This document summarizes pile foundations. Pile foundations are used to transfer structural loads through weak soil to stronger soil below. There are different types of piles classified by material (concrete, steel, timber), function (end bearing, friction, anchor), and installation method (driven, bored, driven and cast-in-situ). Formulas are provided to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of a pile based on factors like soil properties, pile dimensions, and hammer efficiency. Selection of the appropriate pile type depends on project specifics like soil conditions, loading, cost, and availability.
- The Caissons is used for the purpose of placing a foundation in correct position under water.
- Three types of Caissons
1) Open Caisson
2) Box Caisson
3) Pneumatic Caisson
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
Pile foundations_Advanced Construction TechnologyA Makwana
Pile foundation is that type of deep foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members which may be of timber, concrete or steel.
- The Caissons is used for the purpose of placing a foundation in correct position under water.
- Three types of Caissons
1) Open Caisson
2) Box Caisson
3) Pneumatic Caisson
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
Pile foundations_Advanced Construction TechnologyA Makwana
Pile foundation is that type of deep foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by means of vertical members which may be of timber, concrete or steel.
PILE FOUNDATION PROJECT TRAINING ANSHULAnshul Shakya
PILE Foundation is the structure that exists under the soil strata. Generally it is constructed where loose strata or marshland. It increase the seismic property of any structure where large loads of soil exists.
Pile foundation are essential in case where SBC is low or the load coming from superstructure is too heavy,
Topics covered includes Materials used for making piles, Type of piles, load transfer mechanism, factors affecting selection of piles, Installation methods, load carrying capacity of piles, different load tests performed and the behavior of piles as a group.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. Foundations
• Foundations are structural components used to support
columns and transfer loads to the underlying Soil.
2
Foundations
Isolated Combined Strap wall Raft
Shallow
footing footing footing footing footing
Caissons Piles
Deep
3. Pile foundation
Pile foundations are used extensively for the
support of buildings, bridges, and other structures
to safely transfer structural loads to the ground
Pile cap
Piles
Weak soil
Bearing stratum
4. Pile foundations are used in the
following situations:
1.where the soil is compressible,
2.where the soil is water logged
3.The top soil has poor bearing capacity
4.The subsoil water level is high
The major uses of piles:
To carry vertical compression loads,
To resist uplift loads
To resist horizontal or inclined loads
6. END BEARING PILE : These piles are used to transfer load
through water or soft soil to a suitable
bearing stratum.
END BEARING PILE
SOFTSOIL
FRICTION PILE:These piles are used to transfer
loads to a depth of a friction load carrying
material by means of skin friction along the
length of pile.
FRICTION PILE
7. COMPACTION PILE
COMPACTION PILE:These piles are used to compact loose
soils, thus increasing their bearing capacity.
Tension pile: Tension piles are also called
uplift piles.
Anchor piles: These piles are used to provide anchorage against
horizontal pull from sheet piling.
Fender piles and dolphins: Fender piles and dolphins are used
to protect water front structure from impact of any floating object or
ship.
8.
9. CLASSIFICATION OF PILES
BASED ON FUNCTION
Based on the material & composition;
a. Concrete Pile
b. steel pile
c. timber pile
d. Composite piles
10. • Pre-cast Piles: Usual length: 10 m – 45 m
Usual Load: 7500 kN – 8500 kN „
• Cast-in-situ Piles:
Usual length: 5 m – 15 m
Usual Load: 200 kN – 500 kN
•„Advantage:
Relatively cheap It can be easily combined with concrete
superstructure Corrosion resistant It can bear hard driving
•„Disadvantage: Difficult to transport Difficult to achieve
desired cutoff
Concrete Pile
11. steel pile
• „Usual length: 15 m – 60 m „
• Usual Load: 300 kN – 1200 kN
• „Advantage: Relatively less hassle during
installation and easy to achieve cutoff level,High
driving force may be used for fast installation,
Good to penetrate hard, strata Load carrying
capacity is high
• „Disadvantage: Relatively expensive Noise
pollution during installation Corrosion Bend in
piles while driving
12. Timber pile
Timber piles are made from tree trunks. These piles are
available in length between 4 to 6 m. timber piles are used
where good bearing stratum is available at a relatively
shallow depth.
Composite piles
A pile which is made up of two materials like concrete and
timber or concrete and steel is called composite pile.
13. 1. DRIVEN PILE
2. Bored piles
3.DRIVEN
AND CAST- IN- SITU PILE
Based on the method of
installation;
14. (i) Bored piles:
Bored piles are constructed in pre-bored holes either using a
casing or by circulating stabilizing agent like betonies slurry.
Board piles are of following types:
Small diameter piles-up to 600 mm diameter; large diameter
piles-diameter greater than 600 mm; under reamed piles.
(ii) Driven piles:
Driven piles may be of concrete, steel or timber. These piles
are driven into the soil by the impact of hammer.
(iii) Driven and cast-in-situ piles:
It is a type of driven pile. They are constructed by driving a
steel casing in to the ground. The hole is then filled with
concrete by placing the reinforcement and the casing is
gradually fted.
15. Proposed by A.M. Wellington in the following general
form;
Qa=
WH
F(S+C)
Where, Qa= allowable load
W= wt. of the hammer
H= height of the fall
F= F.O.S, taken as “6”
S= final set (penetration)
C= empirical constant
2.5 for drop hammer,&
0.25 for single and double acting
hammers.
Engineering News formula:
16. IS: 2911 gives the following formula based on the original
expression of Hiley:
Qd=
𝜼 𝒉WH 𝜼 𝒃
𝑺+𝑪/𝟐
Where, Qd= ultimate load on a pile
C= toatal elastic compression
C = C1+C2+C3, temporary elastic compression of dolly
and packing, pile & soil respectively.
𝜼 𝒉 = efficiency of hammer
𝜼 𝒃=efficiency of hammer blow (i.e. ratio
of energy after impact to striking energy
of ram)
Hiley’s formula:
17. Ultimate bearing capacity of a pile is determined by the formula
given below;
Qd= Rf + Rp= Asrf + Aprp
Where, Rf = total ultimate skin friction
Rp= total ultimate point or end bearing
resistance
As= surface area of pile upon which the
skin friction acts
Ap= area of cross section of pile on which
bearing resistance acts
rf = average skin friction
rp= unit point or toe resistance
A FOS 2.5 or 3 may be adopted for finding the allowable
load.
Static formula
18. The result of Dutch Cone Penetration Test can be
applied with sufficient accuracy to determine the
ultimate bearing capacity of piles in cohesion-less soils.
The following relation may be adopted:
rp= qc and,
rf= 2fc
where, qc= unit resistance of Dutch Cone
Penetrometer
fc= static skin friction on the shaft of the
penetrometer
Penetration Test
19. Factors governing the selection of piles
They are:
Length of the pile in relation to the load and type of soil,
Characters of structure,
Availability of the materials,
Types of loading,
Factors causing deterioration,
Ease of maintenance,
Estimated cost of types of piles, taking into account the
initial cost, life expectancy and cost of maintenance and,
Availability of funds.
Selection of Pile