Here is a draft writeup on learning theories following your suggested outline: Year: The major learning theories discussed and developed from the late 19th century to present. Propounders: Behaviorism - Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, B.F. Skinner Cognitivism - Jerome Bruner, Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky Constructivism - Jerome Bruner, Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, John Dewey Humanism - Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers Connectivism - George Siemens, Stephen Downes Transformative Learning - Jack Mezirow Social Learning Theory - Albert Bandura Experiential Learning Theory

1. Theories of learning
DR RUPASI TIWARI
ICAR- INDIAN VETERINARY RESEARCH INSTITUTE

2. Learning
1. A persisting change in human performance or performance
potential . . . (brought) about as a result of the learner’s interaction
with the environment” (driscoll, 1994, pp. 8-9).
2. “The relatively permanent change in a person’s knowledge or
behavior due to experience” (mayer, 1982, p. 1040).
3. “An enduring change in behavior, or in the capacity to behave
in a given fashion, which results from practice or other forms of
experience” (shuell, 1986, p. 412).

3. Learning Theory
Learning
Theories
Behavioris
m
Cognitivism
Constructivi
sm
Humanism
Connectivis
m
Transforma
tive
Social
Learning
Theory
Experiential
Learning

4. Behaviourism
• Behavioral theory holds that psychological
events can be described and explained in
terms of observable behavior and its
associations with environmental stimuli
and occurrences.
• Main tenet is that all behavior is caused by
a corresponding external stimulus.
• Behavior is determined by the environment
through either association or
reinforcement.
• Behaviorists look at learning as an aspect of
conditioning and will advocate a system of
rewards and targets in education.

5. Behaviourism
Confined to observable and measurable behavior
 Classical Conditioning - Pavlov
A process of behavior modification by which a subject comes to
respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus that
has been repeatedly presented along with an unconditioned
stimulus (US) that elicits the desired response called classical
conditioning.
 Operant Conditioning – Skinner
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where behavior is
controlled by consequences. Key concepts in operant conditioning
are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive
punishment and negative punishment

6. Classical Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov (1849-
1936)
• Stimulus presented—Response Elicited
• He is known for using dogs for behavioral tests. He used a bell to teach the dogs to
know that food was being given and it resulted in the dogs salivating while waiting
for the food.
Ringing of the bell (CS) caused the dog to secrete the saliva (CR)

7. Behaviourism
Operant Conditioning - Skinner
A behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning -- the
idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, (something that
happen as a result of some activity) be they reinforcements or
punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will
occur again.

8. Connectionism: Thorndike (1874-1949)
• Thorndike : law of effect, (which emerged from his research on how
cats learn to escape from puzzle boxes).
• According to the law of effect, responses that are immediately followed
by a satisfactory outcome become more strongly associated with the
situation and are therefore more likely to occur again in the future . In his
view, behaviors and responses that are rewarded will become
strengthened and habitual.
• Other laws: Law of Readiness, Law of Exercise

9. Examples
•Teachers in a classroom can utilize positive reinforcement to help
students better learn a concept.
• Students who receive positive reinforcement are more likely to
retain information moving forward, a direct result of the
behaviorism theory.

10. Cognitivism
 The word cognitive is derived from “cognition”, which describes
your ability to think, perceive, remember and solve problems.
 Cognitive learning is a learning process that results from the
effective use and application of the brain.
 It focuses on helping you learn ways to maximise your brain's
potential.
 When you master cognitive learning, you inculcate a habit of
lifelong continuous learning.
 Grew in response to Behaviorism
 Rather than simply responding to stimuli and responding through
conditioning, learners think about and analyze their responses.
 Learning is the process of connecting symbols in a meaningful &
memorable way

11. Cognitivism
• Cognitivists argue that a person goes from one layer of the cognitive domain to
another for deeper learning.
• Each domain personalizes the learning experience of an individual.
• The cognitive theory looks at each individual as a separate entity with individual
cognitive domains and ways of understanding to various degrees.
• In this way, recalling and retention of knowledge become very important.
• Propounders:

12. Examples
Inside the classroom, cognitivism emerges via interactive activities
that spark the thinking potential of students.
For example, when students receive thought-provoking
questions, it guides their brains to look deeper into their present
knowledge to find solutions.
Activities involving self-reflection and memorizing also help in
building the learning potential of students.
Asking students to demonstrate a concept, reciting and retaining
poetry, giving them hands-on problems, and interactive
discussions are some ways that enforce cognitive learning inside
the classrooms.

13. Cognitive Learning Theory
Discovery Learning: -By Jerome Bruner
This popular theory encourages learners to build on past experiences and
knowledge, use their intuition, imagination and creativity, and search for new
information to discover facts, correlations and new truths.
Subsumption Theory:-David Ausubel
•A primary process in learning is subsumption in which new material is related
to relevant ideas in the existing cognitive structure on a substantive, non-
verbatim basis.
•Cognitive structures represent the residue of all learning experiences;
forgetting occurs because certain details get integrated and lose their
individual identity.

14. Constructivism Learning Theory
Constructivism is the theory that says learners construct knowledge
rather than just passively take in information.
As people experience the world and reflect upon those experiences,
they build their own representations and incorporate new information
into their pre-existing knowledge (schemas).
Related to this are the processes of assimilation and accommodation.
• Assimilation refers to the process of taking new information and fitting it
into an existing schema.
• Accommodation refers to using newly acquired information to revise and
redevelop an existing schema.
The essence of constructivist theory is the idea that learners must
individually discover and transform complex information if they are
to make it their own.
Propounders: Jerome Bruner, Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, John Dewey

15. Benefits
• It’s active.
• It develops advanced skills such as critical thinking, analysis, evaluation, and
creation.
• It promotes diverse viewpoints.
• It encourages students to reflect, evaluate their work, and identify
intermediary skills to acquire based on their needs.
• It reflects our modern world’s vast access to content.
• Suggests that knowledge is neither given nor absolute
• Often seen as less rigorous than traditional approaches to instruction
• Does not fit well with traditional age grouping and rigid terms/semesters
Criticism

16. Example
• Teachers can utilize constructivism to help understand that each
student will bring their own past to the classroom every day.
• Teachers in constructivist classrooms act as more of a guide to
helping students create their own learning and understanding.
• They help them create their own process and reality based on
their own past.
• This is crucial to helping many kinds of students take their own
experiences and include them in their learning.

17. Humanist Theory
• Approaches learning as a way to fulfill an individual’s potential
rather than meeting specific learning targets.
• Maslow’s research on the hierarchy of needs is a major concept
within this theory, as it focuses on the whole person, specifically
the cognitive and affective needs of the learner.
• The theory holds that self-actualization is the ultimate goal of
each individual.
• Learners are trusted to determine their own goals, set standards,
and evaluate their own work.
• Thus, students are at the center of the humanist classroom.
• Teachers are facilitators and coaches, recognizing the unique
needs of each student and supporting their academic and social
development.

18. Examples
• Teachers can create classroom environments that help students
get closer to their self-actualization.
• Educators can help fulfill students’ emotional and physical
needs, giving them a safe and comfortable place to learn, plenty
of food, and the support they need to succeed.
• This kind of environment is the most conducive to helping
students learn.

19. Connectivism Learning Theory
• Is one of the newest educational learning theories.
• It focuses on the idea that people learn and grow when they form connections.
• This can be connections with each other or connections with their roles and
obligations in their lives.
• Hobbies, goals, and people can all be connections that influence learning.
• Teachers can utilize connectivism in their classrooms to help students make
connections to things that excite them, helping them learn.
• Teachers can use digital media to make good, positive connections to learning.
• They can help create connections and relationships with their students and with
their peer groups to help students feel motivated about learning.

20. Examples
• Teachers can utilize connectivism in their classrooms to help
students make connections to things that excite them, helping
them learn.
• Teachers can use digital media to make good, positive
connections to learning.
• They can help create connections and relationships with their
students and with their peer groups to help students feel
motivated about learning.

21. Transformative Learning Theory
• Transformative learning theory is a great approach for adult education and
young adult learning.
• Also referred to as transformation learning, transformative learning theory
focuses on the idea that learners can adjust their thinking based on new
information.
• This learning theory was founded by jack mezirow, who discovered it after
doing studies on adult women who went back to school.
• Works well for adult students
• Overall, the theory states that our worldview is changed the more we learn,
which helps us grasp new concepts and ideas

22. Social Learning Theory (SLT)
• New behaviors can be acquired by observing and imitating others
• Learning is a cognitive process in a social context
• Can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the
absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement.
• learning also occurs through the observation of rewards and punishments, a
process known as vicarious reinforcement.
• A. Bandura (1973)
• SLT is the basis of the movement against violence in media & video game

23. Social Learning Theory (SLT)
Modeling and underlying cognitive processes
Social Learning Theory draws heavily on the concept of modeling Bandura
outlined three types of modeling stimuli:
1. Live models, where a person is demonstrating the desired behavior
2. Verbal instruction, in which an individual describes the desired behavior in
detail and instructs the participant in how to engage in the behavior
3. Symbolic, in which modeling occurs by means of the media, including movies,
television, Internet, literature, and radio. Stimuli can be either real or fictional
characters.

24. Experiential learning theory
• Experiential learning theory focuses on learning by doing.
• Using this theory, students are encouraged to learn through
experiences that can help them retain information and recall facts.
• Experiential learning theory, or ELT, was identified by David Kolb in
1984.
• Though his influence came from other theorists such as John Dewey,
Kurt Lewin, and Jean Piaget,
• Kolb was able to identify four stages of ELT.
1. Concrete learning, 2. Reflective observation ( focus on grasping an
experience) 3. Abstract conceptualization and 4. Active experimentation
(are about transforming an experience)

25. Example
• Some examples of this form of learning include taking students to
the zoo to learn about animals instead of just reading about them
or growing a garden to learn about photosynthesis instead of
watching a video about it.
• By creating environments where students can learn and
experience at the same time, teachers offer students the
opportunity to immediately apply their knowledge and get real-
world experiences.
• This approach also encourages teamwork and is shown to
improve motivation.

26. Assignment
Prepare a writeup on the learning Theories
1. Year
2. Propounders: Names with photos
3. Main concepts
◦ a. Specific concepts of each
4. Advantages/ Benefits
5. Criticisms
6. Examples of each theory
7. How can we use it now