Enclosure Systems as a part of MMBC VIII

1. 18ARC82_MATERIALS AND METHODS IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION VIII
VIII SEMESTER A SECTION

2. ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
Types, Properties and Materials

3. ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
The Enclosure is the term given to any
part of a building that physically
separates the external from the interior
environment. It is often referred to as the
‘building envelope’, although ‘enclosure’
is considered the more precise term.
The physical components of the building
enclosure include:
i. The roof system.
ii. The above-grade wall
system (including windows and
doors).
iii. The below-grade wall system.
iv. The base floor system.
The primary function of the enclosure is
to separate the interior environment from
the exterior environment to which it is
exposed.

4. ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
THE EVOLUTION OF THE BUILDING ENVELOPE

5. ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
The building enclosure is a three-dimensional, multi-layer, multi- material assembly
that extends from the inside face of the innermost interior layer (e.g., the paint or
wallpaper) to the outside face of the outermost layer (e.g., paint or roof shingles).
The overall enclosure is made up of all the contiguous enclosure sub- assemblies.
Function
A building envelope serves many functions. These functions can be divided into 4
categories :
1. Support: to ensure strength and rigidity; providing structural support
against internal and external loads and forces.
2. Control: to control the exchange of water, air, condensation and heat
between the interior and exterior of the building.
3. Finish: this is for aesthetic purposes. To make the building look
attractive while still performing support and control functions.
4. Distribute: i.e., to distribute services or utilities such as power,
communication, waterin its various forms, gas, and
conditioned air, to, from, and within the enclosure itself.

6. ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
There are many type building enclosure systems
• Stick
• Unitized
• Panel
• Cable net/Point supported Glazing
• Window Wall/Store Front
• Glass Fin walls
• Double wall assemblies
Stick System:
• Stick system are often used on low to mid rise buildings.
• Fabricated as individual pieces and parts
• Assembled and erected on the job site.
• Generally supported off of the face or top of the
buildings floor structure.
Unitized System
• Benefit greatly from repetition of form and extensive ‘shop’ fabrication.
• Fabricated as individual units in shop environment
• Erected on the job site with a minimum of additional field assembly required.

7. ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
Panel System:
• Cast concrete panel system
• Benefit greatly from repetition of size and shape.
Cable net/Point supported Glazing :
• Large expanses of glass
• Transparent architecture
Window Wall/Store Front
• Gravity loaded between floors
• Unitized, stick, or a combination, referred to as a
unit on a stick.
Glass Fin walls
• Utilizes glass as a structural element
• Used to achieve a high degree of transparency
• Glass is gravity loaded at the bottom
• Generally used at main entries and lobbies

8. ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
Double-wall assemblies
• Ventilated double wall systems are assemblies
consisting of 2 glazed walls often separated by an
air cavity.
• Designed to increase the use of fresh air and
daylight for the building occupants
• Increase the overall energy efficiency of the building.
• Automatic Daylight control
• Draw heat away from the interior
• Insulates interior during the cooling season
Pressure-equalized Rain Screens
• The concept behind pressure equalized rain screens
is to create air pressure chambers behind the
cladding by compartmentalizing the air space with
baffles.
• Wind pressures would be neutralized in these
pressure equalization compartments, thus
eliminating a driving force for rain penetration

9. ENCLOSURE SYSTEMS
Designing an effective building enclosure must
properly consider the following factors:
• Climatic zone where the building is located
• Annual exposure to precipitation
• Intended use or occupancy of the building
(interior climate class),
• Visual/spatial considerations – visual how the system is
gone look like
• Gravity loads – how the gravity- type of loads transfer it
onto the structure.
• Lateral resistance
• Seismic loads
• Live load deflection
• Air and water containment – weather and climate
• Noise and vibration
• Soil type
• Topography
• Energy efficiency – is becoming more and more important,
especially in China, they are becoming more and more
aware of energy concerns in past few years.
PROPERTIES OF GOOD
ENCLOSURE
i. Good strength and rigidity.
ii. Control of heat flow.
iii. Control of airflow.
iv. Control of water vapor flow.
v. Control of liquid water movement.
vi. Stability and durability of materials.
vii. Fire resistance.
viii. Aesthetic considerations.
ix. Cost efficient.

10. MATERIALS
LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE
Preparation of lightweight concrete
1. Lightweight concrete is obtained by
inserting gas bubbles or air into the mixture
of plastic cement(mixed with fine sand)
2. Lightweight concrete did not contain stones
included as porous mortar.
ADVANTAGES
• High thermal insulation.
• High moisture movement.
• High shrinkage.
• Acoustic properties.
• Durability.
• Fire insulation

11. MATERIALS
ZINC PANELLING
Lightweight material par excellence, Zinc is a
non-ferrous metal that provides an effective solution for
coating buildings exposed to adverse weather
conditions while simultaneously delivering a creative
response to the requirements of the program and the
users of the project.
• Zinc panels can adapt to complex shapes
and be precisely perforated
Zinc responds to the environment and protects itself
over time
• Striated panels increase rigidity and avoid
deformations in the material

12. MATERIALS
GLASS-REINFORCED CONCRETE
Glass-reinforced concrete (GRC), or glass-fiber
reinforced concrete(GFRC), is a construction
material that is commonly used to form exterior
cladding panels. It has grown in popularity with
architects and engineers because of its ability to
be formed into various sizes, shapes, or profile
• GRC is typically manufactured in thin
sections, by machine-spraying an enriched
ordinary Portland cement and aggregate mix
with glass fibers dispersed throughout. These
fibers serve a similar purpose to steel rebar in
reinforced concrete but are not susceptible to
rust.

13. SPECIAL AND LIGHTWEIGHT
MATERIALS
Ex. Concretes, plastics

14. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
Lightweight materials include lightweight concrete and plastics and other composite
materials used for construction.
A representative survey of trade visitors has shown that about half consider
lightweight construction a priority when it comes to developing innovative components,
followed by the reduction of materials cost and automation
ADVANTAGES OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTION
• Lightweight construction aims to save weight
through clever engineering
• Reduction of cost
• Reduction of weight
• Shorter process cycles
• Achievement in a special design

15. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
TYPES
• Composites- Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic, Glass Fiber Reinforced
Plastic
• Metals- Aluminum, High Strength Steel, Magnesium, Titanium
• Plastics- Polycarbonate, Polypropylene

16. SPECIAL AND LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS
AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE
BRICKS
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete is a lightweight,
loadbearing, high-insulating, durable building
product, which is produced in a wide range of
sizes and strengths. AAC block is lightweight
and compared to the red bricks AAC blocks are
three times lighter.
Applications
• Load bearing and
• Non load-bearing walls
ADVANTAGES
• Excellent thermal insulation
• Acoustic absorption properties
• Light weight

17. SPECIAL AND LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS
NO FINES CONCRETE
No fines concrete is one type of
lightweight concrete. As the name
indicates, this is a concrete mix
without fine aggregate or sand. This
type of concrete consists of only
water, cement, and coarse
aggregate.
The uses of this type of concrete are
as follows:
• Construction of external
load-bearing wall
• Construction of the small retaining
wall
• As damp-proof material
• Construction of temporary
structures

18. SPECIAL AND LIGHTWEIGHT MATERIALS
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF LWC
ADVANTAGES
• Reduces the dead load of the building.
• Easy to handle and hence reduces the cost of transportation and handling.
• Improves theworkability.
• Relatively low thermal conductivity.
• Comparatively more durable.
• Good resistance to freezing and thawing action when compared to conventional
concrete.
DISADVANTAGES
• Very sensitive to water content in the mixture.
• Difficult to place and finish because of porosity and angularity of the aggregate.
In some mixed, the cement mortar may separate the aggregate and float
towards the surface.
• Mixing time is longer than conventional concrete to assure proper
mixing.
• Lightweight Concrete is porous and shows poor resistance.

19. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
Glass-reinforced concrete
Glass-reinforced concrete (GRC), or
glass-fiber reinforced concrete(GFRC), is
cement plus sand, and the glass fibers. Glass
fibers are used as reinforcement for concrete.
Application
Building renovation works Water
and drainage works Bridge and
tunnel lining panels Architectural
cladding Acoustic barriers and
screens
Advantages
• its ability to be formed into various sizes,
shape, or profile

20. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

21. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
The main structure of the Heydar
Aliyev cultural centre is a mix of
reinforced concrete, steel frame
structures, and composite beams
and decks. The space frame is
composed of a special tube and
node system

22. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

23. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS

24. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
Digitally controlled shading canopy

25. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
PLASTICS
'Plastic' is a general name given to a wide
range of synthetic materials that are based on
polymers.
The construction industry uses plastic for a
wide range of applications because of its
versatility, strength-to-weight ratio, durability,
corrosion resistance, and so on.
Plastic can be manufactured into forms such
as pipes, cables, coverings, panels, films,
sheets, and so on; and can be formed or
expanded to create low-density materials; and
be dissolved in solvents or dispersed as
emulsions.

26. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
TYPES
Some of the main types of plastic that are used in
construction include:
• ACRYLIC
• COMPOSITES
• EXPANDED POLYSTYRENE
• ETFE
• POLYCARBONATE
• POLYETHYLENE
• POLYPROPYLENE
• POLYVINYL CHLORIDE(PVC)
• PTF

27. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
ACRYLIC
• Sheeting is often referred to as
Plexi Glass or Acrylic glass.
• It has been around for decades
and is a much stronger and
safer alternative building material
than glass and other plastics.

28. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
ACRYLIC
USES
• Commercial and Residential Windows
• Skylights
• Secure Facilities
• When it comes to security, plexiglass acrylic plays an essential role.
Government buildings, ATMs, detention centers, and other secure facilities
use plexiglass to keep the building and people safe. Because it’s much lighter
than other materials, plexiglass acrylic is easy to install and is extremely
cost-effective.
• It has a very high resistance to damage and abrasions, making it one of the
strongest plastics, providing a high level of protection for facilities.
• Solar Panels

29. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
PVC-POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
• PVC makes a major contribution to
the quality, safety and cost-
effectiveness of construction
materials, as well as helping to
contribute to the sustainability of
completed projects.
• PVC is the most widely used
in building and construction
applications.
• PVC has a versatility that helps it meet
modern design needs.
• In addition to new projects, PVC is
also widely used in refurbishment
where it often replaces traditional
materials such as clay and wood.

30. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE)
Building Material
Sustainable building material is a 100%
post-consumer recycled plastic made from
high-density polyethylene (HDPE).
It can be used for both interior and exterior
applications, such as outdoor play
equipment, cutting boards, bathroom
partitions, and boat cabinetry. It has a UV
stabilizer that keeps colors vibrant even if the
material is left outside

31. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
POLYCARBONATES (PC) are a group of
thermoplastic polymers containing carbonate
groups in their chemical
structures. Polycarbonates used in
engineering are strong, tough materials, and
some grades are optically transparent. They
are easily worked, molded, and thermoformed.

32. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
ETFE
Ethylene tetra fluoro ethylene is a
fluorine-based plastic. It was designed to
have high corrosion resistance and strength
over a wide temperature range

33. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
USES
• Cladding and roofing membranes
• Floor and wall coverings
• Window and door profiles
• Wiring and cable sheathing
• Insulation
• Pipes and conduit
LIGHTWEIGHT PLASTIC ROOFING
Properties
• UV protection
• Composite Lightweight Plastic
roofing materials/Synthetic Resin
roof tile/PVC plastic roofing
• Polycarbonate Sheet Roofing Material
Lightweight Plastic Sheet,
Polycarbonate Honeycomb

34. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
PVC flooring PVC Jali
PVC Screens PVC Mat

35. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
POLYCARBONATE
• Polycarbonate is a kind of thermoplastic- that is a
polymer that becomes pliable or mouldable above
a specific temperature and returns to a solid state
upon cooling.
• Polycarbonate panels are used mainly for façade
glazing and cladding, as an alternative to glass or
GRP curtain walling and cladding, as well as
conventional rain-screen systems. They can also
be used for roofing, canopies, and interior design
elements.
• Polycarbonate falls under engineering
thermoplastics.
• Because of specific properties that allow them to be
used in rigorous applications, particularly in the
electronics, automotive, construction and
manufacturing fields.

36. SPECIAL AND LIGHT WEIGHT MATERIALS
ALUMINIUM COMPOSITE PANELS
• Aluminium composite panels are nothing
but sandwich panels comprising of two
aluminium sheets bonded to a
non-aluminium core.
Applications
1. Interior designs
2. Outdoor works
Advantages
1. Economical cladding material
2. Durable and strong
3. Easy installation
4. Unbreakable
5. Stain resistant
6. Weather resistant