Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that spreads through the air. It begins with fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and small white spots inside the mouth. A rash develops 3-7 days later that spreads from the face to the rest of the body. While most people recover without complications, measles can sometimes cause pneumonia, brain swelling, or even death. The measles virus is preventable through vaccination with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection.
It is exanthematous disease with fewer, cough, coryza (rhinitis) and conjunctivitis.
Before the widespread use of measles vaccines, it was estimated that measles caused between 5 million and 8 million deaths worldwide each year.
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection.
It is exanthematous disease with fewer, cough, coryza (rhinitis) and conjunctivitis.
Before the widespread use of measles vaccines, it was estimated that measles caused between 5 million and 8 million deaths worldwide each year.
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
#Rubella #German measles
Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians, Friedrich Hoffmann, in the mid-eighteenth century.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Measles. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
meningococcal meningitis is a very serious and fatal disease if not treated in time. the case fatality rate can go upto 50% in untreated cases .there are many strains which are responsible for its occurrence .it tend to occur both in endemic as well as in epidemic form. a qudrivalent vaccine is available for protection. recipient of this vaccine are to be given chemo prophylaxis .recently a vaccine against type b strain has been made avialable in canada for use in routine immunization
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of mumps. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
#Rubella #German measles
Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians, Friedrich Hoffmann, in the mid-eighteenth century.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Measles. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
meningococcal meningitis is a very serious and fatal disease if not treated in time. the case fatality rate can go upto 50% in untreated cases .there are many strains which are responsible for its occurrence .it tend to occur both in endemic as well as in epidemic form. a qudrivalent vaccine is available for protection. recipient of this vaccine are to be given chemo prophylaxis .recently a vaccine against type b strain has been made avialable in canada for use in routine immunization
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of mumps. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Measles is a highly infectious disease of childhood caused by Measles virus. It is characterized by fever, catarrhal symptoms of the upper respiratory tract infections followed by typical rash.
Measles is defined as an acute and highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes and a spreading skin rash.
Causative agent: Rubeola virus, a RNA virus of paramyxoviridae family
Reservoir: Human
Source: Infected Human
Period of Communicability: Approximately 4 days prior and 4 days after the appearance of the rash
Mode of Transmission:
Airborne transmission(virus remains active and contagious in the air or on infected surfaces for up to 2 hours)
Droplet transmission i.e. it is spread by coughing and sneezing, close personal contact or direct contact with infected nasal or throat secretions
Portal of entry: Respiratory tract and Conjunctiva
Incubation Period: 10-15 days
Host:
Children between age of 1 and 5 years
Older children
Malnourished children
Environment: Winter and spring month ,Low socio-economic status .
Clinical manifestations of measles are in three stages:
STAGE 1: Prodromal/ Catarrhal Stage:
starts after 10 days of infection and lasts up to 3-5 days-
- Fever
- Malaise
- Coryza
- Sneezing
- Nasal Discharge
- Brassy Cough
- Redness of eye
- Lacrimation
- Photophobia
- Lymphadenopathy
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Koplik spot – grayish or bluish white spots, fine tiny grain like papules on a faint red base, smaller than the head of pin.
- Spots appear before the appearance of rash
- Found on buccal mucosa opposite to first and second molar
- Usually disappear after the rash, appears a day
Stage 2: Eruptive Stage:
- Typical irregular dusky red macular or maculopapular rash found behind the ears and face first, usually 3-5 days after the onset of disease
- Then it spread to neck, trunk, limbs, palms and soles in the next 3-4 days.
- Anorexia
-Malaise
-Cervical lymphadenopathy
-Fever and rash usually disappear in 4-5 days in the same order of appearance
- Fine shedding of superficial skin of face, trunk and limbs leaving brownish discoloration that persists 2 months or more
Stage 3: Convalescent or Post- Measles Stage:
-Fever and rash disappear
-Child remains sick for number of days and lose weight
- Gradual deterioration into chronic illnesses due to bacterial or viral infections, nutritional and metabolic disturbances or other complications.
prevention- Active Immunization with live attenuated vaccines 0.5 ml subcutaneously in single dose at 9-12 months of age.
management,nursing management, nursing diagnosis
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. Measles or RubeolA, is an acute viral illness
caused by a virus in the family paramyxovirus,
genus Morbillivirus.
3. Measles is characterized by a prodrome of fever and
malaise, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis, followed by a
maculopapular rash.
4. Measles is usually a mild or moderately severe
illness. However, measles can result in
complications such as pneumonia,
encephalitis and death.
5. Epidemiology
• In 1980, before widespread global use of measles
vaccine, an estimated 2.6 million measles deaths
occurred worldwide. In 2001, to accelerate the
reduction in measles cases achieved by vaccination,
the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United
Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) developed a strategy
to deliver 2 doses of measles-containing vaccine (MCV)
to all children through routine services and
supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) and
improved disease surveillance. After implementation of
this strategy, the estimated number of annual measles
deaths worldwide decreased from 733,000 in 2000 to
164,000 in 2008.
6. Transmission
Measles transmission is airborne by
respiratory droplet nuclei spread or it can be
transmitted by direct contact with infected
nasal or throat secretions.
7. Incubation Period
The incubation period is approximately ten
days, but varies from 7 to 18 days from
exposure to the onset of fever. It is usually 14
days until the rash appears.
8. Risk Factors
Anyone who never had measles and has never
been vaccinated.
Babies younger than 12 months old, because they
are too young to be vaccinated.
Adults who were vaccinated before 1968,
because some early vaccines did not give lasting
protection.
A very small percentage of vaccinated children
and adults who may not have responded well to
the vaccine.
9. Clinical Features
• Clinical features of measles include prodromal
fever, a severe cough, conjunctivitis, coryza
and Koplik’s spots on the buccal mucosa.
These are present for three to four days prior
to rash onset.
10. The most important clinical predictors are included in the
clinical case definition for measles which is an illness
characterised by all the following features:
generalised maculopapular rash, usually lasting three or more
days
fever (at least 38°C if measured) present at the time of rash
onset
cough, coryza, conjunctivitis and Koplik’s spots
The characteristic red, blotchy rash appears on the third to
seventh day. It begins on the face before becoming
generalised and generally lasts four to seven days.
Measles infection (confirmed virologically) may rarely occur
without a rash.
12. PROBLEM IDENTIFIED
STAGE DATA (NURSING DIAGNOSIS)
Pre-eruptive Stage • fever • Hyperthermia
(patient is highly communicable) • catarrhal symptoms – start in the nasal • Pain
cavities; then in the conjunctivae, • Risk for impaired gas exchange
oropharynx, progress to the bronchi • Risk for impaired breathing pattern
resulting successively in rhinitis,
conjunctivitis and then bronchitis.
• Respiratory symptoms – which appear
first as a common cold, and sneezing
nasal discharges, steadily progress into
a distressing and annoying cough that
persists up to convalescence.
Eruptive Stage/Stage of Skin Rashes • Anorexia • Imbalance nutrition: less than body
requirement
• Exanthem sign – means eruption in the
skin • Impaired skin integrity
• Maculopapular Rashes – appears 2-7 • Hyperthermia
days after onset • Activity Intolerance
• High fever – increases steadily • Fatigue
• Irritability
• Diarrhea
• Pruritis
• Lethargy
• Occipital lymphadenopathy
Stage of Convalescence • Rashes – fade in the same manner as
they appeared, from the face
downwards, leaving a dirty brown
pigmentation and finely granular which
maybe noted for several days.
• Fever – gradually subsides as the
eruptions disappear on the hands and
feet
13. DIAGNOSIS
Clinical diagnosis of measles requires a history
of fever of at least three days, with at least
one of the three C's (cough, coryza,
conjunctivitis). Observation of Koplik's spots is
also diagnostic of measles.
14. Alternatively, laboratory diagnosis of measles can
be done with confirmation of positive measles
IgM antibodies or isolation of measles virus RNA
from respiratory specimens. In patients where
phlebotomy is not possible, saliva can be
collected for salivary measles-specific IgA testing.
Positive contact with other patients known to
have measles adds strong epidemiological
evidence to the diagnosis. The contact with any
infected person in any way, including semen
through sex, saliva, or mucus, can cause infection.
15. MANAGEMENT
• There is no specific treatment for measles. Most patients with uncomplicated
measles will recover with rest and supportive treatment. It is, however, important
to seek medical advice if the patient becomes more unwell, as they may be
developing complications. Patient should be monitored for the development of
bacterial infections which should be treated with appropriate antibiotics on the
basis of clinical and bacteriological finding
• The patient may also take over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen
(Tylenol, others) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to help relieve
the fever that accompanies measles. Don’t give aspirin to children because of the
risk of Reye’s syndrome — a rare but potentially fatal disease.
• Maintain bedrest and provide quiet activities for the child. If there is sensitivity to
light, keep room darkly lit. Remove eye secretions with warm saline or water.
Encourage the patient not to rub the eyes. Administer antipyretic medication and
tepid sponge baths as ordered. A cool mist vaporizer can be used to relieve cough.
Apply antipruritic medication to prevent itching. Isolate child until fifth day of rash.
16. Prevention of Measles
• Avoid exposing children to any person with fever or with acute
catarrhal symptoms
• Isolation of cases from diagnosis until about 5-7 days after onset of
rash
• Disinfection of all articles soiled with secretion of nose and throat
• Encourage by health department and by private physician of
administration of measles immune globulin to susceptible infants
and children under 3 years of age in families or institutions where
measles occurs.
• Live attenuated and inactivated measles virus vaccines have been
tested and are available for use in children with no history of
measles, at 9 months of age or soon thereafter
17. • Live attenuated measles vaccine is recommended for
all persons unless specific contra-indications to live
vaccines exist.
• It is recommended that this vaccine be given as
measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine at 9 to 12
months of age and a second dose at four years of age
(prior to school entry). The second dose is not a
booster but is designed to vaccinate the approximately
five per cent of children who do not seroconvert to
measles after the first dose of vaccine
18. GUIDE ON MEASLES IMMUNIZATION
Route Subcutaneous
Site Outer part of upper left arm
Number of Dose 1 dose
Age at First Dose 9 months
Dosage 0.5mL
Storage Temperature -15 to -25 °C
19. EVALUATION
• PROGNOSIS
While the vast majority of patients survive measles, complications
occur fairly frequently, and may include bronchitis,
and panencephalitis which is potentially fatal. Also, even if the
patient is not concerned about death or sequela from the measles,
the person may spread the disease to an immunocompromised
patient, for whom the risk of death is much higher, due to
complications such as giant cell pneumonia. Acute measles
encephalitis is another serious risk of measles virus infection. It
typically occurs two days to one week after the breakout of the
measles exanthem, and begins with very high fever, severe
headache, convulsions, and altered mentation. Patient may become
comatose, and death or brain injury may occur.