This document discusses building loads, types of loads, and polymers in building construction. It provides details on dead loads, live loads, wind loads, seismic loads, flood loads, and snow loads. It then discusses how polymers can impact building properties and gives examples of polymer applications. The document concludes by discussing the sustainable use of construction materials through recycling and provides examples of materials that can be recycled like wood, concrete, asphalt, and metals. Recycling provides benefits like reducing pollution, conserving landfill space, and saving energy and money.

1. Ideas for today and tomorrow
STUDY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL
AND STRUCTURAL
ASPECTS OF BUILDING

2. • A building load is simply a force that a BUILDING frame needs to resist.
• The frame must be designed to withstand loads—which include wind,
earth, snow etc.—without catastrophic (extremely harmful) stress on the
structure.
• While not every load consideration is applicable to every geographic
region, or even every building within a region, having a collective
understanding of building loads will strengthen our view of framing as a
general system.
BUILDING LOAD
“UNDERSTANDING LOADS IMPROVES FRAMING AND DESIGN SKILLS”

3. • The determination of the loads acting on a structure is a complex
problem.
• Loads are usually classified into two broad groups
 Dead load
 Live load
 Wind load
 Seismic load
 Flood load
 Snow load
TYPES OF LOADS

4. DEAD LOAD
• Dead loads are the forces incurred due to the weight of all
the materials used in the construction of a building.
• The dead load, which includes its own weight, the weight
of any permanent non-structural partitions, built-in
cupboards, floor surfacing materials and other finishes.
• Dead loads have an effect on all structural members of a
building. The loads are a constant over the life of the
structure
LIVE LOAD
• Live loads are produced by the users of a building. These loads
include the weight of people, their furniture, and their storage
items.
• A live load is most applicable to floors, but it can apply to roofs
during repair projects
• Live loads exert force on almost all of a building’s framing
components.
• The goal is to design floor systems that limit deflection and
vibration.

5. WIND LOAD
• Wind loads are the positive or negative pressures exerted on a
building when it obstructs the flow of moving air.
• Wind loads generally act perpendicular to the surfaces of the
building.
• The load varies depending on the geographic location of the house,
its height, and its roof pitch.
• It have the most significant impact on roof framing, overhangs, and
large openings.
SEISMIC LOAD
• Seismic loads are the inertial forces acting on a house due
to earthquake- induced ground motions.
• These forces generally act horizontally on each element of
the structure and are proportional to their mass.
• All components of a frame feel the effect of seismic loads

6. FLOOD LOAD
• Flood load is the pressure exerted on a house when it obstructs
the flow of moving water.
• Foundations must be designed adequately to resist these forces
as well as impact forces from moving debris.
• Hydrostatic loads due to the difference in elevation between
the water inside and outside the structure. This also can cause
uplift on slabs and floor systems.
SNOW LOAD
• Snow load is the weight of snow uniformly distributed on the
roof or piled into drifts.
• Snow that slides from an upper roof onto a lower roof also can
add significantly to snow load.
• Roof and wall framing is generally responsible for resisting snow
loads.
• Floor joists and girders also may be affected depending on the
framing configuration.

7. USE OF POLYMERS
IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION

8. Why polymers??
• It is estimated that at present, the building sector contributes up to 30%
of total global greenhouse gas emissions.
• Current research shows that greenhouse gas emissions from buildings
will more than double in the next 20 years if nothing is done now.
• According to a survey, green building materials represented
approximately $14.5 billion in cumulative spending through 2010, and
are expected to reach nearly $120 billion by 2030.

9. What are polymers??
• Polymers are very long molecules typically made up of
many thousands of repeat units called monomers.
• The introduction of polymeric materials can bring new
concerns particularly relating to their longevity, how
they will be affected by general ageing and weathering,
the effects of pollution and what will happen to them at
their end of life
How polymers affect the
properties??

10. Polymer Type Applications
Epoxy resins
Solid resin and Terrazzo flooring, Anchor
fixings, Adhesives
Ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) Solar panel encapsulants
Expanded polystyrene (EPS) Concrete moulds, Insulation, Packaging
Polycarbonate
Lighting housings, Fittings in hot water
systems, Glazing
Polyester (thermosetting)
FRP Bridge sections, Cladding Panels,
Sinks, Surfaces, Coatings

11. Polymer Types
Polyethylene
Applications
Foam underlay, Damp-proof membranes,
Coatings
Polyisobutylene (PIB) Glazing sealants, Waterproof membranes
Polymethylmethacrylate / Acyrlic (PMMA) Surfaces, Sinks
Polypropylene (PP)
Sound insulation, Water pipes, Waste
pipes
Polyurethane (PU) Sealants, Concrete jointing
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Sealants, Concrete jointing
Rubber Bridge bearings, Flooring

12. Polymer Concrete
• Polymer concrete is part of group of concretes that use polymers to
supplement or replace cement as a binder.
• The types include polymer-impregnated concrete, polymer concrete,
and polymer-Portland-cement concrete.
Advantages
• Rapid curing at ambient temperatures
• Good resistance against corrosion
• High tensile, flexural, and compressive strengths
• Good adhesion to most surfaces
• Good long-term durability with respect to freeze and
thaw cycles

13. Advancement in use of polymers
ECO FRIENDLY FIREPROOF HIGH-STRENGTH
POLYMER CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES
CONCRETE CONTAINING POLYMERIC WASTES
(TYRE RUBBER AND POLYETHYLENE
TEREPHTHALATE BOTTLES)
POLYCARBONATE BIPV PANELS FEATURING
DESIGN FLEXIBILITY, THERMAL INSULATION
AND ENERGY PRODUCTION

14. RECYCLING OF
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS

15. Sustainable use
• Sustainable reuse includes efforts to reduce the environmental impact by
reusing and recycling materials generated during building construction,
demolition, or renovation

16. What to Recycle??
• Appliances and fixtures
• Brush and Trees
• Cardboard and Paper
• Lumber and Plywood (in reusable form)
• Masonry (in reusable form or as fill)
• Metals
• Plastics – numbered containers, bags and sheeting
• Roofing (in reusable form)
• Windows and Doors

17. Asphalt Paving
Asphalt is crushed and
recycled back into new
asphalt. Markets for
recycled asphalt paving
include aggregate for new
asphalt hot mixes and
sub-base for paved road.
Land Clearing Residuals
Trees and brush—can be recycled as
compost or mulch; soil can be
reused as fill and cover

18. Wood
Reuse timbers, large dimension
lumber, plywood, flooring,
molding, lumber longer than 6 feet.
Clean, untreated wood can be
recycled, re-milled into flooring, or
chipped/ground to make
engineered board, boiler fuel, and
mulch.
Concrete
Concrete is commonly recycled. It is
crushed, the reinforcement bar is
removed, and the material is
screened for size. Market outlets for
recycled concrete include road base,
general fill, pavement aggregate,
and drainage media.

19. Reduces the production of greenhouse gas emissions and other
pollutants by reducing the need to extract raw materials and ship
new materials long distances.
Conserves landfill space, reduces the need for
new landfills and their associated cost.
Saves energy and reduces the environmental
impact of producing new materials through
avoided extraction and manufacturing
processes.
Creates employment opportunities and economic
activities in recycling industries.
Saves money by reducing project disposal costs,
transportation costs, and the cost of some new
construction materials by recycling old materials.
Benefits of Recycling

20. GOING FURTHER
LOAD ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONS FOR
POLYMER REINFORCED BACTERIAL
CONCRETE WHICH CAN BE RECYCLED…..

21. THANK YOU…….