Teaching and learning is a process that includes many variables. These variables interact as learners work toward their goals and incorporate new knowledge, behaviours, and skills that add to their range of learning experiences.
Teaching and learning is a process that includes many variables. These variables interact as learners work toward their goals and incorporate new knowledge, behaviours, and skills that add to their range of learning experiences.
Teaching is an art, practised by most, but mastered by only a few. Imparting knowledge is a privilege, but also a responsibility. This slideshow aims at explaining the nature and meaning of teaching as also gives points on effective teaching.
Measurement is all about the numbers and being able to quantify the performance or the abilities. Evaluation assists with using the data and information to judge success or failure. Evaluation can take place without numerical measurement as it measures performance.
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
Introduction:
Programmed Instruction method of teaching is an autocratic and individualised
strategy. Its main focus is to bring desirable change in the cognitive domain of the learner‟s
behaviour. The responses of the learner are strictly controlled by the programmer. Susan
Markle Susan Meyer Markle (1928–2008) was an American psychologist defines it as “a method of designing a reproducible sequence of instructional events to
produce a measurable and consistent effect on behaviour of each and every acceptable
student”.
The origin of modern programmed instruction is from the psychology of learning and
not from technology. It is an application of „operant conditioning‟ learning theory to teaching
–learning situations. It got historical momentum only after the publication of “The Science of
Learning and Art of teaching” articles by B.F. Skinner in 1954.
Programmed Instruction is a highly individualised instructional strategy for the
modification of behaviour. Besides instructional purpose, it can also be employed as a
mechanism of feedback device for improving teaching efficiency. Under this mode of
instruction, the student is active and proceeds at his own result. However, the Physical
presence of teacher is not essential in this strategy.
Definition:
“A progressively monitored, step-by-step teaching method, employing small units of information or learning material and frequent testing, whereby the student must complete or pass one stage before moving on to the next.”
“A method of teaching in which the information to be learned is presented in discrete units, with a correct response toeach unit required before the learner may advance to the next unit.”
Major objectives of Programmed Instructions are:-
• To help the student to learn by doing.
• To provide the situation to learn at his own pace.
• To help student to learn without the presence of a teacher.
• To present the content in a controlled manner and in logically related steps.
Purpose of programmed instructions are:-
• To manage human learning under controlled conditions.
• To promote learning at the pace of the learner.
• To present the material in small pieces.
• To provide quicker response
Major principles of Programmed Instruction are:-
1) Principle of Small Step.
2) Principle of Active Responding
3) Principle of Immediate confirmation.
4) Principle of Self - Pacing
5) Principle of Student - Testing.
Determinants of curriculum are the factors that affect the process of assessing needs, formulating objectives and developing instructional opportunities and evaluations.
Teaching is an art, practised by most, but mastered by only a few. Imparting knowledge is a privilege, but also a responsibility. This slideshow aims at explaining the nature and meaning of teaching as also gives points on effective teaching.
Measurement is all about the numbers and being able to quantify the performance or the abilities. Evaluation assists with using the data and information to judge success or failure. Evaluation can take place without numerical measurement as it measures performance.
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION
Introduction:
Programmed Instruction method of teaching is an autocratic and individualised
strategy. Its main focus is to bring desirable change in the cognitive domain of the learner‟s
behaviour. The responses of the learner are strictly controlled by the programmer. Susan
Markle Susan Meyer Markle (1928–2008) was an American psychologist defines it as “a method of designing a reproducible sequence of instructional events to
produce a measurable and consistent effect on behaviour of each and every acceptable
student”.
The origin of modern programmed instruction is from the psychology of learning and
not from technology. It is an application of „operant conditioning‟ learning theory to teaching
–learning situations. It got historical momentum only after the publication of “The Science of
Learning and Art of teaching” articles by B.F. Skinner in 1954.
Programmed Instruction is a highly individualised instructional strategy for the
modification of behaviour. Besides instructional purpose, it can also be employed as a
mechanism of feedback device for improving teaching efficiency. Under this mode of
instruction, the student is active and proceeds at his own result. However, the Physical
presence of teacher is not essential in this strategy.
Definition:
“A progressively monitored, step-by-step teaching method, employing small units of information or learning material and frequent testing, whereby the student must complete or pass one stage before moving on to the next.”
“A method of teaching in which the information to be learned is presented in discrete units, with a correct response toeach unit required before the learner may advance to the next unit.”
Major objectives of Programmed Instructions are:-
• To help the student to learn by doing.
• To provide the situation to learn at his own pace.
• To help student to learn without the presence of a teacher.
• To present the content in a controlled manner and in logically related steps.
Purpose of programmed instructions are:-
• To manage human learning under controlled conditions.
• To promote learning at the pace of the learner.
• To present the material in small pieces.
• To provide quicker response
Major principles of Programmed Instruction are:-
1) Principle of Small Step.
2) Principle of Active Responding
3) Principle of Immediate confirmation.
4) Principle of Self - Pacing
5) Principle of Student - Testing.
Determinants of curriculum are the factors that affect the process of assessing needs, formulating objectives and developing instructional opportunities and evaluations.
Psychology for Language Teachers: A Social Constructivist Approach (Cambridge Language Teaching Library)_ Marion Williams
Chapter 4_ What can teachers do to promote learning?
Introduction
Feuerstein’s theory of mediation
Conclusion
The learning process starts as an inter-mental activity, by the more skilled individual sharing through talk, and ends as an intra-mental activity, with the shared knowledge taken in by the unskilled individual. According to Vygotsky, learning includes two stages: shared understanding in a social context through symbolic mediation (mainly in the form of dialogue) and internalization of the shared knowledge by an individual. The learning process is described as “new concepts continue to be acquired through social/interactional means” (Mitchell & Myles, 2004).
Teaching is art and science both. {PEDAGOGY AND ANDRAGOGY}
Teaching is an activity with four phases, a curriculum planning phase, a lesson planning phase, an instructing phase, and an evaluating phase.
Different from conditioning, training, instruction, and indoctrination.
Meaning of Pedagogical Analysis
Stages of Pedagogical Analysis
Content Analysis
Formulation of Objectives in Behavioral Terms
Selection of Appropriate Methods & Techniques
Selection of appropriate evaluation technique
Example of Pedagogical Analysis
Meaning of Multidisciplinary
Examples of Multidisciplinary
Characteristics of Multidisciplinary
Skill Development in Multidisciplinary Project or Courses
Multidisciplinary as a
Approach
Course
Collaboration
Research
Teaching in Diverse Classroom
Diversity in Physical Abilities
Diverse in Cognitive abilities
Diverse in Learning style
Diverse in Gender differences
Diverse in Socio cultural differences
Aristotle Model of Communication
Berlo’s Model of Communication
Shannon & Weaver Model of Communication
Schramm's Model of Communication
Westley and MacLean’s Model of Communication
Meaning of Communication
Characteristics of Communication
Process of Communication
Types of Communication
Levels of Communication
Barriers of Communication
Meaning of interaction
Classroom inetraction(Characterstics, types and objectives)
Interaction Analysis
Classroom Interaction Analysis
Flanders Interaction Analysis
Advantages of FIACS
Limitations of FIACS
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Meaning of Teaching
• Teaching is a process intended for learning
by including a behavioural changes in the
taught. It is an activity of facilitating
learning.
• According to Smith “Teaching is an
organized system of specific activities aimed
to help the learners to learn something”.
3. Definition of Teaching
• “Teaching is intimate contact between a more mature
personality and a less mature one which designed to
further the education of the latter”. Morrison (1934).
• Edmund Amidon (1967) defined teaching as “an
interactive process, primarily involving classroom talk
which takes place between teacher and pupil and occurs
during certain definable activities”.
4. Meaning of Learning
• Learning is a process of assimilating information
with a resultant change in behaviour.
• Learning may be defined as the acquisition of
knowledge, attitudes, skills & ways of thinking.
5. Definitions of Learning
• Crow & Crow: ‘Learning is acquisition of knowledge,
habits and attitudes. It involves new ways of doing
things in order to overcome obstacles or to adjust to
new situations. It enables the person to satisfy
interests to attain goals.’
• Henry Smith: ‘Learning is the acquisition of new
behavior or the strengthening or weakening of old
behavior as a result of experience.’
• Wood worth defines learning as-
• “Any activity can be called learning as far as it
develops the individual (in any aspect, good or bad) &
makes his behavior & experiences different from what
would otherwise have been”.
7. TYPES OF LEARNING
There are two types of learning
• Formal Learning
• Informal Learning
Formal learning is intentional in nature whilst
informal learning is accidental or unintentional.
Formal learning occurs in structured environment
such as in classrooms whilst informal learning may
happen anywhere such as outside the class, in
corridor, at home, market, park etc.
8. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING
• Learning is a process which is continuous & it never stops
at any phase. It is a lifelong process hence learning starts
from birth & ends only with the death of an individual.
Hence we can say that learning proceeds from womb to
tomb. E.g. when a child takes birth he first learns to cry
for food, and at each phase of life at every step the child
learns to walk, run, talk, write alphabets etc.
• Learning is the process which leads to mental growth of
an individual. The growth takes place along with the
learning.
• Basically when learning takes place the individual learns
to adjust & adopt with the environment.
9. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING
• Learning is purposeful. Though learning takes place
at every place & at every moment all the learning
are not useful. Hence those learning which are
useful & meaningful are learnt.
• Learning is active process. Learning by doing is the
best part of learning e.g. it becomes easy for the
science students to learn the concepts in science
when they perform practical.
10. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEARNING
• Learning takes place individually& as well as socially
e.g. When a seminar or workshop is conducted,
then all the members of the group learn to share
their thoughts, each one learns something new
from the other individual.
• Learning brings about the change in the behavior in
individual e.g. a child is always taught values &
manners, & due to this teachings, a child learns to
respect their elders & teachers, learns to speak
politely etc, which bring about the change in his
behavior as the child grows.
11. Relationship between teaching
and learning
Teaching and learning are interconnected key players in
achieving significant change regarding individuals’
holistic improvement.
• Both are complex process.
• Both are formal as well as Informal Process.
• Both are goal directed process.
• Both involve specific tasks.
• Both are occur in social context.
• Both are interactive process.
12. Both are complex process
• Teaching is a complex phenomenon as its nature is
scientific as well as artistic. When we consider teaching
as an art, we consider it loaded with emotions, feelings,
values, beliefs and excitement and difficult to derive
rules, principles or generalizations. When we consider
teaching as science, then pedagogy is predictable to the
extent that it can be observed and measured with
some accuracy and research can be applied to the
practice of teaching.
• Learning is also a complex phenomenon.It is personal
to each child and is the process of making sense of and
using new information and experiences. Children do
this when they make connections between the
experiences and knowledge they already have and new
information they encounter.
13. Both are Formal as well as Informal
Process
• Teaching and learning both are formal and
informal process. Formal teaching is happened in
structured classroom for acquiring knowledge
and attaining some certificate or degree whilst
informal teaching may happened outside the
classroom such as home tuition or online
teaching without any certificate.
• Formal learning is occurred in structured
environment such as in classrooms whilst
informal learning may happen anywhere such as
outside the class, in corridor, at home, market,
park etc.
14. Both need social context
Teaching is a social process because it involves
student, teacher and societal environment. The
society and nature of human( student & teacher) is
dynamic not static.
Learning is individual and social as well. Learning is
individualized means learner construct the
knowledge through assimilation and
accommodation by restructuring his schemas whilst
learning as a social process and the origination of
human intelligence in society or culture
15. ….
First, through interaction with others, and then
integrated into the individual’s mental structure.
• Every function in the child’s cultural development
appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on
the individual level; first, between people
(interpsychological) and then inside the child
(intrapsychological). This applies equally to
voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the
formation of concepts. All the higher functions
originate as actual relationships between
individuals. (Vygotsky, 1978, p.57)
16. Both are Goal Oriented Process
Teaching-learning is a process through which
the teacher and learner, curriculum and other
variables are organized in a systematic
manner in order to attain some pre
determined goals.
Goal of Teaching: To bring desirable
modification in the behaviour of the students.
Goal of Learning: Harmonious Development
of personality and skills
17. Task involved in both
Teachers' Task during
teaching
Learners' Task during
learning
• Planning the lesson
• Present the lesson
• evaluate Students'
understanding
• Participation in
activities planned by
teacher
• Responding according
to stimuli.
18. Interactive process
Communication is a process to share ideas, view
between two or more than two persons. Teaching and
communication can not be separated. Teacher express
his views on some topic by two types of communication
• Verbal Communication
• Non Verbal Communication
• Teaching- learning process is highly dominated by
communication. In classroom communication teacher
and learner/ group of learners play the role of sender
and receiver vice versa.