building construction technology in field of civil engineering

2. Key Plan:

3. Layout plan:

4. Site Plan:

5.  Man requires different types of building for his
activity.
 Residential buildings provide shelter to man. Non
– residential building provide platform for work,
education , occupation and recreation.
 Building construction with the help of various
materials and methods of construction is carried
out to satisfy above stated purposes.
 The buildings are activity centers , hence various
components are essential to make long life and
economical buildings.

7. It has load bearing walls which receive the loads and
transmit the same to the ground through their
foundations.
These load bearing walls supports R.C.C. beams and
Slabs. Columns are avoided.
20,30,40 cm thick walls are loaded bearing walls.

8.  Load bearing structure is adopted for the buildings up
to 3 storey construction.
 It is provided where soil starta is hard at shallow depth.
 The walls on all the floors are provided one above the
another.
 Thickness of walls can be reduce on first floor compare
to ground floor.
 As the construction activity proceeds vertically floor by
floor the thickness of the wall reduces.

10. It consists of a rigidly connected network of columns and
beams. The beams support the walls and slabs.
The columns receive the whole load of the structure and
transmit the same to the ground through their footings.
These provide greater floor area. The walls are partition walls.
Additions and alternations can be more easily done in framed
structure.
On lower floors finishing work is easily carried out when frame
work of upper floors can in progress.

11.  Hence at a glance construction activities on
various floors can be handled simultaneously.
 Speed in construction of a framed structure can
be easily achieved.
 On upper floors air circulation is better. On
higher floors noise of abutting streets and traffic
is curtailed.
 More number of persons can be accommodated
per area of land.
 Framed structures are adopted for low and high
rise buildings.
 To get resistance to various loads, specially of
earthquake, the columns are tie up with each
other by plinth beams.

13. In composite structure columns as well as load bearing
masonry walls are provided.
Floor loads are transmitted to walls and beams.
The load is transmitted to the ground by columns and load
bearing walls through their foundations.
Composite structure are preferred for construction of floors
which has to cover larger area by slabs.
The construction of halls, godowns, public buildings prefer
composite structure.
The areas are enclosed by load bearing walls and internal area
is supported on beams and columns.
The extended or projected area is supported on beams and
columns.

14. Various loads are taken into account while designing
the foundation of a structure. Loads coming on a
structure are :

15.  Live loads consist of moving or variable
loads due to people or occupants , their
furniture stores, machinery etc.
 All loads are uniformly distributed static
loads in kg/m2 on the plane area and
provide for normal effects of impact and
acceleration.

16.  Dead load comprise of the weight of all walls, partition,
floors and roofs including all the other permanent
construction in the building.
No. Material / Structure Unit Weight ( Kg/m3)
1. Slab R.C.C. 2400
2. PCC 2300
3. Maglore tiles 63
4. Clay 1440-1760
5. Sand 1540-2000
6. Fresh water 1000
7. Steel 7850

17.  It is considered as basic wind pressure which is an
equivalent static pressure in the direction of wind
 Wind pressure p kg/m2 = kv2
 Where, K = Co-efficient, 0.006 (as per building code)
 V = Wind velocity km/hr.
 Wind pressure acts horizontally on the exposed vertical
surface of walls, Columns etc. and inclined roof of the
structure. When the height of building is less then 3 times
width of the building wind load may be neglected. Wind load
is effective for tall buildings.

18.  Actual load due to snow will depend upon the
shape of the roof its capacity to retain the snow.
The load due to snow may be assumed to be 2.5
kg/m2 per centimeter depth of snow.

19.  Loads due to accumulation of rain water on roofs
are considered separately and depend upon
positioning, shape and draining system for roofs.
 In addition to above stated loads following special
loads should be taken into consideration.
An earthquake produces waves in every possible
direction below ground. As per the intensity or scale
of earthquake, jerks and shocks are acting on earth.
The shaking of earth cause effect on the structures
supported on earth.

20.  shaking of earth certain considerations should be
made in design of structures to counteract
earthquake moment in earthquake prone areas.
 FE = W . a/g
 Where, FE = Earthquake force
 W = weight
 g = Gravitational acceleration
 a = acceleration (due to earthquake)
 = 0.05 to 0.1 of g

21. The pressure generated by water is called
hydrostatic pressure. They act on the structures
which retain the water and which are erected in
flowing water body. Hence, for strength and
stability hydrostatic pressure should be taken into
consideration for design of special structure like
overhead water tank, supports of bridge, dams etc.

22. COMMON BUILDING COMPONENTS :

23.  The substructure is the portion of the building,
which is located below ground levels which transmit
the load of the superstructure to the sub –soil.
 The soil which is located immediately below the
base of the foundation is called sub-soil. The
substructure is known as foundation. The lower
most portion of the foundation which is in direct
contact with the sub-soil is called footing.
 The superstructure is that part of the building
which is above ground and which serves the
purpose of building’s intended use.

24. SUBSTRUCTURE – FOUNDATION :

25. •All the foundations shall extend to a depth of atleast 50 cm
below natural ground level.
•The footings should be carried below the top organic soil,
miscellaneous fill, debris.
•For wall with T cm thickness, the foundation width is equal
to 2T + 30 and depth of foundation is equal to or more than
width of foundation.

26.  If depth of foundation is equal to or less than its
width, it is called shallow foundations. Generally it
is of 3 to 4 m. depth.
 Spread footings are those which spread the super
imposed load of wall or column over a larger area.
Simple footing of a wall, consisting of concrete base
without any steps. Generally, masonry walls have
stepped footings with a concrete base.

28.  If the independent footings of two columns are
connected by a beam, it is called a strap footing.
 A spread footing which supports two or more
columns is termed as combined footing.
 A raft or mat foundation is a combined footing that
covers the entire area beneath a strucutre and
supports all the walls and columns.

30.  Grillage foundation is a special type of isolated footing
generally provided for heavily loaded steel stanchions
and used in those locations where bearing capacity of
soil is poor.
 The depth of such a foundation is limited to 1 to 1.5 m.
 This type of foundation is used to transmit heavy loads
from steel columns to foundation soils.
 This is commonly used in industrial building
construction where on floors there is heavy loads due
to machines and workers.The vibrations, jerks,
pressure, impect loads etc. can be sustain by grillage
foundation.
 This type of foundation avoids deep excavations and
provides necessary area at the base to reduce the
intensity of pressure.

32. Grillage foundation is combined of rolled steel joists (R.S.J.)
known as grillage beams provided in single or double tiers.
In double tier arrangement the top tiers are held in position
by 20 mm dia spacer bars with 25 mm dia pipe separators.
Generally a minimum clearance of 8 cm is kept between
grillage beams so as to provide facility for placing concrete.A
minimum cover of 10 cm is provided on the outer sides of
the external beams as well as above the upper flange of the
top tier.
For lower beams, the concrete cover under the beam should be
more than 15 to 20 cm. The concrete filling keeps the R.S.J. in
position and prevents them from corrosion.

33. (1) Plinth : Plinth is that part of the structure
between the surrounding ground surface
immediately above the ground. Plinth is provided
with damp proof course.
(2) Wall : (1) Load bearing (20,3040, cm)
(2) Non-load bearing (Partition wall –
10cm)
They are light in weight and thin in
section.

34. Plinth
34
6

36. (3) Roof :

37. Slab
Distributio
n
reinforcem
ent
Beam
Main
reinforcement

41.  Types of floors : (1)Ground floors (b) Upper
floors
 The different types of floors which are commonly
used for floor construction are given below :
 Mud and Muram Brick
 Flag stone C.C
 Terrazzo Mosaic tiles
 Tiles Marbles
 Timber Asphalt
 Rubber Linoleum
 Cork Glass
 Plastic or PVC Granite

42. Terrazzo Floor Timber Floor

44.  Types of Door :
 Main types of door are as below- (1) Battened and ledged door
(2)Framed and paneled door
(3)Flush door
(4) Revolving door
(5) Swing door
(6) Collapsible steel door
(7) Mild steel sheet door
(8) Glazed door
(5) Doors and Windows :

49. Revolving Door Collapsible Steel Door

50.  Types of Windows :
Fixed Pivoted
Double Hung Sliding
Casement Sash
Louvered Metal
Bay Clerestorey
Corner Dormer
Gable Lantern
Skylight

52. Pivoted Window
Fixed Windows

53. Bay Window Dormer Window

54. •As per number of Flights : (1) Single flight
(2) Double flight
•As per Material : (1) Timber (2) Stone (3) Bricks
(4) Steel (5) R.C.C
•As Per Shape : (1) Straight :
Stair : It is composed of a set of steps and landing.
Step : It is permits ascent and decent.
Treads : It is the upper horizontal portion of a step.
Riser : It is the vertical portion of step.
Landing : It is wider longer step provided at the ends of flight for
rest during climbig and to provide change in direction.

55. Rise : It is the horizontal vertical between two successive
treads.
Going : It is the horizontal distance between two successive
risers.
Nosing : It is the projected portion of a thread beyond riser
face. It is to avoid injury during climbing and for asthetics.
Scotia : It is a joint provided below nosing and vertical face
of riser for strength and elevation.
Handrail : It is it is of wood or metal and fixed at the top of
balusters for hand grip and support to the staircase users.
Baluster : It is the vertical member of wood or metal
provided on threads to support the handrail.
Newel post : It is the bigger vertical member provided at the
ends of flight to connect the ends of strings and handrail.
Strings : It is a sloping member at the bottom of staircase to
support steps in a staircase.

56. Hand Rail
Baluster
Riser
Tread
Scotia
Nevel Post
Landin
g
Nosing
String

58. (7).Types of Beams :
As per Materials : 1. Timber 2. Stone
3. Spiral 4. Helical
(8).Types of Lintel :
As per Materials : 1. Timber 2. Stone 3. Brick
5. Steel 6. R.C.C.

59. TYPES :
As Per Material
Timber Stone Brick Steel R

61. (9).Weathershed or Chajja :
Chajjas are provided on external wall openings to get
protection from rain, snow heat. They are weathershed.
Chajjas are tapered projected portion of building on
external walls. Their thickness tapers from 100 to 75 mm
and projection is 30, 45, 60, 90 cm.

62. Stirrups
Main Reinforcement
WEATHERSHED (CHAJJA) :

63. In building drawing floor plan indicates the
appearance of section cut horizontally through the
building somewhere between the floor level and its
ceiling.
Generally section at sill level is drawn with full lines.
The plan of a building indicates the thickness of
walls, locations of openings, stair, room etc. the plans
are fully dimensioned.

64. The view of a building as seen from the front or side
is known as elevation. It gives an idea about the
appearance of the exterior of the building. The
elevation shows the appearance of building above
ground level. The elevations are usually not
dimensioned.

65. A section is an interior exposed view of the building
in vertical direction when a part towards the view
is removed by an imaginary cutting plane parallel
to the length of the building. They describe heights
of floors, interior walls, doors, windows, stairways,
foundations of walls or columns, position of lintels
and beams, various structural details etc.

66. The details shown on section are:
(1) Construction (4) Schedules
(2) Technical (5) Thickness, height and depth
(3) General notes (6) Material
Types of section:
A-1 : Longitudinal section
A-2: Cross-section
B-1: typical section – one type of longitudinal section
B-2: particular section – for working drawing
B-3: through section – submission drawing

67.  The plan showing the boundary of plot is known as site plan. The
proposed building is adjusted in the site plan by keeping the
necessary side and front margins. The north line is shown with site
plan to indicate orientation of the building. It is generally prepared
in 1 cm + 5 m scale. Drainage layout is shown with site plan built up
area is shown with site plan. In site plan built up area is shown with
color note or hatching. Parking, landscaping adjacent road/street
width is also shown in site plan.
 In a big plot of land is to be developed, a layout plan showing the
internal roads and sub-plots is prepared. If one of such sub-plot is
to be developed, layout plan will assist in locating the sub-plot
under reference and it will provide information about the adjoining
properties on the sub-plot to be develop. Width of internal roads,
positions of common plot with sizes are written on lay out plan. The
numbers and sizes of sub plots are written there.

68.  Key plan is the showing the important features surrounding
the property under reference. If is a key to reach up to
desired site. It locates the property to be developed by
showing adjacent major roads, streets, society, temple or any
famous location. It provides guideline by showing major
road intersection to Minor Street of an area and ultimately
reaches to the site. It can be traced out from city or town
map available with local authority (Municipal Corporation).
 It can be available in the form of survey number, final plot
number with town planning scheme (T.P.S.) number. It can
be scale of chains, foot or can be not to scale.