Temperatureanditsmeasurement
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This document discusses temperature and its measurement. It defines temperature as a measure of hotness or coldness, while heat is a form of energy that can transfer between bodies with different temperatures. There are several types of thermometers discussed for measuring temperature, including mercury-in-glass, gas, thermoelectric, and resistance thermometers. Gas and resistance thermometers provide the widest measurement ranges, from -270°C to 1500°C and -180°C to 1520°C respectively. The document also provides examples of converting between Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperature scales.
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Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a sample of matter. It can be measured using various devices that operate based on the principle of expansion and contraction of materials with changes in temperature. Common temperature measurement devices include liquid-in-glass thermometers, bimetallic strips, thermistors, thermocouples, and RTDs. Each device has its own advantages and limitations in terms of measurement range, accuracy, response time, cost, and other factors. Radiative pyrometers can measure very high temperatures by detecting the wavelength of thermal radiation emitted by the object.
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Temperature Measurements
This document discusses various methods of temperature measurement. It begins by explaining that temperature is a subjective concept that requires objective measurement using thermometers. It then describes common temperature scales like Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin.
The document discusses several methods of temperature measurement including expansion thermometers like liquid-in-glass thermometers and bimetallic thermometers which measure the expansion of materials. It also discusses electrical temperature instruments like resistance thermometers, thermocouples and thermistors which measure changes in electrical resistance or voltage with temperature. The construction and working of liquid-in-glass thermometers and resistance thermometers are explained in detail.
Electrical temperature measurement
This document discusses different methods of electrical temperature measurement. It describes thermocouples, which generate an electrical signal based on the thermoelectric effect produced by junctions of two different metals. Resistance temperature detectors are also covered, which measure temperature by relating the change in electrical resistance of metals like platinum to temperature variations. Thermistors are semiconductors with resistance that decreases with rising temperature. The document provides details on the construction, working principles, advantages and disadvantages of each type of electrical temperature measuring instrument.
Thermocouple
Thermocouples are temperature sensors that use the Seebeck effect to measure temperature by generating a voltage proportional to the temperature difference between the thermocouple junction and a reference junction. They consist of two dissimilar metals welded together at the measuring junction. Common types include K, J, T, E, which have different temperature ranges and sensitivities. Thermocouples are widely used to measure temperature in industrial processes, kilns, engines, and other applications requiring temperature measurement.
Temp-meas-sem.pdf
This document provides an overview of temperature measurement techniques. It begins by defining temperature and describing common temperature scales. It then discusses various methods for measuring temperature, including thermal expansion thermometers, resistance thermometers, thermistors, and thermocouples. For each method, the document explains the underlying principle, advantages, disadvantages, typical temperature ranges, and sources of error. It emphasizes that the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90) establishes standardized fixed points and defines temperature between those points to provide a uniform scale.
Temperature Measuring and Control
This document provides information about temperature measurement and control using thermocouples and RTDs. It discusses the Seebeck, Peltier, and Thomson effects which form the basis of thermocouple temperature measurement. It describes common thermocouple types (J, K, T, etc.), their properties, temperature ranges and color coding. RTD measurement using 2, 3, and 4-wire configurations is covered. The document also includes diagrams for a temperature control loop and panel along with descriptions of temperature measurement and control processes. Practical assessments and assignments are provided to connect and calibrate thermocouples and RTDs, measure temperature, and calculate average values.
Thermistors
This document discusses thermistors, which are semiconductors that exhibit a high negative temperature coefficient of resistance. It describes the two main types of thermistors - NTC and PTC - and their construction using sintered metal oxides. The key characteristics of thermistors are then summarized: their nonlinear resistance-temperature relationship; voltage-current characteristics showing self-heating effects; and current-time delays. Applications include temperature measurement, compensation, and control. Thermistors provide advantages like compact size and fast response but have limitations like nonlinearity and a narrow working temperature range.
Bicp thermocouples
A thermocouple is a temperature measurement device consisting of two dissimilar metals joined at one end, producing a voltage when there is a temperature difference. It works based on the Seebeck effect where electrons flow due to different energy potentials in the alloys, generating a small voltage. Common types include J, K, E, and T, which can measure temperatures from -250°C to 3500°C depending on the type. A thermocouple has two wires insulated along their length and joined at the measuring point, with an outer protective sheath. It provides a rugged and cost-effective way to measure a wide range of temperatures, though accuracy can be impacted by noise, thermal shunting, and
Temperature Measurement
The document provides information about temperature measurement and various temperature measurement devices. It discusses:
1. Temperature scales like Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin and their conversions. Common temperature measurement methods include mechanical, electrical and radiation methods.
2. Types of temperature measurement devices like expansion thermometers (bimetallic, spiral), filled system thermometers (liquid, gas), electrical devices (RTD, thermistor, thermocouple), and radiation devices (pyrometers - infrared, optical).
3. Working principles, advantages and applications of various devices like RTD, thermistor, thermocouple and pyrometers are explained along with examples. Heat transfer methods of conduction, convection and
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS.pptx .
This document provides information on temperature measurement instruments and methods. It discusses that temperature is measured indirectly through effects on physical, chemical, electrical or optical properties of substances. Common methods include resistance thermometers, bimetallic thermometers, and thermocouples. Resistance thermometers measure the change in electrical resistance of metals with temperature. Bimetallic thermometers use the differential expansion of two metals bonded together. Thermocouples generate a voltage proportional to temperature difference at the junction of two dissimilar metals. The document also covers temperature scales, applications, advantages and limitations of different temperature measurement techniques.
heat
1. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a sample of matter. Thermometers are devices used to define and measure temperature.
2. Thermometers work by exploiting a physical property, like length or resistance, that changes uniformly with temperature. They require fixed points like freezing and boiling points to define a temperature scale.
3. Common thermometers include liquid-in-glass, bimetallic, resistance, and thermoelectric types. Each exploits a different temperature-sensitive physical property and has advantages like accuracy, range, or response time.
Transducer-Temperature Measuring Transducers
The transformation of vitality starting with one frame then onto the next is known as Transduction. A transducer fills
for this need.
A transducer is a device which converts signals from one form to another. This can include loudspeakers and linear
positioned are well as physical quantity to electrical signal devices. The latter are most frequently referred to as sensors.
They allow computers and other electronic devices measure, operate and control things.
We can state that Every transducer is likewise (or has) a sensor yet every sensor requires not be a transducer.
Temperature Transducers.pptx
Thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and thermistors are the three main types of temperature transducers. Thermocouples generate a voltage proportional to temperature difference by joining two dissimilar metals. RTDs measure temperature by relating the precise resistance change of materials like platinum to temperature. Thermistors are semiconductors whose high resistance changes significantly with temperature. Each transducer has advantages - thermocouples cover a wide range but with low accuracy, while RTDs and thermistors offer higher accuracy over smaller ranges. Applications include temperature monitoring and control in industries like food processing, automotive, solar energy, and healthcare.
Temperature measurement
This document discusses temperature measurement and different temperature indicators. It provides information on various temperature scales, conversion between scales, and the two main types of temperature indicators: filled bulb and bimetallic strip. It also discusses temperature transmitters such as RTDs, thermocouples, and thermistors, describing their operation, advantages, disadvantages, and appropriate applications. Special consideration is given to proper sensor installation using thermowells to protect sensors from process conditions.
Transducers
This document discusses various types of transducers including their working principles and applications. It focuses on temperature transducers like RTDs, thermistors, and thermocouples explaining how they convert temperature into electrical signals based on resistance changes. It also discusses piezoelectric transducers and their use in applications like buzzers and speakers due to their ability to generate voltage when pressure is applied. Finally, it briefly introduces magnetic flow meters which measure flow rate using electrodes and magnets.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics
The document discusses the zeroth law of thermodynamics and temperature measurement. It can be summarized as follows:
1) The zeroth law states that if two bodies (A and B) are each in thermal equilibrium with a third body (C), then A and B are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. This establishes the transitive property of temperature.
2) Temperature is measured using thermometers that relate a physical property's change (like mercury expansion) to temperature. Common temperature scales are Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin.
3) Various thermometer types are discussed, including liquid-in-glass, electrical resistance, thermocouple, and those using gas/vapor pressure changes
Temperature Sensors
The document discusses several common types of temperature sensors, including thermocouples, thermistors, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), liquid in glass thermometers, and bimetallic sensors. It provides details on the basic operating principles, advantages, disadvantages and applications of each sensor type. Thermocouples measure temperature differences using dissimilar metals and the Seebeck effect. Thermistors have a resistance that varies with temperature. RTDs use platinum wire whose resistance changes predictably with temperature. Liquid in glass thermometers use expansion of liquid along a glass tube. Bimetallic sensors use strips of two metals with different expansion rates.
Temperature Measurement
Temperature Measurement
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)
Thermister
Thermocouple
L 04(ss)(ia&c) ((ee)nptel)
This document discusses different methods of temperature measurement. It describes resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) and thermistors, which use the change in electrical resistance of metals and semiconductors respectively with temperature. RTDs have a more linear response over a wide range while thermistors have higher sensitivity but nonlinear characteristics. Thermocouples, which generate a voltage proportional to temperature difference between junctions of two dissimilar metals, are also covered. Common thermocouple types and their properties are listed. The principles and applications of these temperature sensors are explained in detail.
Thermometers
Thermometers measure temperature using thermometric properties that change predictably with temperature such as the length of a mercury column, resistance of a wire, or pressure of a gas. Different thermometers use different thermometric substances and properties to develop temperature scales based on fixed points like the melting and boiling points of water. While individual thermometer scales may disagree, defining a standard thermometric substance, property, and scale removes these disagreements. Common thermometers include liquid-in-glass, gas, resistance, thermistor, and thermocouple thermometers.
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Temperatureanditsmeasurement
- 1. PHYSICS TEMPERATURE AND ITS MEASUREMENT Short revision series
- 2. What is temperature? What is heat? Temperature is measure of degree of hotness or coldness of a body Heat, however, is a form of energy that is transferable from one body to another as a result of temperature difference between the 2 bodies.
- 3. HEAT TEMPERATURE Form of energy Measure of coldness or hotness of a body Can flow from a body of higher temperature to another of colder temperature Does not flow Cant be measured, but calculated Can be measured with a thermometer Unit in J K, 0C, 0F Can do work Cannot do work
- 4. How do you measure temperature? Thermometres Types Mercury-in-glass Gas Thermoelectric Resistance
- 5. Mercury-in-glass Measures temperature at the range of -390C to 3560C ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Easily read because of its opaque colour Not suitable for measuring temperature lower than -390C Does not easily evaporate Not very accurate Responds rapidly to temperature changes due to its conductivity Fragile
- 6. Gas thermometres Eg constant volume gas thermometre Range = -2700C to 1500 0C ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Very accurate Cumbersome; cant be used to measure small vol liquids Highly sensitive Requires knowledge of pressure at fixed points Wide range Useful in callibrations of other thermometres
- 7. Gas thermometres cont. Scale θ0C = Pθ – P0 x 100 P100 – P0 Pθ = Pressure at temperature θ P0 = Pressure at 00C P100 = Pressure at 1000C A constant vol gas thermometre records pressure of a body at 200mmHg at 00C and 300mmHg at 1000C. What is the temperature when it reads 250mmHg?
- 8. Gas thermometres cont. Using the scale equation Temp θ = Pθ – P0 x 100 P100 – P0 = 250 – 200 x 100 = 50 x 100 = 500C 300 – 200 100
- 9. Thermoelectric thermometres Range = -2500C to 11550C Uses the principle of thermocouple which consists of 2 different metals copper and constantan, or copper and iron, or iron and constantan joined at one end and connected to a galvanometre which measures current flow This current depends on the temperature difference between the cold and hot ends.
- 10. Thermoelectric thermometres cont. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Wide range Affected by any change in flow of current Very sensitive
- 11. Resistance thermometres Range = -1800C to 15200C ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE High accuracy and wide range Not suitable for measuring rapid tempearture changes because it requires time to attain thermal equilibrum with its sorrounding
- 12. Resistance thermometres Scale = θ0C = Rθ – R0 x 100 R100 – R0 Eg: What is the temperature when a platinum resistance thermometre measures 3 Ω if the resistance measured at 00C is 2 Ω and 4 Ω at 1000C?
- 13. Resistance thermometres cont. Rθ – R0 x 100 R100 – R0 3 – 2 x 100 = ½ x 100 = 500C 4 – 2
- 14. Converting one temperature scale to another C = F – 32 = K – 273 100 180 100 Also F = 9/5 C + 32 Eg: Convert 300C to F and K
- 15. C = F – 32 100 180 30 = F – 32 100 180 100(F -32) = 5400 F-32 = 54 F = 54 + 32 = 860F
- 16. C = K – 273 100 100 30 = K – 273 100 100 100(K – 273) = 3000 K = 30 + 273 = 303K
- 17. END