The document discusses key concepts in temperature physics including: 1) It defines temperature as a variable that measures "hot" and "cold" and is related to the internal kinetic energy of an object or substance. 2) It provides formulas for converting between Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales. 3) It explains that thermal energy is the total kinetic and potential energy of all particles in a substance, and increases with higher temperature as the particles' kinetic energy increases.

1. Temperature Physics

2. What is temperature? It is a variable to measure “hot” and “cold”. (We will see that it is a measure of an internal kinetic energy)

3. Conversion from °C to °F Use this formula: [°F] = [°C] × 9 ⁄ 5 + 32

4. Conversion from °F to °C Use this formula in order to convert °F to °C [°C] = ([°F] − 32) × 5 ⁄ 9 Gabriel Farenheit

5. Thermal Energy The total of all the kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in a substance. As temperature increases, so does thermal energy (because the kinetic energy of the particles increased). Even if the temperature doesn’t change, the thermal energy in a more massive substance is higher (because it is a total measure of energy ).

6. What is heat? The flow of thermal energy from one object to another. Heat always flows from warmer to cooler objects: Ice gets warmer while hand gets cooler Cup gets cooler while hand gets warmer

7. Heat transfer: conduction Heat flows directly through a material Heat flow fast= good thermal conductor Heat flow very slow= thermal insulator

8. Convection Heat transfer by movement of matter in a fluid. Forced convection (Fan, Pump) Natural convection: (Heater, circulation - warm air raises up, cold air sink down).

9. Radiation -Every object is emitting electromagnetic waves regardless of temperature . Things we can see from their own radiation are very hot to have energy emitted in the visible region of the spectrum. -Things also absorb radiation: If they didn’t, they would run out of energy to emit .