The document discusses different modalities of teaching: conditioning, training, instruction, and indoctrination. It provides definitions and comparisons of each: 1) Conditioning is the lowest level and involves establishing automatic responses through reinforcement. It is not considered teaching. 2) Training focuses on developing skills through practice and is a higher level than conditioning. It can overlap with teaching when developing understanding. 3) Instruction imparts knowledge but only affects the cognitive domain, while teaching aims to develop the whole person. Instruction is part of teaching. 4) Indoctrination uncritically teaches a fixed set of beliefs through repetition without questioning. It aims to promote actions rather than independent thought, unlike educ

1. Dr. Pooja Walia
Assistant Professor
Department of Education
Mizoram University Aizawl

2. • Teaching is a process intended for learning by including a
behavioral changes in the taught.
• Teaching is an activity of facilitating learning.
• According to Morrison “Teaching is a disciplined social process in
which teacher influences the behavior of the less experienced
pupils that and helps him to develop according to the need and
ideas of the society”.
• According to Smith “Teaching is an organised system of specific
activities aimed to help the learners to learn something”.

3. 1. Impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) in how to
do something, especially in a school or as part of a
recognized programme.
• Give instructions in (a subject or skill)
• Cause to learn by example or experience
2. Advocate as a practice or principle.

4. Philosophers of Education have analyzed the concept of
Teaching in its generic sense and have attempted to
distinguish educative teaching from related concepts such as
Training, Conditioning and Indoctrination.
There are four modalities of teaching:

5. Dictionary Meaning of Conditioning:
1. Having a significant influence on.
• Training or accustoming to behave in a certain way.
[as adj. conditioned ] relating to or denoting automatic responses
established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus.
2. Bring into the desired state for use.
It is lowest level or mode of teaching.Most of our desirable or
undesirable behaviours and habits are the creation of the process of
conditioning
e.g. A dog may be conditioned to lift his paw when it hears a bell.

6. Conditioning is of two types– Classical and Operant. In Classical Conditioning, the reinforcer
determines the kind of behavior, while in Operant Conditioning the occurrence of a response
determines the kind of reinforcement an organism will get.
• Classical Conditioning is not compared with Teaching because in this type of conditioning an
organism comes to elicit a response (naturally) and is not taught to do that!
• Normally, it is Operant Conditioning which is compared with Teaching because it simply
seems to be a systematic form of training and hence teaching.
• Common school practices such as giving rewards for good behavior can be described as
setting up a situation in which a reinforcer(reward) depends upon the occurrence of a
response( good behavior) [and that is the procedure for Operant Conditioning].
• This description of the situation implies nothing about how the stimulus (particular
circumstances) brings about the response (good behavior) or why the frequency of the child’s
behavior increases (except that it was given reward).

7. Dictionary Meaning of Training:
1. Teaching (a person or animal) a skill or type of behavior through
regular practice and instruction.
• Being taught in such a way
2. Make or become fit through a course of exercise and diet.
It is more raised level of teaching than conditioning. It helps in shaping
conduct and inculcating various skills
e.g. a worker may be trained to perform certain specific skills. He may
do a number of jobs on some machines skilfully without knowing its
basic structure and operation.
Similarly a variety of animals may be trained to perform highly specific
tasks for the circus show

8. ‘Training’ has a more substantial area of overlap with ‘educative teaching’. In many
contexts, ‘teaching’ can be substituted for ‘training’ without a change in meaning.
• The focus of ‘Training’ is on the development of skills, on knowing-how rather than on
knowing-that.
• Sometimes, ‘training’ is reserved for use in the context of teaching of routine tasks
which allow total mastery, but not always.
• When ‘ training’ does have a negative connotation by contrast with ‘educative
teaching’, the focus is on learning which is narrow, inflexible, and uninformed by the
point of the activity undertaken.
• Example: ‘He has been merely trained rather than taught to think for himself’.
• ‘Teaching’ someone a skill, on the other hand, requires developing the learner’s
capacity to respond to the unexpected, to understand what he/she is doing and why, to
be intelligent and reflective in the exercise of his/her skill.
• Such ‘Teaching’, therefore, involves the giving of reasons rather than (or in addition to)
drill.

9. Dictionary Meaning of Instruction
1.A direction or order.
• (instructions) Law
directions to a solicitor, counsel or jury.
2. (instructions) detailed information about how something should be
done.
3. Computing: A code in a programme which defines and carries out an
operation.

10. • It is concerned with the development of knowledge and
understanding in an individual about a thing, system or process.
• Imparting of knowledge and understanding merely represent one of
the many objectives which we want to achieve through the process of
teaching.
• While teaching is aimed towards shaping a total man, the instruction
cares only for the development of intellect and affects the cognitive
domain of one’s behaviour.
• Teaching involves instructions.

11. Causing someone to accept a set of beliefs uncritically
through repeated instruction.
• archaic teach or instruct.
• Transmission of doctrine, Firm Faith or system of beliefs
• Shaping of beliefs and ideas
• Require higher order of intelligence and result bringing quite stable changes
• E.g. Hitler ruled over Germany and indoctrinate the youth
• Saints indoctrinates people and people follows the same

12. • Etymology suggests that ‘indoctrination’ is connected with the teaching of doctrines.
• A doctrine may be defined as a system of beliefs that provides an explanation or interpretation of
the world and indicates how humans ought morally to act in light of the general features of
existence that the system has identified.
• A doctrine , as opposed to a Scientific Theory, contains assertions which are, in principle, not open
to empirical investigation; are not known be true ; and it would be difficult to say what states of
affairs would count for or against their truth.
• Some have thought that any attempt to teach a doctrine (except in the sense of teaching a
student what statements form part of the doctrine) is necessarily ‘indoctrination’.
• Others, however, have left open the possibility that the content of a doctrine could be either
educatively taught or indoctrinated depending upon the methods the instructor uses.
• ‘Indoctrinators’ are thought of as permitting no questions or expressions of doubt from the
students. He /she uses methods which go beyond rational appeal, if necessary and misrepresents
the weight of the evidence which is available.

13. They are interested in fixity of belief because of the connection the beliefs they are inculcating have
with actions they are endeavoring to promote.
• Some have held, however, that instructors need not have such explicit intentions for a charge of
indoctrination to stick.
• For suppose that the worldview which forms the content of instruction is the predominant
ideology of the society of which the school is a part.
• The teachers, along with other members of the society, may have uncritically taken on these
socially dominant beliefs and be transmitting them to students (either consciously or unconsciously)
in good faith.
• The failure of teachers in scrutinizing these societal beliefs is appropriately labeled as
‘indoctrination’ by some.
• In this case, the need to distinguish genuinely educative teaching from indoctrination is greatest.
It is here that the self-awareness and independence of thought and action that education aims at is
most crucial.

14. ‘Educative teaching’ is a practice which engages the rational faculties of students and respects them
as independent centers of thought and action.
• ‘Educative teaching’ aims not only at encouraging beliefs which are supported by the evidence,
but also at developing the power of students to gather the evidence and asses its adequacy for
themselves.
• This means that a programme of education must include the acquisition of the most reliable
methods humans have developed for discovering the truth about themselves and the world.
• When teaching skills, the educative teacher (or educator) makes the students aware of the
reasons for what they are doing and encourages them to be intelligent and reflective in the exercise
of their skills.
• Although the environment (and schools and teachers are part of that environment) may shape the
behavior of students through Operant Conditioning, educative teachers desire students to act
because of their perceptions of what they ought to do rather than merely because of their history of
reinforcements.
• Educative teaching prepares students to develop their own rational life plans and act upon them.

15. poojawaliakuk@gmail.com