This is the study of industrial building which includes : Pre- engineered buildings, PEB, Concrete buildings, Portal frames, decking and flooring, sheeting and trimming, turbo air ventilators, etc.

1. ASSIGNMENT :
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
SUBMITTED BY : AKSHATA F
SUBJECT : ADVANCE BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
FOURTH YEAR
S.A.U.D.P

2.
Q.1) What is a Pre-Engineered Building ?
1. The pre-engineered metal building system is a building enclosure system that always
includes a structural system and often includes roof and wall cladding. 2. The structural
system consists of rigid frames that are fabricated from plate steel and “cold formed”
into an “I” shape through a manufacturing process. 3. These rigid frames consist of roof
beams and columns that are field bolted together. 4. These frames can span large
distances without intermediate supporting columns. The frames are spaced at intervals
between 15’ and 60’ and can span, column-free, up to 300’ across a building.
5. On top of and running perpendicular to these frames are roof secondary
structural ​spanning members ​often referred to as purlins.
6. They are spaced 4’ to 5’ ​apart ​across the width of a building. The roofing system
attaches to the purlins.
7. The wall systems include wall secondary structural ​members ​called girts that also
span from frame to frame. Girts support a wall cladding system (frequently metal
panel.)
8. The pre-engineered metal building system is advantageous because it very
economically allows for the creation of large column-free enclosures. 9. The
alternative structural framing choices, such as mill steel and light gauge metal, use
more steel and are therefore considerably more expensive to build. 10. The best
applications for the pre-engineered metal building system include industrial
applications such as complex industrial facilities, warehouses and distribution
centers.
11. The system is ​also ​used in retail stores, shopping centers, motels, auto dealerships,
office complexes, airplane hangars, sports and entertainment arenas as well as
schools, libraries, churches, medical facilities and government buildings.
Q.2) Decking and flooring ?

3. Metal decking is used in a wide variety of commercial and industrial applications. It
includes steel roof and floor decking, aluminum floor decking, and acoustical metal decking.
Metal decking typically has a ribbed or corrugated profile that is achieved through a
process called roll forming. Large sheets of metal are pulled off of rolls and led through
rolling dies that create the ribbed profile. Metal decking is used for flooring and roofing and
also for the creation of forms for concrete. Metal decking is installed by using screws or
pneumatically driven pins and can also be welded.
● ​Types of Metal Decking :
● ​Steel decking
1) When used as flooring, can provide additional stability to a structural frame. 2)
When used as roof decking, a narrower rib pattern must be created to increase
strength and support roofing materials.
3) Steel decking is an economical, permanent, easy-to-install option for builders. 4) As a
cold-rolled steel product, it offers high quality with little maintenance. Steel decking
exposed to the elements will typically be galvanized to prevent rusting. 5) The large
variety of steel gauges and coatings available means that steel decking can easily
comply with code requirements.
● ​Acoustical metal decking :
1) It is made from steel that has been rolled and formed into ribs.
2) The indentations are then filled with acoustical batting, which provides
varying degrees of sound absorption.
3) Acoustical decking is tested and given a Noise Reduction Coefficient rating
(NRC). The NRC is the measure of the amount of noise energy absorbed by the
surface of the decking and is averaged over commonly occurring frequencies.
4) The rating can be used by the consumer to make certain the material chosen
will provide the desired level of sound absorption.
5) This type of decking is ideal for use in large facilities where sound control is an
issue, and because it can be curved, it is often used in the construction of
domed sports arenas.
6) Advances in aluminum alloying techniques allow aluminum decking to be
more widely used than in the past.
7) The use of aluminum can keep construction costs down and allow for a wider
variation in the look and feel of decking. However, unlike steel decking, which
acts as its own support, aluminum decking requires additional supportive

4. structures
Q.3) What are portal frames ?
1) Portal frames are a type of structural frame, that, in their simplest form, are
characterised by a beam (or rafter) supported at either end by columns, however, the
joints between the beam and columns are 'rigid' so that the bending moment in the
beam is transferred to the columns.
2) This means that the beam can be reduced in sectional size and can span large
distances.
3) Typically, the joint between the beam and the columns is made 'rigid' by the addition
of a haunch, bracket, or by a deepening of the section at the joints
4) Portal frames are generally fabricated from steel, reinforced precast concrete, or
laminated timber sometimes referred to as 'glulam'.
5) Where a pitch is required, portal frames can have a mono pitch, or can have a double
pitch with a rigid joint at the apex.
6) Other forms include; tied portal frames, propped portal frames and multi-span
portal frames which can cover very large areas.
7) Where the portal frame includes a pitch, the wider the span of the frame, the higher
the apex.

5. 8) To reduce the overall height, a curved rafter might be adopted, or a mansard form.
This can also help with water runoff, which can be significant on large roofs. 9) A
curved, or mansard form increases the pitch of the roof towards the eaves, where the
runoff is likely to be at its greatest.
10) Generally, a building structure will be formed by a series of parallel portal frames
running down the length of the buildings, typically 6 - 8 m apart.
11) A secondary framework of purlins fixed to the rafters and rails fixed to the columns
provides support for cladding.
12) Portal frame structures are often clad with prefabricated composite metal panels,
incorporating insulation.
13) Masonry cladding may be provided at a low level to give greater resilience and
security.
14) They are a deceptively simple structural form, but care must be taken, particularly in
the design of joints to ensure that appropriate restraint is provided to prevent
buckling.
15) Bracing is also required to give the row of parallel frames lateral stability, and this
may be provided in an end bay or intermediary bay between the frames.
● ​Advantages of portal frames:
1. Portal frames are easier to construct than walls or any other structures.
2. It requires less time to construct the portal frames.
3. They are economic in nature.
4. The cost of maintenance is low.
5. They provide good floor to ceiling heights.
6. Portal frames save time and money.
7. Portal frames are easily available at all the places.
8. It is easy to carry the Portal frame's equipment from one place to another place.
9. The material is easy to carry from one place to another place. 10. Portal frame

6. structures provide good ventilation and lighting.
● ​Disadvantages of portal frames :
1. It is not easy to build the portal frame anywhere.
2. They can be constructed only on hills, valleys, and sloppy areas.
3. Building shape should be square, rectangular only.
4. Roof pitch should be shallow, steep, mono-pitch.
5. We cannot construct any structure above the portal frames. 6. It is very difficult
to construct structure above the portal frame, due to its sloppy head.
7. Only skilled workers are required to construct the portal frames.
8. The strength of portal frame structure is less than RCC structure.
9. It is very difficult to compare it with the reinforcement structure.
10. More accuracy required to build these types of structures. The portal frames are
placed at regular intervals
● ​Types of portal frames :
● ​Mono-pitch portal frame :
1) A mono pitch portal frame is usually chosen for small spans or because of its
proximity to other buildings.
2) It is a simple variation of the pitched roof portal frame, and tends to be used for
smaller buildings (up to 15 m span).
● ​Portal frame with internal mezzanine floor :
1) Office accommodation is often provided within a portal frame structure using a
partial width mezzanine floor.
2) The assessment of frame stability must include the effect of the mezzanine; guidance
is given in SCI P292.

7.
Q.4 & 5) Erection of Frames :
● ​Installation of Steel Column :
● ​Preparation :
After the columns are being distributed along the designated positions, the materials need
to be cleaned and assembled before erection.
Level and position of nuts and anchor, lifting weight and crane position shall be checked.
● ​Erection :
The 25-tonnes crane is set-up with the suitable position to lift the column into position.
Before major lifting, all the slings 1 rope is inspected by riggers.
The lifting 1 swing area will be barricaded to prevent unauthorized works/personnel into
the area.
Slightly down column on cast anchor bolts. The nuts will be tightened upon installation of
column base plate into anchor bolts in right position

8.
● ​Erection of Portal Frame :
The weight of portal frames is approximately 10 tones.
● ​Preparation :
The scaffolding should be prepared for workers to perform rafter to rafter, rafter to column
connection including item 5.3.1. Temporary anchor points should be arranged out of the
working area to avoid hanging materials that can be caught by temporary cable.
● ​Erection :
1. ​STEP 1 :
The fabricated sections are joined together J1, J2 & J3 at the site along the grid lines.
2. ​STEP 2 :

9. The connected frame will be slightly lifted by two cranes (25-tonnes) into position and bolts
tightened. Two units of mobile scaffold platform to the joint height will be pushed to place
to do the nuts tightened.
Workers on the ground will drive the fabricated steel (rafter) to the right position in
coordination with the crane. Crane is only released when all connection bolts and nut
adequate tighten.
1) Portal frames can be a simple and rapid form of structure to erect, creating a wide,
clear-span, weather-proof enclosure at low cost, with little material.
2) They tend to be lightweight and can be fabricated off-site, then bolted to a
substructure.
3) The portal frames themselves may be left exposed to the internal space, and if
carefully designed can be very beautiful.
Q.6​) ​Sheeting and Trimming :

10.
Q.7) Difference between PEB and concrete buildings.

11. Features Pre-Engineered Steel
Buildings (PEB)
Concrete Buildings (RCC)
Fabrication Done in
shop-controlled
conditions.
M​ostly at site in
variable​ ​conditions.
Material specification Precise and fixed,
carefully​ ​and accurately
controlled​ ​under
supervision in the
production facility.
Variable,non-homogeneo
us.​ ​The properties of
concrete​ ​vary widely due
to
variations in its
proportioning and mixing.
Dimensions Precise and accurate
measurements carried
out​ ​by automated
machines.
Potential for significant
errors as most of the
work​ ​is man made on
site.
Capacity Steel may carry up to
6​ ​times its own
weight
The carried load of
concrete​ ​is almost equal
to its weight
Material foundation Lighter, simple design
and​ ​easy to construct.
Variable and generally
require extensive
heavy​ ​foundations.
Erection Erection costs and time
are​ ​accurately forecast
based​ ​on extensive
experience​ ​with similar
buildings.
Concrete construction
takes​ ​more time to
complete​ ​because it must
be poured​ ​on site and
allowed to cure​ ​before
proceeding
Clear spans Larger, up to 90
meters​ ​without
interior columns
Smaller and the larger
the​ ​span the heavier the
structure.
Building height Higher Shorter
Fire resistance Needs more protection
(multiple options
available)
Good Resistance
Application Industrial and Commercial Houses, Villas, and
Parliaments

12. Q.8) Turbo air ventilators.
1. Turbo ventilators are designed and engineered to exhaust Industrial pollutants such
as smoke, dust, poisonous gases, humidity, fumes, heat and many more invisible
irritants from the covered area.
2. Turbo ventilator provides a safe, cool, healthier and more controlled environment by
removing the entrapped heat and industrial emission ensuring the health of workers,
thus contributing to an increase in workers productivity.
3. Turbo Ventilators provide energy free cooling and fresh air throughout the year.
● ​Advantages :
1. Highly Affordable
2. Suitable for all kinds of building and explosive environment
3. 24hrs ventilation is assured
4. Easy installation
5. Efficient even without fast blowing wind
6. Minimum maintenance and operation cost.
Cost Overall cost is generally
less​ ​and accurately
defined and​ ​forecast.
Overall cost could be
higher ​and is difficult to
accurately ​define and
forecast.
Changes Future expansion is simple, It is nearly impossible to
easy and cost-effective. modify a concrete
building​ ​to meet
changing future​ ​needs.

13.
● ​Application :
1. Turbo ventilators used in Industries.
2. Turbo ventilators used in Godowns and warehouses.
3. Turbo ventilators used in Theaters and Community halls.
4. Hospitals and schools.
5. Factories.
6. Auditoriums.
7. Power houses and lift rooms
Q.9 Application of portal frames :
1. Portal Frames are generally used for single storey construction which require a large
unobstructed floor space i.e.,
A.Factories
B.Shopping Centres
C.Warehouses
2. They are very efficient for enclosing large volumes, therefore they are often used for
industrial, storage, retail and commercial applications as well as for agricultural
purposes.
Q.10) Single Storey Industrial Building
Advanced Manufacturing Research Facility, Broughton, North Wales
T​he aim of the project is to make the facility an open access research hub that will drive

14. significant improvements in productivity, performance and quality not just in the aerospace
sector but across the broader advanced manufacturing sector in North Wales. Airbus is a
l​ong-standing partner of the AMRC and its involvement will ensure that it remains at the
f​orefront of aerospace development, supporting skills in the area and upskilling its
manufacturing supply chain partners.
The facility is housed in a large twin-span propped portal frame that measures 80m-long ×
60m-wide with a maximum height of 24m. One row of offset internal valley columns
separates the main workshop part of the building into two parts, one with a span of 33m
and the other 27m. One end of the structure houses a full-width office block, divided in half
by an entrance and atrium. This part of the scheme has a composite design with steelwork
supporting steel decking and a concrete topping to form the floors. One half of this block is
two-storeys high and will accommodate the facility’s offices, while the other side is
four-storeys and will house further office space on the ground floor, a first-floor canteen
and then two upper levels for plant equipment.
The facility is housed in a large twin-span propped portal frame that measures 80m-long ×
60m-wide with a maximum height of 24m. One row of offset internal valley columns
separates the main work​shop ​part of the building into two parts, one with a span of 33m
and the other 27m.
Explaining the project’s use of steel, Galliford Try Project Manager Graham Ford says: “This
project was always going to be a steel-framed job, as the long spans could only be
economically constructed with steel.”
The initial steel design was done by Arup, but later in the programme EvadX was
subcontracted as project steelwork contractor on a design and build basis. Using Building
Information Modelling (BIM), EvadX redesigned the entire frame and made some significant
weight savings with a more economic design.

15.
A series of long rafters form the roof and the two workshop spans. To allow these sections
to be easily transported to site from EvadX’s fabrication shop in Rhyl, they were delivered
in sections and then assembled into complete rafters before installation. For the longer
33m-span, the rafters arrived in three sections, while the 28m span required two pieces.
As well as steelwork, EvadX has also installed staircases, hand railing and maintenance
walkways. EvadX has also erected three separate single-storey ancillary buildings on site,
these include an energy centre, compressor house and a bin storage structure.
As most steel construction projects, the frame was one of the first elements of the scheme
to get under way after the groundworks, on this greenfield site, had been completed.
However, on some projects the ground floor slab is sometimes installed first, giving the
steel erection team a clean and flat surface to run their MEWPs on. The slab needed for this
facility had to be cast in a dry and sheltered environment and so the steel frame and roof
cladding had to be installed first to provide the necessary protection. “Because of the
excessive loadings that will be exerted by the work and equipment within the workshops,
the concrete slab is 900mm-deep and had to be cast in two separate pours,” explains Mr
Ford.
Q.11) Equipment used in Construction of Industries.
1. Excavators
2. Backhoe
3. Dragline Excavator
4. Bulldozers
5. Graders
6. Wheel Tractor Scraper
7. Trenchers
8. Loaders

16. 9. Tower Cranes
10. Pavers
11. Compactors
12. Telehandlers
13. Feller Bunchers
14. Dump Trucks
15. Pile Boring Machine
16. Pile Driving Machine