Design Solutions

1. Design
Solutions
Civil engineering

2. Design Solutions
• Natural disasters: what they are, definition, types, characteristics and
prevention. The term natural disaster refers to the enormous material losses
and human lives caused by events or phenomena natural such as
earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, landslides land, among others, but in this
work we are going to talk about cyclone, earthquakes, erosion and
deforestation.
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3. Cyclones
• Cyclones are tropical storms formed in centers
of low pressure and that cause air movement,
thus being in areas with cloud formation,
humidity and storms. The instability in these
areas causes an intense movement of the air
converging in its center, concentrating humidity
and heat with destructive power.
• Which corresponds to low pressure centers,
that is, they have lower pressure than their
neighboring areas, generated by the
convergence of the winds. In general, cyclones
correspond to tropical storms, since, according
to the Center for Weather Forecasting and
Climate Studies, they are formed mainly over
oceans that are located in tropical regions.
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4. • Features
• Cyclones, or low pressure area systems, according to the National Institute of
Meteorology (on a world scale), are an area that has lower atmospheric
pressure than neighboring areas and has a closed circulation center, whose
winds blow inward, around the of that center. Cyclone circulation differs in
the two hemispheres: in the Northern Hemisphere, they rotate
counterclockwise, and in the Southern Hemisphere, clockwise.
• Types
• → tropical
• → subtropical
• → extratropical
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5. • Causes
• Cyclones are caused by the movement of air in a zone of low atmospheric
pressure: warm and humid air rises to the upper layers of the atmosphere,
while cold, drier and denser air descends to the surface, causing the
atmospheric pressure reduction.
• Consequences
• The consequences are that cyclones are very dangerous and because of that
they can cause great catastrophes that can even sometimes destroy cities.
• Solutions and Measures
• move the population from risk zones to safer ones.
• Alert the populations about the future event that will happen
• Do a study on what they should do about the relevant.
• They carry out a study on the quotation of available funds to survive in this
time when the relevant will happen.
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6. Earthquakes
• Throughout history, we’ve built
impressive structures and cities, only for them
to succumb to the forces of nature. Earthquakes
are one of the Earth’s most destructive forces —
seismic waves throughout the ground can
destroy buildings, take lives and cost
tremendous amounts of money for loss and
repair.
• According to the National Earthquake
Information Center, there are an average
of 20,000 earthquakes each year —16 of them
being major disasters. On August 14, 2021, a
magnitude 7.2 earthquake struck the southwest
region of Haiti and killed over 2,000 people. As
with other earthquakes, much of the damage
was caused by buildings collapsing with people
inside them, making earthquake-proof buildings
a must.
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7. • How Earthquakes Impact Buildings
• Before we look at the features of earthquake-proof buildings, it’s important to
understand how earthquakes impact man-made structures. When an
earthquake occurs, it sends shockwaves throughout the ground in short rapid
intervals that extend in all directions. While buildings are generally equipped
to handle vertical forces from their weight and gravity, they cannot
traditionally handle side-to-side forces emitted by quakes.
• This horizontal movement vibrates walls, floors, columns, beams and the
connectors that hold them together. The difference in movement between
the bottom and top of buildings exerts extreme stress, causing the supporting
frame to rupture and the entire structure to eventually collapse.
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8. How to Make a Building Earthquake-proof
• One way to resist ground forces is to
“lift” the building’s foundation above
the earth through a method called base
isolation. Base isolation involves
constructing a building on top of flexible
pads made of steel, rubber and lead.
When the base moves during an
earthquake, the isolators vibrate while
the structure itself remains steady. This
effectively helps to absorb seismic
waves and prevent them from traveling
through the building.
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9. Counter Forces with Damping
• If you’re familiar with shock absorbers
used in cars, you might be surprised to
learn that engineers also use a version
of them in earthquake-resistant
buildings. Similar to their use in cars,
shock absorbers reduce the
shockwaves’ magnitude and help
reduce pressure on the building. This is
accomplished in two ways: vibrational
control devices and pendulum power.
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10. Vibrational Control Devices
• Pendulum Power
• Another common damping method is
pendulum power, used primarily
in skyscrapers. To implement this,
engineers suspend a large ball from
steel cables that connect to a hydraulic
system at the top of the building. When
the building begins to sway, the ball acts
as a pendulum and moves in the
opposite direction to stabilize the
building. Like damping, these features
are tuned to match and counteract the
building’s movement in the event of an
earthquake.
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11. Taipei 101 in Taiwan
the 3rd tallest building
in the world
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12. Reinforce the Building’s Structure
• Shear walls are a useful building technology that can
help transfer earthquake forces. Made of multiple
panels, these walls help a building keep its shape during
movement. Shear walls are often supported by diagonal
cross braces made of steel. These beams can support
compression and tension, helping to counteract
pressure and push forces.
• Diaphragms are also a central part of a building’s
structure. Consisting of the building’s floors, roof and
the decks placed over them, diaphragms help remove
tension from the floor and push forces to the building’s
vertical structures.
• Moment-resisting frames provide additional flexibility in
a building’s design. These structures are placed among a
building’s joints and allow columns and beams to bend
while the joints remain rigid. Thus, the building is able to
resist the larger forces of an earthquake while still
allowing designers the freedom to arrange building
elements.
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13. Erosion
• Erosion control is one of the biggest concerns for many large construction
projects. Multiple factors can cause erosion, and every situation calls for
specific solutions based on the site and the severity of the problem.
Controlling erosion is important not just for preserving the construction site
and protecting the new structure but also for minimizing the environmental
impact that the project has on the surrounding area. Erosion control
measures can add significantly to the project cost, and manufacturers are
continually developing innovative products to minimize cost as well as
environmental impact.
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14. Articulated Concrete Blocks
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Articulated concrete blocks are revetment
systems that can be constructed in a wide
variety of shapes and thicknesses. The blocks
form a grid of interconnected units used for
erosion control on embankments of waterways
and manmade drainage channels.

15. MSE Walls
• Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls
have replaced many traditional concrete
retaining walls in recent decades.
MSE walls offer several advantages over
conventional reinforced concrete walls,
including ease and speed of installation.
This system also is adaptable to a variety
of sites.
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16. Geotextiles
• Geotextiles are commonly used to
control erosion and improve soils over
which roads, embankments, pipelines,
and earth-retaining structures are built.
Depending on the application,
geotextiles may have an open mesh
weave, a warp-knitted structure, or a
closed fabric or nonwoven surface. The
specific type of geotextile used is based
on several criteria, including separation,
filtration, drainage, reinforcement,
sealing, and protection.
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17. French drain
• A French drain is a system of
underground piping—called drain tile—
that channels surface and groundwater
to an exit point. The drain tile may also
be perforated to allow water to seep
into the soil below the tile, while excess
water travels to the exit point. French
drains are installed with a slope of
about 1 inch of drop per 10 feet of
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18. Soil nailing
• Soil nailing provides a resisting force
against slope failures and offers
relatively quick installation. The basic
installation procedure involves drilling
into the soil and placing a series of steel
bars—the nails—deep into the earth.
The nails are capped at the surface with
a facing to create a barrier similar to a
retaining wall. Soil nails also can be
driven into the soil and may or may not
be grouted in place after installatio
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19. Riprap
• Riprap is a commonly used method to
protect soil from erosion in areas of
concentrated runoff. Riprap is a layer of
very large stones interlocked together to
act as a barrier on slopes that are
unstable because of seepage problems
or areas that are receiving a large,
concentrated flow. This method is
commonly used to minimize erosion of
lake shores and riverbeds. Riprap often is
installed ove r a synthetic geotextile
membrane to prevent the soil from
moving through the riprap.
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20. Deforestation
• Deforestation is the permanent destruction of forests and woodlands. While
the phenomenon is not new, the current scale and pace of destruction is
alarming. Tropical forests are disappearing at a rate of about 13 million
hectares per year. This magnitude of destruction has an impact not only at a
local level, but also globally. Tropical forests are home to much of the planet's
biodiversity, hosting about half of all known species. Cutting down forests not
only threatens the extinction of a diverse range of plants and animals, but
also causes climate disruption: deforestation is responsible for around 20% of
global CO2 emissions, making it a major contributor to climate change.
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21. Solutions to Deforestation
• Government Regulations
• Reduce Consumption of Paper
• Educate Others
• Eat Less Meat
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22. Traffic jams
• Traffic jam is a situation in which a long
line of vehicles on a road have stopped
moving or are moving very slowly.
• And we can call traffic congestion
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23. Causes of traffic jam
• The lack of planning of city Road- Due to unplanned
parking and construction materials that are place beside
the road, the usable road space becomes low. So, with
the low road space it is common that very few vehicles
will get the chance to pass through them. It causes
traffic jam.
• Insufficient Road- Due to inadequate space in the Dhaka
City according to its population, we have very low road
space to offer for this huge population as buildings,
offices are consuming a huge portion of lands.
• Private Car Private- Car in the roads are also causing
traffic jam. The high number of vehicle which was
caused by population and the development of economy,
And people prefer to buy their own car.
• Inefficient Traffic Police- Traffic polices are inefficient
maintain traffics. Because of their inefficiency and
ineffectiveness people are suffering traffic jams.
• Reckless Driving- They also agree that reckless driving of
some drivers causes accidents and also creates traffic
jam. Due to reckless driving they cause others panic.
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24. How to solve traffic problem?
• -More people, will be willing to travel
through public transports rather than
private cars if proper public
transportation service can be offered.
People think that public transport, like
bus, can carry many passengers at the
same time which will reduce the cost
and time expense for them, and subway
can be a possible solution for a busy city
like Dhaka which do not has the ability
to provide wider road for the vehicles.
Subway can provide underground
access for the vehicles all over the city
and reduce traffic jam.
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25. How to solve traffic problem?
• -Decentralization According to the
drivers, people are normally moving
from their home to the offices, schools,
industries and markets. Maputo city
cannot provide adequate road facility
for all this activities.
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26. How to solve traffic problem?
• - Increase the number of public vehicle,
Public transport system in Maputo city
is not adequate and properly-routed.
Instead of big and spacious buses,
presence of large number of mini-buses
and private vehicles can only contribute
to carry few passengers, but not to
reduction of traffic congestion. Number
of public transport should be increased
to reduce traffic jam.
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27. THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION