis vaccines, including vaccine formulations, efficacy, recommendations for use in adolescents and adults, and potential adverse reactions.
Clostridium is a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria. Some Clostridium species are pathogenic and can cause diseases like gas gangrene, tetanus, and botulism by producing toxins. Clostridium perfringens is a species that can cause gas gangrene through tissue destruction mediated by toxins and enzymatic activity. It is identified through culture, Gram staining, and tests like Nagler's reaction that detect lecithinase production. Treatment of gas gangrene involves prompt surgical debridement and antibiotics.
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents with a sore throat and formation of a gray membrane in the throat. Pertussis or whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis and presents in three stages including coughing fits. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani spores entering wounds and producing a neurotoxin resulting in painful muscle spasms. Vaccines exist to protect against all three diseases.
Clostridium tetani is the causative agent of tetanus, an acute disease characterized by skeletal muscle spasms and autonomic nervous system disturbances. C. tetani is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus found widely in soil and the intestines of humans and animals. It produces two toxins - tetanolysin and tetanospasmin, the powerful neurotoxin responsible for the clinical symptoms of tetanus. Tetanospasmin prevents the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord, resulting in uncontrolled muscle contractions and spasms. Prophylaxis includes wound cleaning, antibiotics, active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines, and passive immun
This document provides an overview of diphtheria including its introduction, history, epidemiology in India and worldwide, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, immunization, and control. It notes that diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents as respiratory or cutaneous infection. While immunization has reduced cases in developed countries, it remains endemic in India and other developing areas due to lack of widespread vaccination. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics. Control relies on maintaining high immunization coverage with DPT vaccine along with identifying and treating cases and carriers.
Mumps is an acute viral infection caused by the mumps virus, which typically involves swelling of the parotid glands. It is spread through direct contact, airborne droplets, or fomites contaminated by saliva. While complications are rare, they can include meningoencephalitis, orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis, and myocarditis. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical symptoms and confirmed through serologic testing or virus isolation. Treatment is supportive, and vaccination provides effective prevention against mumps infection and its complications.
Hookworm infection is a parasitic disease caused by four hookworm species that infect over 1 billion people worldwide. The most common species are Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Infection occurs when larvae penetrate the skin and migrate to the small intestine where they attach and feed on blood, causing iron-deficiency anemia. Symptoms include fatigue, abdominal pain, and skin pallor. Heavy infections can be life-threatening in children and the elderly. Diagnosis involves finding hookworm eggs in feces. Treatment is with anthelmintic medications to kill the worms. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation to reduce environmental contamination.
This document provides information on rubella (German measles), including:
- It is a viral disease that mainly affects children and causes a rash and lymph node swelling.
- The virus was isolated in the 1960s and a live attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967.
- Infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the baby.
- Transmission is via respiratory droplets and the infection is usually mild but can cause birth defects if a woman is infected during pregnancy.
- Rubella vaccination is recommended to control the disease.
Smallpox is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease caused by the variola virus. It was responsible for hundreds of millions of deaths in the 20th century before being eradicated through global vaccination programs. The disease presents with a high fever and rash that develops into fluid-filled blisters which leave scars. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent smallpox, and global vaccination efforts led to its eradication being certified by the WHO in 1979.
Typhoid fever is an infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi.
Paratyphoid is an infection which is similar but has milder symptoms, which is caused by the bacterium Salmonella paratyphi.
This document provides information about enteric fever (typhoid fever) in 43 sections. It discusses the history, causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Regarding diagnosis, it describes tests such as blood, stool and urine cultures, the Widal test and slide agglutination. Salmonella typhi and paratyphi cause typhoid and paratyphoid fever respectively by ingesting contaminated food or water. Complications can include sepsis and meningitis. Antibiotics are used for treatment, but drug resistance has emerged. Vaccines provide protection against the disease.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the health implications of Taeniasis in humans. Taeniasis is an intestinal infection caused by the adult tapeworm Taenia saginata or T. solium. It is found worldwide in rural areas with poor hygiene where pigs are allowed to roam and eat human feces, continuing the parasite's life cycle. Symptoms range from mild to severe abdominal issues. Health implications include anemia, appendicitis, and cysticercosis. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for eggs. Treatment is via praziquantel or albendazole. Control relies on proper meat handling, sanitation, and banning swill feeding of pigs.
Salmonella is a genus of bacteria that can cause illnesses like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and gastroenteritis. There are over 2,400 serotypes of Salmonella. Typhoidal Salmonella like S. typhi and S. paratyphi A cause enteric fever while non-typhoidal Salmonella usually cause food poisoning. Laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever involves culturing the bacteria from blood, feces, or other specimens. Serological tests like the Widal test detect antibodies against Salmonella. Isolates can be identified biochemically and through antigen testing. Vaccines are available to help prevent typhoid fever.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria, whose spores can survive in soil for decades. The spores enter the body through wounds and produce a toxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It is diagnosed based on symptoms and treated with antibiotics, tetanus immune globulin, muscle relaxants, and vaccination to prevent future illness. Widespread childhood immunization programs have reduced cases in many countries.
The information about Tetanus is a basic content intended to share Students of Graduate and postgraduate in Life Sciences.
The up loader has no Commercial interests
Diphtheria is a bacterial infection of the respiratory system caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces a toxin. It primarily affects the throat and can lead to complications impacting breathing, the heart, nerves and other organs if not treated promptly with antitoxin and antibiotics. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB), including its definition, causative agents, spread, epidemiology, pathogenesis, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that TB is caused by bacteria in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex that usually affect the lungs. Diagnosis involves tests like smear microscopy, culture, PCR and tuberculin skin testing. Standard treatment involves a combination of antibiotics over 6-9 months. Drug-resistant forms like multi-drug resistant TB and extensively drug-resistant TB require longer and more toxic treatment regimes.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through a wound. The bacteria produces a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes painful muscle spasms and rigidity. Symptoms typically begin with lockjaw and stiffness of the neck muscles before becoming generalized. The disease is often fatal if untreated. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms, though the bacteria can sometimes be identified from wound samples. Treatment involves antitoxin administration to neutralize the toxin along with antibiotics. Prophylaxis through active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines or passive immunization with antitoxin is important to prevent occurrence.
Clostridium tetani (tetanus) - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology. Tetanus is a toxin-mediated disease. The infectious agent of the disease is a neurotoxin produced by gram positive-anaerobic spore-forming organisms, Clostridium tetani. Movement of our voluntary muscles is controlled by our central nervous system. This animation describes the process of infection with Clostridium tetani and how the toxin it releases interrupts nervous control of our muscles, leading to tetanus. This loss of muscle control causes the convulsive muscle spasms typical of tetanus, which are so severe they can cause bone fractures and dislocations.infection of tetanus occurs when bacteria contaminates the wound and produce the exotoxin. The contaminated-wounds with deep puncture trauma and devitalized tissue, are at high risk for developing tetanus.
There is no person to person transmission for tetanus.
Three overlapping clinical pictures are shown, which are generalized, neonatal, and localized.
Complications include laryngospasm, fractures, arrhythmias, nosocomial-hospitalizations. Heroin users are at increased risk of tetanus.
Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani that enters the body through a wound. It causes painful muscle spasms by releasing a neurotoxin that interferes with nerve signals to muscles. There are four types - neonatal, cephalic, generalized, and local. Generalized tetanus is most common and starts with lockjaw before causing stiffness in the neck and muscles. Treatment focuses on antitoxins, antibiotics, sedatives, and wound care to prevent further infection while supporting breathing and recovery. Regular vaccination is the best prevention against this potentially fatal disease.
This document discusses Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the bacteria that causes diphtheria, and pertussis (whooping cough) caused by Bordetella pertussis. It covers the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of diphtheria and pertussis. It also discusses the diphtheria and pertussis vaccines, including vaccine formulations, efficacy, recommendations for use in adolescents and adults, and potential adverse reactions.
Clostridium is a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria. Some Clostridium species are pathogenic and can cause diseases like gas gangrene, tetanus, and botulism by producing toxins. Clostridium perfringens is a species that can cause gas gangrene through tissue destruction mediated by toxins and enzymatic activity. It is identified through culture, Gram staining, and tests like Nagler's reaction that detect lecithinase production. Treatment of gas gangrene involves prompt surgical debridement and antibiotics.
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents with a sore throat and formation of a gray membrane in the throat. Pertussis or whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis and presents in three stages including coughing fits. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani spores entering wounds and producing a neurotoxin resulting in painful muscle spasms. Vaccines exist to protect against all three diseases.
Clostridium tetani is the causative agent of tetanus, an acute disease characterized by skeletal muscle spasms and autonomic nervous system disturbances. C. tetani is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus found widely in soil and the intestines of humans and animals. It produces two toxins - tetanolysin and tetanospasmin, the powerful neurotoxin responsible for the clinical symptoms of tetanus. Tetanospasmin prevents the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord, resulting in uncontrolled muscle contractions and spasms. Prophylaxis includes wound cleaning, antibiotics, active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines, and passive immun
This document provides an overview of diphtheria including its introduction, history, epidemiology in India and worldwide, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, immunization, and control. It notes that diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents as respiratory or cutaneous infection. While immunization has reduced cases in developed countries, it remains endemic in India and other developing areas due to lack of widespread vaccination. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics. Control relies on maintaining high immunization coverage with DPT vaccine along with identifying and treating cases and carriers.
Mumps is an acute viral infection caused by the mumps virus, which typically involves swelling of the parotid glands. It is spread through direct contact, airborne droplets, or fomites contaminated by saliva. While complications are rare, they can include meningoencephalitis, orchitis, oophoritis, pancreatitis, and myocarditis. Diagnosis is usually based on clinical symptoms and confirmed through serologic testing or virus isolation. Treatment is supportive, and vaccination provides effective prevention against mumps infection and its complications.
Hookworm infection is a parasitic disease caused by four hookworm species that infect over 1 billion people worldwide. The most common species are Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Infection occurs when larvae penetrate the skin and migrate to the small intestine where they attach and feed on blood, causing iron-deficiency anemia. Symptoms include fatigue, abdominal pain, and skin pallor. Heavy infections can be life-threatening in children and the elderly. Diagnosis involves finding hookworm eggs in feces. Treatment is with anthelmintic medications to kill the worms. Prevention focuses on improved sanitation to reduce environmental contamination.
This document provides information on rubella (German measles), including:
- It is a viral disease that mainly affects children and causes a rash and lymph node swelling.
- The virus was isolated in the 1960s and a live attenuated vaccine was developed in 1967.
- Infection during pregnancy can cause congenital rubella syndrome in the baby.
- Transmission is via respiratory droplets and the infection is usually mild but can cause birth defects if a woman is infected during pregnancy.
- Rubella vaccination is recommended to control the disease.
Smallpox is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease caused by the variola virus. It was responsible for hundreds of millions of deaths in the 20th century before being eradicated through global vaccination programs. The disease presents with a high fever and rash that develops into fluid-filled blisters which leave scars. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent smallpox, and global vaccination efforts led to its eradication being certified by the WHO in 1979.
Typhoid fever is an infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi.
Paratyphoid is an infection which is similar but has milder symptoms, which is caused by the bacterium Salmonella paratyphi.
This document provides information about enteric fever (typhoid fever) in 43 sections. It discusses the history, causative agents, transmission, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Regarding diagnosis, it describes tests such as blood, stool and urine cultures, the Widal test and slide agglutination. Salmonella typhi and paratyphi cause typhoid and paratyphoid fever respectively by ingesting contaminated food or water. Complications can include sepsis and meningitis. Antibiotics are used for treatment, but drug resistance has emerged. Vaccines provide protection against the disease.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the health implications of Taeniasis in humans. Taeniasis is an intestinal infection caused by the adult tapeworm Taenia saginata or T. solium. It is found worldwide in rural areas with poor hygiene where pigs are allowed to roam and eat human feces, continuing the parasite's life cycle. Symptoms range from mild to severe abdominal issues. Health implications include anemia, appendicitis, and cysticercosis. Diagnosis involves examining stool samples for eggs. Treatment is via praziquantel or albendazole. Control relies on proper meat handling, sanitation, and banning swill feeding of pigs.
Salmonella is a genus of bacteria that can cause illnesses like typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and gastroenteritis. There are over 2,400 serotypes of Salmonella. Typhoidal Salmonella like S. typhi and S. paratyphi A cause enteric fever while non-typhoidal Salmonella usually cause food poisoning. Laboratory diagnosis of enteric fever involves culturing the bacteria from blood, feces, or other specimens. Serological tests like the Widal test detect antibodies against Salmonella. Isolates can be identified biochemically and through antigen testing. Vaccines are available to help prevent typhoid fever.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria, whose spores can survive in soil for decades. The spores enter the body through wounds and produce a toxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It is diagnosed based on symptoms and treated with antibiotics, tetanus immune globulin, muscle relaxants, and vaccination to prevent future illness. Widespread childhood immunization programs have reduced cases in many countries.
The information about Tetanus is a basic content intended to share Students of Graduate and postgraduate in Life Sciences.
The up loader has no Commercial interests
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. The bacteria produces a potent neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes painful muscle spasms. It enters the body through wounds and is transmitted via contact with contaminated soil or animal feces. Symptoms include lockjaw and painful muscle contractions. Treatment involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria, tetanus immune globulin to neutralize the toxin, and prevention through routine immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. It enters the body through wounds and produces a potent neurotoxin. The neurotoxin causes painful muscle spasms starting in the jaw and neck and spreading to other muscles. It is diagnosed based on symptoms and prevented through routine immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines. Treatment involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria, tetanus immune globulin to neutralize the toxin, and medications and breathing support to manage symptoms.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. The bacteria produces a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that causes painful muscle spasms. It enters the body through wounds and is transmitted in soil and animal feces. Symptoms include lockjaw and muscle rigidity. Treatment involves antibiotics, antitoxin antibodies, and supportive care. Immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccine provides effective prevention. Neonatal tetanus remains an issue in developing countries where umbilical cord cutting practices introduce the bacteria.
- Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and causes painful muscle spasms. It enters the body through wounds and produces a neurotoxin.
- There are three main types - local tetanus near the wound site, cephalic tetanus affecting head muscles, and generalized tetanus affecting whole body.
- Generalized tetanus is most common and symptoms start with jaw muscle spasms (lockjaw) before spreading to other muscles.
Neonatal tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through a wound. It produces a neurotoxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It is most common in newborns of unvaccinated mothers, especially through infections of the umbilical stump. Symptoms include trismus (lockjaw), difficulty swallowing, and generalized muscle spasms. Treatment focuses on wound cleaning, tetanus immunoglobulin, controlling spasms with medications, antibiotics, and supportive care. Prevention relies on tetanus toxoid vaccination of pregnant mothers and newborns. With proper immunization and hygiene, tetanus is completely preventable.
Tetanus |Causes | Signs and symptoms| All aspects - medical discussion martinshaji
this is a brief study regarding almost all aspects of tetanus .Tetanus is a condition caused by a nerve toxin produced by the bacteria Clostridium tetani, which may also cause fatal condition too.
please comment
thank you
This is general presentation which can be used by anyone. It contains short information about the history, mode of transmission of tetanus in human beings and what are the health problems due to tetanus in human beings. All the information is gathered from reliable sources and references are also given at the end of the presentation. it can be used by anyone for educational purposes.
Tetanus is a serious disease caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. It causes painful muscle contractions due to a neurotoxin produced by the bacteria. The spores are found in soil and can enter the body through wounds. Symptoms include jaw and neck muscle spasms. It is preventable through routine vaccination with tetanus toxoid vaccines as part of the DTaP series for children and Td boosters every 10 years for adults. Proper storage, handling, reconstitution and disposal of tetanus vaccines is important to ensure their safety and effectiveness.
C. tetani bacteria can live for years in soil and animal feces. When they enter the body through a wound in anaerobic conditions, they produce a toxin that causes tetanus. The toxin blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters in the spinal cord and brain, leading to painful muscle spasms and contractions. Symptoms include lockjaw, back and abdominal muscle stiffness, facial muscle contractions, and spasms that can interfere with breathing. Tetanus is diagnosed based on symptoms and lab tests can identify the bacteria. Treatment involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria, antitoxin shots to neutralize the toxin, muscle relaxants, and managing breathing. The tetanus vaccine uses a formaldehyde-inactivated toxin and
Tetanus is caused by contamination of wounds by the bacteria Clostridium tetani. It produces a toxin called tetanospasmin that causes painful muscle spasms. Tetanus spores are found worldwide in soil and animal waste. The bacteria usually enters through puncture wounds, burns, or other breaks in the skin. After entry, it produces toxin that travels through the nervous system to the spinal cord and brain, blocking inhibitory signals and causing sustained muscle contractions. Symptoms include lockjaw, arching of the back, and muscle spasms. Diagnosis is clinical based on symptoms. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, muscle relaxants, and immunoglobulins to neutralize toxin. The
Tetanus is caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani entering the body through wounds and producing a toxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It is found worldwide in soil and animal waste. The spores can live for years in the body until an injury provides an anaerobic environment for the bacteria to grow. The toxin travels up motor neurons to the spinal cord where it blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing sustained muscle contractions. Symptoms include lockjaw, arching of the back, and risus sardonicus. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, antitoxin antibodies, and supportive care. Tetanus is preventable through active immunization with the tetanus toxoid vaccine as part of
Tetanus is caused by the bacteria Clostridium tetani entering the body through wounds and producing a toxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It is found worldwide in soil and animal waste. The spores can live for years in the body until an injury provides anaerobic conditions for the bacteria to grow. The toxin travels to motor neurons and prevents inhibitory signals, causing constant muscle contraction. Symptoms include lockjaw, arching of the back, and risus sardonicus. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, antitoxin antibodies, and supportive care. Tetanus is preventable through active immunization with the tetanus toxoid vaccine as part of routine childhood immunization schedules and bo
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria entering the body through wounds and producing a toxin called tetanospasmin. The toxin travels through the nervous system and causes painful muscle spasms. It is diagnosed clinically based on symptoms like lockjaw and back arching. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, controlling spasms, and supportive care. Prevention is through routine tetanus vaccination and boosters after injuries if it has been over 10 years since the last shot. The disease remains a problem globally where vaccination rates are low.
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria which produces a toxin that causes muscle spasms. There are three main types: generalized, neonatal, and localized. Generalized tetanus is the most common form, characterized by increased muscle tone and spasms throughout the body. Proper immunization and wound care can prevent tetanus. Treatment focuses on eliminating the toxin source, neutralizing unbound toxin, preventing spasms through medication and respiratory support, as the disease runs its course over time.
Tetanus is a bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani that causes muscle spasms. It is found worldwide in soil and can enter the body through breaks in the skin. The bacteria produces a toxin that travels to the spinal cord and disrupts signals from motor neurons to muscles, causing painful muscle contractions. Symptoms include lockjaw, muscle spasms, and arching of the back. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms, antibiotics, wound care, and supportive care until the toxin is cleared. Immunization provides the best prevention against tetanus through active immunization with tetanus toxoid or passive immunization with antibodies in high-risk cases.
The document provides information about tetanus including:
1) Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and causes muscle rigidity and painful spasms.
2) It is characterized by "lockjaw" and can be fatal if not properly treated.
3) Treatment involves wound cleaning, antitoxin immunoglobulin injections, and supportive care to prevent respiratory complications until the toxin has been metabolized.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. What is Tetanus?
• Tetanus is an illness characterized by an acute
onset of hypertonia, painful muscular
contractions (usually of the muscles of the jaw
and neck), and generalized muscle spasms
without other apparent medical causes.
• Despite widespread immunization of infants
and children in the United States since the
1940s, tetanus still occurs in the United States.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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3. Distribution
It’s often called the silent killer, since infants often
die before their birth is recorded.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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5. Causative agent
• Clostridium tetani
Left. Stained pus from a mixed anaerobic infection. At least
three different clostridia are apparent.
Right. Electron micrograph of vegetative Clostridium tetani
cells.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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6. Morphology & Physiology
• Relatively large, Gram-positive, rodshaped bacteria
• Spore-forming, anaerobic.
• Found in soil, especially heavily-manured
soils, and in the intestinal tracts and
feces of various animals.
• Strictly fermentative mode of
metabolism.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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7. C.tetani spores are found everywhere
• Spores of C. tetani are found in soils
throughout the world
Spores are very resistant to harsh
conditions
•
heat
•
radiation
•
chemicals
•
drying
•
•
Spores can survive for a long time
in environment---100yrs possibly!
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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8. Methods of transmission
• C. tetani can live for years as spores in animal feces
and soil. As soon as it enters the human body
through a major or minor wound and the conditions
are anaerobic, the spores germinate and release the
toxins.
• Tetanus may follow burns, deep puncture wounds,
ear or dental infections, animal bites, abortion.
• Only the growing bacteria can produce the toxin.
• It is the only vaccine-preventable disease that is
infectious but not contagious from person to person.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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9. Methods of transmission
• Tetanus may follow burns, deep puncture
wounds, ear or dental infections, animal
bites, abortion.
• Only the growing bacteria can produce
the toxin.
• It is the only vaccine-preventable
disease that is infectious but not
contagious from person to person.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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10. C.tetani - Entry of spores
• Entry of C. tetani into the body
usually involves implantation of
spores into a wound
• After gaining entry, C. tetani spores
can persist in the body for months,
waiting for the proper low oxygen
growth conditions to develop
•
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
11. C.tetani produces toxigenic Disease
• C. tetani spores enter the body, they are again in
an oxygen-free environment where they can
germinate. The spores usually enter the body
through a deep puncture wound or cut, but
animal bites or even a splinter also can allow
spore entry. The bacteria then produce tetanus
toxins, which circulate in the body. One of the
toxins blocks nerve impulses that allow muscles
to relax. This toxin is responsible for causing
generalized tetanus, the most common form of
the disease.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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12. Virulence & Pathogenicity
• Not pathogenic to
humans and animals by
invasive infection but by
the production of a
potent protein toxin
– tetanus toxin or
tetanospasmin
– The second exotoxin
produced is tetanolysin—
function not known.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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13. Toxin and C.tetani
• Tetanospasmin ( exotoxin ) produced locally ,
released into bloodstream .
• Binds to peripheral motor neuron terminals & nerve
cells of ant.horn of spinal cord
• The toxin after entering axon , transported to nerve
cell body in brain stem & spinal cord – retrograde
intraneuronal transport
• Toxin – migrates across synapse – presynaptic
terminals- blocks the release of Glycine & GABA from
vesicles.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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14. Tetanus toxin
• Produced when spores germinate and
vegetative cells grow after gaining access
to wounds. The organism multiplies
locally and symptoms appear remote
from the infection site.
• One of the three most poisonous
substances known on a weight basis, the
other two being the toxins of botulism
and diphtheria.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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15. Tetanus toxin
– Tetanus toxin is produced in vitro in
amounts up to 5 to 10% of the bacterial
weight.
– Estimated lethal human dose of
Tetanospasmin = 2.5 nanograms/kg body
• Because the toxin has a specific affinity
for nervous tissue, it is referred to as a
neurotoxin. The toxin has no known
useful function to C. tetani.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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16. • Initially binds to
peripheral nerve
terminals
• Transported within
the axon and across
synaptic junctions
until it reaches the
central nervous
system.
• Becomes rapidly
fixed to gangliosides
at the presynaptic
inhibitory motor
nerve endings, then
taken up into the
axon by endocytosis.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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17. Toxic manifestations
Tetanus
• As growing cells of C. tetani produce
tetanospasmin at the wound site, the
toxin starts to migrate along nerves
into the Central Nervous System where
it blocks the release of inhibitory
neurotransmitters
• As a consequence of too much
“activator transmitters”, muscles are
Overstimulated to repeatedly
contract—called spastic paralysis
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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18. How the toxin acts
Blocks
the release of inhibitory
neurotransmitters (glycine and gammaamino butyric acid) across the synaptic
cleft, which is required to check the
nervous impulse.
If
nervous impulses cannot be checked by
normal inhibitory mechanisms, it leads to
unopposed muscular contraction and
spasms that are characteristic of tetanus.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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19. Symptoms
• Tetanic seizures (painful, powerful
bursts of muscle contraction)
• if the muscle spasms affect the larynx or chest wall,
they may cause asphyxiation
• stiffness of jaw (also called lockjaw)
• stiffness of abdominal and back muscles
• contraction of facial muscles
• fast pulse
• fever
• sweating
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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20. Patient Manifests with
Tetanus (
• A person suffering from tetanus undergoes
convulsive muscle contractions of the jaw-called LOCKJAW
• The contractions by the muscles of the back
and extremities may become so violent and
strong that bone fractures may occur
• The affected individual is conscious
throughout the illness, but cannot stop these
contractions
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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22. The back muscles are
more powerful, thus
creating the arc
backward
“Oposthotonus” by Sir
Charles Bell, 1809.
Baby has neonatal
tetanus with
complete rigidity
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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23. Types of tetanus:
local, cephalic, generalized, neonatal
• Incubation period: 3-21 days, average 8 days.
Uncommon types:
• Local tetanus: persistent muscle contractions in the
same anatomic area as the injury, which will however
subside after many weeks; very rarely fatal; milder than
generalized tetanus, although it could precede it.
• Cephalic tetanus: occurs with ear infections or following
injuries of the head; facial muscles contractions.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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24. Most common types:
Generalized tetanus
- descending pattern: lockjaw stiffness of neck
difficulty swallowing rigidity of abdominal and back
muscles.
- Spasms continue for 3-4 weeks, and recovery can last for
months
- Death occurs when spasms interfere with respiration.
Neonatal tetanus:
- Form of generalized tetanus that occurs in newborn infants
born without protective passive immunity because the
mother is not immune.
- Usually occurs through infection of the unhealed umbilical
stump, particularly when the stump is cut with an unsterile
instrument.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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25. Methods of diagnosis
• Based on the patient’s account and
physical findings that are
characteristic of the disease.
• Diagnostic studies generally are of
little value, as cultures of the wound
site are negative for C. tetani twothirds of the time.
–When the culture is positive, it
confirms the diagnosis of tetanus
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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27. Diagnosis
• Tests that may be performed include the
following:
–Culture of the wound site (may be
negative even if tetanus is present)
–Tetanus antibody test
–Other tests may be used to rule out
meningitis, rabies, strychnine
poisoning, or other diseases with
similar symptoms.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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28. Clinical treatment
• If treatment is not sought early, the disease is
often fatal.
• The bacteria are killed with antibiotics, such
as penicillin or tetracycline; further toxin
production is thus prevented.
• The toxin is neutralized with shots of tetanus
immune globulin, TIG.
• Other drugs may be given to provide sedation,
relax the muscles and relieve pain.
• Due to the extreme potency of the toxin,
immunity does not result after the disease.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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29. Method of prevention - Immunization
• A person recovering from tetanus should begin active
immunization with tetanus toxoid (Td) during
convalescence.
• The tetanus toxoid is a formalin-inactivated toxin,
with an efficiency of approx. 100%.
• The DTaPe includes tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis
toxoids; it is routinely given in the US during
childhood. After 7 years of age, only Td needs to be
administered.
• Because the antitoxin levels decrease over time,
booster immunization shots are needed every 10 29
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
years.
30. Other supporting measures?
• Remove and destroy the source of the toxin through
surgical exploration and cleaning of the wound
(debridement).
• Bed rest with a nonstimulating environment (dim
light, reduced noise, and stable temperature) may be
recommended.
• Sedation may be necessary to keep the affected
person calm.
• Respiratory support with oxygen, endotracheal tube,
and mechanical ventilation may be necessary.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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31. Specific Treatment
b. Wound should be debrided widely.
c. Maintain an adequate airway.
d. Employ sedation (as indicated) or muscle. relaxant.
e. Active immunization. should be initiated concurrently
with therapy.
6.Destruction of environmental spores:
- esp. in operating theatres.
- Special air-flow equipment and filtered ventilation. Reduce airborne particles. Surgical instruments and
dressing sterilization (use of autoclaves). Disinfect.
e.g. formaldehyde.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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32. Tetanus Toxoid
• Formalin-inactivated tetanus toxin
• Schedule Three or four doses + booster
Booster every 10 years
• Efficacy Approximately 100%
• Duration Approximately 10 years
• Should be administered with diphtheria toxoid as
DTaP, DT, Td, or Tdap
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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34. Active & Passive Immunization
• In non immunized persons
• 1500 IU of ATS / 250-500 units of Human
Ig in one arm & 0.5 ml of adsorbed
tetanus toxoid into other arm /gluteal
region
• 6 wks later, 0.5 ml of tetanus toxoid
• 1 yr later , 0.5 ml of tetanus toxoid
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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35. Children Who Receive DT
• The number of doses of DT
needed to complete the series
depends on the child’s age at the
first dose:
–if first dose given at <12 months of
age, 4 doses are recommended
–if first dose given at ≥12 months, 3
doses complete the primary series
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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36. Prognosis in Infected
• Prognosis is dependent on incubation period, time
from spore inoculation to first symptom, and time
from first symptom to first tetanic spasm.
• In general, shorter intervals indicate more severe
tetanus and a poorer prognosis.
• Patients usually survive tetanus and return to their
pre disease state of health.
• Recovery is slow and usually occurs over 2-4 months.
• Clinical tetanus does not produce a state of
immunity; therefore, patients who survive the
disease require active immunization with tetanus
toxoid to prevent a recurrence.
37. Care in the Hospital to eliminate
C.tetani spores
.Destruction of environmental spores:
- Specially in operating theatres.
- Special air-flow equipment and filtered
ventilation. - Reduce airborne
particles. Surgical instruments and
dressing sterilization (use of
autoclaves). Disinfect. e.g.
formaldehyde.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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38. Tetanus is a Vaccine Preventable Disease-
Do vaccinate without fail
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
38
39. • Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for
Medical and Paramedical
Students
Email
doctortvrao@gmail.com
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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