This document summarizes structural elements and their arrangements in architecture. It discusses key structural components like beams, columns, walls, trusses, and frames. It also describes different structural systems like load-bearing walls, frame structures, and form-active structures. Different joint types like discontinuous and continuous are also outlined. Historical context is provided by discussing Vitruvius' three principles of architecture. The relationship between architectural and structural design is examined through examples.

1. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS AND
THEIR ARRANGEMENTS
SUBMITTED TO : MAAM HIRA
QURESHI
COURSE : ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS

2. GROUP MEMBERS
• MASOOMA DAWOOD (2017-AR-32)
• SYEDA MISDA SABA (2017-AR-36)
• MAHAM KHAN (2017-AR-09)
• BUSHRA KHAN (2017-AR-06)
• MAHNOOR MUMTAZ (2017-AR-43)
• HUMZA RASHID (2017-AR-07)
• NAEEM DURRANI (2017-AR-002)

3. Introduction to topic
“Role of structure is essential to the understanding of architecture”
HISTORY:
• Vitruvius identified 3 basic components of architecture which is i) Firmitas
(firmness) ii) Utilitas (commodity) iii) Venustas (Delight).
• Sir henry wooton in 17th C translated these as above.
Commodity
• Most appreciated
qualities.
• Refer to the practical
functioning of the
building.
• Requirement i-e the
set of spaces which is
provided is actually
useful and serve the
purpose for which its
intended.
Firmness
• Most basic quality
of design.
• Concerned with the
ability of buildings
to preserve its
physical integrity
and survive in the
world as physical
object.
• Structure is the part
satisfies firmness.
Delight
• The term use for the
“Aesthetic sensibilities
effect of building for
the viewers”.
• It may arise from one
or more no. of factors.
• Moreover its “symbolic
meanings of chosen
form” , ”Aesthetic
qualities of shapes,
texture and colors.

4. Main points:
• “Structure” is fundamental, without structure there is no building therefore no
commodity and without well-designed structure therefore no delight.
• Delight is the ways in which practical and programmatic problems of buildings has been
solved.
• The ways in which links have been made between the different aspects of the design are
all possible generators of delight.
• Knowing about structure requires an intuitive ability to read a building as a structural
object and a skill which depend on a knowledge of functional requirements of structure
and is an ability to distinguish between structural and non structural part of building.
• This can be achieve by mechanical science.
• Structure rely on large no. of elements, performance of complete structure, types of
elements (which it contains and on way they connected)
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND STRUCTURAL DESIGN
• The overall form of structure is relatedly very closely related to the support of building.
• It is possible to avoid structural consideration while designing form.
• It is also possible to hide entirely the structural elements in the completed version of
building.

5. STATUE OF LIBERTY
It contains an
internal circulation
system
of stairs and elevators.

6. All of these buildings contain a structure but the technical requirement of structure have not
significantly influenced the form.
In early modern buildings of le Corbusier and other the forms which were adopted were greatly
influenced by the types of geometry which were suitable for steel and reinforced concrete
structural frameworks
The building of
early 20th c
expressionism
such as Einstein
tower, based on
ideas
deconstruction .

7. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
1. TIE ROD:
A tie rod is a slender structural unit used as a tie and (in most applications) capable of carrying tensile
loads only
2.BEAMS:
Beams are usually straight horizontal members u sed primarily to carry vertical loads.
3.COLUMNS:
Members that are generally vertical resist axial compressive loads
4.WALL: Structure that defines an area or makes boundary ,
provide shelter and security
5.TRUSSES:
a structure that ‘consists of two-forces members only,
force is applied at two points
6. FRAMES : composed of beams and columns that are either pin or fixed connected.

8. 7. CABLES : Form of long span structure that is
subject to tension and uses suspension cables for support
8. ARCHES : A curved symmetrical structure
spanning an opening and typically supporting
the weight of a bridge, roof , or wall above it
9.SLAB
Slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces
usually horizontal in building floors, roofs, bridges.
These are supported by walls, columns, beams or the ground.
1. One way slab: which have beam and two sides and main reinforcement is provided on shorter span
2. Two way slab: which have beam on four sides and loads are carried in both directions reinforcement
provided in both direction in grid form

9. TYPES OF STRUCTURES:
POST-AND-BEAM STRUCTURES: (SKELETON STRUCTURE SYSTEM)
• Post-and-beam structures are either load bearing wall
structures or frame structures.
• Both are commonly used structural forms and within each
type a fairly wide variety of different structural arrangements,
of both the continuous and the discontinuous types,
are possible.
• A large range of spans is also possible depending on the types of element which are
used.
•Where walls are masonry, the floors can be timber or reinforced concrete (Reinforced
concrete are capable of larger spans than timber floors).

10. LOAD BEARING WALLS:
-The load bearing wall structure is a post and beam
arrangement in which a series of horizontal elements
is supported on vertical walls.
- Corinthian Court, Abingdon, UK; the Baron
Willmore Partnership, architects; Glanville and
Associates,
structural engineers. The vertical structure of this
three-storey office building, which measures 55 m by
20 m on plan and has few internal walls, is of
loadbearing masonry. The floors are of reinforced
concrete.
-The basic form is unstable but
stability is provided by bracing walls, and the
plans of these buildings therefore consist of
two sets of walls: loadbearing walls and bracing walls.
-Typical plan of a multi-storey load bearing wall
structure. The floor structure spans one way between
parallel structural walls. Selected walls in the orthogonal
direction act as bracing elements.

11. • FRAME STRUCTURE:
• - The principal characteristic of the frame is that it is a skeletal structure consisting of beams
supported by columns, with some form of slab floor and roof.
• - The most basic types of frame are arranged as a series of identical ‘plane-frames’ of rectangular
geometry2, positioned parallel to one another to form rectangular or square column grids; the
resulting buildings have forms which are predominantly rectilinear in both plan and cross-section.
A typical multi storey frame structure in which a
skeleton of steel beams and columns supports a floor of
reinforced concrete slabs. Walls are non-structural and
can be positioned to suit space-planning requirements.

12. • STEEL FRAME:
• - A common variation of the above is obtained
if triangulated elements are used for the
horizontal parts of the structure.
In this steel frame, efficient
triangulated elements carry the roof
load. Floor loads are supported on less
efficient solid-web beams with I-shaped
‘improved’ cross-sections.

13. STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENTS
• SEMI-FORM ACTIVE STRUCTURES have forms
whose geometry is neither post and beam nor
form active. The elements therefore contain
the full range of internal force types (axial
bending and shear force)

14. NATURE OF JOINTS:
• Effects performance of structure.
• Depending on how the elements are connected.
• Either Discontinuous or continuous.
DIS CONTINUOUS
• Contains sufficient
constraints to
render the stable.
• Assemblies of
elements connected
together by hinge-
type joints
• Most of them are
statically
determinate.
CONTINUOUS
• Statically
indeterminate
• Few hinge type
joints (many of
time none)
• Difficult to design
• Difficult to
construct
• Greater ability of
geometric
stability

15. • FORM ACTIVE STRUCTURE
• Used when special structure need or require to achieve or span involved very large.
• Geometries are more complicated
• Building which have distinctive shapes
• Certain amount of variety of shape is possible, depend on conditions of support provided
• Difficult to construct and expensive cost construction
• Make an efficient use of structural material
• Included group are compressive shells, tensile cable network and air supported tensile
membrane structures.
Lords
Cricket
ground,
london
The canopies which form the roof of this building are
form-active tensile membrane,