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Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques

The document provides an extensive overview of roofing, focusing on types, materials, and the advantages of clay tiles. Key points include the functional and aesthetic roles of roofs, the maintenance needs of various roofing materials, and the specific characteristics of clay tiles that make them durable, weather-resistant, and environmentally friendly. The document also compares concrete and clay tiles in terms of weight, absorption, maintenance, durability, and cost.

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TILE ROOFING Group members ARBANIABUD MAWTOH BA13ARC008 PANTHAM NAVANEETH BA13ARCO34 SHREYA SABLE BA13ARC041 SACHI DONGARWAR BA13ARC042 PRATIBHA PATIL BA13ARCO37 PRASAD THANTHARATEY BA13ARC049 YOGESH KUMAR BA13ARC056
WHAT IS ROOFING??? A roof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather.  Roof protects primarily against rain , heat, sunlight, cold, snow and wind.  It is the part primarily responsible both for indoor comfort and for damage suffered during earthquakes and hurricanes. A well-designed durable roof can compensate for a great number of problems that may arise in other parts of the building.
COMMON ROOF TYPES FLAT ROOFS SLOPING ROOFS CURVED ROOFS
Roofing Materials & Options •Asphalt Composition Shingles •Clay Tile •Concrete Tile •Metal •Slate •Synthetic Slate (Rubber Composite) •Wood Shingle/Shake •Thatch Roofing •Tar and Gravel (Built-Up Roofing or BUR) •Modified Bitumen (A Hybrid Built-Up Roof)
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF ROOFING MATERIAL • TYPE OF BUILDING • TYPE OF FRAMEWORK • INITIAL COST • MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS • FABRICATION FACILITIES • APPEARANCE AND SPECIAL FEATURES OF LOCALITY • AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL • CLIMATE OF LOCALITY
THE DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF THE ROOFING TILES ARE: 1. They should not absorb moisture more than 20 per cent by weight. 2. They should give pleasing look. 3. They should be capable of taking load of a man safely, after they are supported on reapers. 4. They should be durable. 5. They should be uniform in shape and size.
MAINTENANCE • BURNT CLAY TILES REQUIRES INSPECTIONS AT LEAST TWICE A YEAR SO AS TO LAST FOR FURTHER YEARS. • THEY OFTEN DEVELOP CRACKS WITH YEARS. • A CRACKED TILE NEEDS TO BE REPLACED OR REPAIRED IN PLACE. • MIX UP A SMALL AMOUNT OF MORTAR AND CAREFULLY FILL IN THE CRACK. BE SURE TO WET THE TILE WITH PLENTY OF WATER TO HELP THE MORTAR SET UP PROPERLY. • TILES WILL BE SLIPPERY WHEN WET.
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. The word is derived from the French word tuile, which is, in turn, from the Latin word tegula, meaning a roof tile composed of fired clay. Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex mosaics. Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed for roofing, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete and other composite materials, and stone. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles can be used on walls than on floors, which require more durable surfaces that will resist impacts. What is a tile?!
BURNT CLAY TILE ROOFING
Clay roof tiles are one of the oldest types of roofing materials, dating back hundreds of years. They are made from natural clay that is baked to remove excess moisture, and they may be glazed or unglazed. BURNT CLAY TILE ROOFING Why Clay?... Clay is one of the most common materials used for roof tiles because of its value for money as well as efficiency; clay tiles also have a long lifespan even when exposed to harsh weather conditions
ROOF TILES: Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as terracotta or slate. Modern materials such as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a waterproof glaze. A large number of shapes (or "profiles") of roof tiles have evolved. These include: • Flat tiles – the simplest type, which are laid in regular overlapping rows. An example of this is the clay-made "beaver-tail" tile (German Biberschwanz), common in Southern Germany. Flat roof tiles are usually made of clay but also may be made of stone, wood, plastic, concrete, or solar cells.
• Imbrex and Tegula – Were overlapping roof tiles used in ancient Greek and Roman architecture as a waterproof and durable roof coverings. They were predominantly made of fired clay, but also sometimes of marble, bronze or gilt. In Rome they replaced shingles, and were used on almost every type of structure from humble outbuildings to grand temples and • The tegula was a plain flat tile or flat tile with raised edges, which was laid upon the roof, while the imbrex was a semicircular roofing tile, like a half pipe, laid over the joints between the tegulae. • When well made and properly imbricated(overlapped) there was little need for further waterproofing or sealants.
• Pantiles – with an S-shaped profile, allowing adjacent tiles to interlock. These result in a ridged pattern resembling a ploughed field. An example of this is the "double Roman" tile, dating from the late 19th century in England and USA. • It is singe lap, meaning that the end of the tile laps only the course immediately below. Flat tiles normally lap two courses. • These are considerably light weight. Roman tiles – flat in the middle, with a concave curve at one end at a convex curve at the other, to allow interlocking.
• Mission or barrel tiles – semi- cylindrical tiles laid in alternating columns of convex and concave tiles. Originally they were made by forming clay around a curved surface, often a log or the maker's thigh. Today barrel tiles are mass-produced from clay, metal, concrete or plastic. • Interlocking roof tiles – similar to pantiles with side and top locking to improve protection from water and wind. • Antefixes – vertical blocks which terminate the covering tiles of a tiled roof.
MANGALORE TILES • These are type of tile native to the city of Mangalore, India . These are prepared from hard laterite clay and were only tiles recommended for government buildings in India under British raj. • They provide excellent ventilation especially during summer and aesthetically as well . These tiles are not only eco-friendly but also cheap, durable and costs only one-third that of cement . these tiles are suited for regions experiencing heavy rainfall as water drains easily and fast. • These are placed at 45 degrees slant and get their robust red colour due to high proportion of iron in the clay.
•Guna tiles : these are hallow tapered burnt clay tiles. These are conical in shape with a base diameter of 100mm at the broader end and 75mm at the narrower end. The thickness of the annular ring is 6mm. These are found in the vaulted roofing of Auroville residences, Pondicherry. •Pan tiles : these tiles are short and heavy . they are less curved in section than pot tiles . such tiles are moulded flat first and then they are given the required curvature by moulding in suitable forms . the drying and burning of tiles are done carefully to get better quality of tiles. •Pot tiles : these are ordinary half round country tiles and they are also known as the locking tiles . The polishing of inner and outer surfaces is done either with a wet cloth or a wetted strip of leather.
GUNA TUBE ROOFING • ROOFING WITH GUNA TUBES IS A VARIATION OF THE VAULT AND IS ACHIEVED BY SUBSTITUTING THE STANDARD MATERIAL USED TO EXECUTE THE CURVE, INSTEAD OF VOUSSOIR TYPE MASONRY. THIS METHOD IS UNIQUE SINCE AN ELEMENT CALLED ‘GUNA TUBE’ IS USED WHICH CONSISTS OF TAPERING CONICAL, BURNT CLAY PIPES ADAPTING THEM TO COME TOGETHER, SOCKET INTO ONE ANOTHER AND STACKED IN A CURVED FORM ALONG THE CENTERING FORMWORK. • A SERIES OF SUCH ARCHES MAKE A BARREL VAULT CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING CONSIDERABLE LOADS. THE TOP OF THE ROOF IS GIVEN A PLASTER FINISH. • AFTER JOINTS ARE FILLED AND TOPPED WITH PLASTER, THE ROOF BECOMES RIGID AND WATERPROOF, DOING TOTALLY WITHOUT STEEL OR TIMBER. • AIR INSIDE THE HOLLOW-TILED ROOF PROTECTS FROM HEAT AND COLD. IT IS FABRICATED AND READY FOR USE WITHIN THREE DAYS AND REQUIRES NO MAINTENANCE HAVING A LIFE SPAN OF MORE THAN FIFTY YEARS. BEING LIGHT IN WEIGHT THIS VARIATION OF THE VAULT ROOF IS SAFE EVEN IN EARTHQUAKE PRONE AREAS. •
• DUE TO ALL THESE ADVANTAGES, THIS METHOD HAS BEEN USED, BY VARIOUS ARCHITECTS IN THE AUROVILLE EXPERIMENT. THIS TYPE IS ALSO CALLED THE ‘WARDHA ROOF’ INCORPORATING A CATENARY ARCH PROFILE, OBTAINED VIA SUSPENSION DUE TO GRAVITATIONAL FORCES, WHICH IS MORE EFFICIENT THAN A CIRCLE SEGMENT. Examples from AUROVILLE
INNOVATIVE ROOFING TILES
ELEMENTS OF CLAY TILE ROOFING
P R O C E S S O F M A N U F A C T U R E
MOULDING PROCESS
DRYING OF HANDMADE CLAY TILES
PACAKAGING OF TILES
YARD STACKING OF TILES
BURNT CLAY TILE ROOFING Special properties Durable, waterproof cladding for sloped roofs Economical aspects Low to medium costs Stability Good Skills required Skilled labour Equipment required Clay tile production unit, roof construction equipment Resistance to earthquake Low Resistance to hurricane Medium to good Resistance to rain Very good Climate suitability All climates: but most commonly in humid areas Resistance to insects Very good
WHY CHOOSE CLAY ROOF TILES??? Insulating Properties The ability of clay to insulate, keeping inside temperatures warm in winter and cool in summer. Combined with a natural ability to reflect, instead of absorb, heat from the sun, clay tiles can reduce the energy required to maintain comfortable temperatures in your home. Superior Durability Clay roof tiles are fire-proof, as well as being impervious to the kinds of rot, mold, and water damage that can destroy other roofing materials. They are insect-proof and, depending on the specific tile you select, are resistant to damage from freezing and thawing.
Weather Resistance Weather resistance of clay roofing depends partly on the structure itself. Factors like the pitch of the roof determine how well the tiles perform in rain, snow, and ice.
FUNCTIONS • Clay tiles serve both an aesthetic and functional purpose. • They can be used to complement many different styles of architecture but are also very effective at protecting the home from exterior elements. • The natural air space under these tiles also helps keep the home cool, even in the warmest climates. COLOUR The overwhelming case for plain clay tiles rests upon aesthetics. The wide range of natural burnt colours from Red to Brown to Blue can be imitated but never reproduced with artificial colouring. The permanence of artifical colours is not guaranteed.
HERITAGE CLAY ROOF TILES FORM AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE. PLANNERS AND ARCHITECTS KEEN TO PRESERVE REGIONAL DISTINCTIVENESS THROUGH THE CLAY ROOF TILES. VERSATILITY THE SMALL SIZE OF PLAIN CLAY TILES PROVIDES THE VERSATILITY FOR THE ARCHITECT TO DESIGN ROOFSCAPES OF INFINITE INTERESTS. LARGE FORMAT ROOF TILES SIMPLY DO NOT OFFER THIS FLEXIBILITY. SUSTAINABILITY PLAIN CLAY TILES ARE A SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT, THE LONGEVITY OF CLAY MEANS THAT THE ENERGY AND RAW MATERIALS USED IN THEIR PRODUCTION ARE OFFSET OVER THE WHOLE LIFE OF THE ROOF, WHICH IN THE CASE OF MOST CLAY TILE ROOFS IS OVER 100 YEARS.
INSTALLATION •Clay tiles require a reinforced framing and sheathing system to support their added weight. •They also require an enhanced waterproofing membrane to keep water away from the roof structure. •Most clay tiles are fastened to wooden strips known as battens rather than directly to the roof deck. •Clay tile is not necessarily designed to repel water by itself; instead, it protects the underlayment or membrane from sunlight and weather damage so that this membrane can catch and repel excess water.
Roof tiles are 'hung' from the framework of a roof by fixing them with nails. The tiles are usually hung in parallel rows, with each row overlapping the row below it to exclude rainwater and to cover the nails that hold the row below. There are also roof tiles for special positions, particularly where the planes of the several pitches meet. They include ridge, hip and valley tiles. These can either be bedded and pointed in cement mortar or mechanically fixed. Similarly to roof tiling, tiling has been used to provide a protective weather envelope to the sides of timber frame buildings. These are hung on laths nailed to wall timbers, with tiles specially moulded to cover corners and jambs. Often these tiles are shaped at the exposed end to give a decorative effect. Another form of this is the so-called mathematical tile, which was hung on laths, nailed and then grouted. This form of tiling gives an imitation of brickwork and was developed to give the appearance of brick, but avoided the brick taxes of the 18th century.[1] Slate roof tiles were traditional in some areas near sources of supply, and gave thin and light tiles when the slate was split into its natural layers. It is no longer a cheap material, however, and is now less common.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Advantages • Highly resistant to weather • Superior strength and durability than all other roof coverings • High resistance to these naturally damaging weather types • Fire-resistant as well as resistant to harsh chemicals and extremes of hot or cold weather Disadvantages • Fairly expensive compared with many other roofing materials • Difficult to install, require professional installation by a contractor. • Most types of clay roof tiles are also relatively heavy and may require a reinforced or enhanced roofing system to support their weight.
What are the primary differences between Concrete and Clay tiles? 1. Water Absorption Concrete roofing tiles have a water absorption of about 13%, while clay roofing tiles have a water absorption of about 6 %. Consequently, this higher rate of water absorption leads to the development of mildew and stains on concrete tiles. Absorbed water also increases the already heavy weight of a concrete tile, and puts increases pressure on the roof structure. These issues are very minimal in clay tiles due to their low water absorption rate. 2. Weight Concrete tiles weigh almost 40% more than clay tiles. Concrete tiles can weigh anywhere from 820 to 1.100 pounds per square depending on the style, while most clay roofing tiles weigh only 600 – 650 pounds per square. As a result, it is more difficult for the roof structure to adequately support the heavier weight of concrete tiles vs. clay tiles. In some cases, concrete tiles are not recommended for use on buildings, unless the roof framing is reinforced to support the added weight. Propensity to crack and shatter
In colder climates, clay tiles have the tendency to crack or shatter due to freezing and thawing cycles. As a result, clay tiles are mostly found in warmer climates. Conversely, concrete tiles are not as susceptible to damage due to freezing temperatures, and therefore can be used in almost any climate. 3. Maintenance Heavier weight, higher rate of water absorption and formation of mildew makes concrete tiles a lot more challenging to maintain than clay tiles, which are almost free of these issues. For example, on ceramic finishes in Matte and Glazed clay tiles, absorption and mildew rates are almost non existent. This means that a clay roof would be practically maintenance free. 4. Color Longevity and Appearance Since clay is a naturally occurring material, clay tiles maintain their original color for years despite being subjected to weather conditions. The ceramic finishes offered by many clay roof tile manufacturers, are baked in high temperatures of around 2000 degrees, creating a non-porous finish that will virtually last forever. On the other hand, the color-thru technology used in concrete tiles is not as effective in maintaining the original bright tile color, and concrete tiles are known to fade over time. Due to its porous nature, concrete tiles are also more prone to stains than clay tiles.
5. Durability While both concrete and clay tiles outperform most other roofing materials in durability, at the end of the day clay is a more durable material than concrete. Concrete tiles may last between 30 to 50 years, while clay tiles may well last over 100 years. You can still see beautiful clay roofs on many buildings in Europe, which have been there for centuries. 6. Prices For all the reasons mentioned above it should come as no surprise that clay tiles cost about 30% more than concrete tiles Since both, clay and concrete tiles are expensive in comparison to most other roofing choices, you’ll need to consider whether all the added benefits that real tiles have to offer are worth the extra expense.
DOUBLY CURVED TILE ROOF
DOUBLY CURVED TILE ROOF • THIS SYSTEM OF ROOFING IS BASED ON THE USE OF ROOFING UNITS COMPRISING OF PRE-CAST 70 CM SQUARE DOUBLY CURVED TILES. • THEY ARE RESTING ON PARTIALLY PRE-CAST CEMENT CONCRETE BEAMS OR EVEN ON RAILS. • THOSE ARE USED IN PLACE OF SOLID RCC SLABS. • THESE ARE EITHER OF SQUARE OR OF RECTANGULAR SHAPE.
DESIGN: • THE TILES ARE DESIGNED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF SIMPLE SHELL WITH DOUBLE CURVATURE BY TAKING THE ADVANTAGE OF ITS PROPERTY OF RESISTANCE TO STATIC AND SHOCK LOADS. • IT HAS BEEN FOUND BY EXPERIENCE THAT A TILE SIZE OF ABOUT 70 CM X 70 CM X 2 CM THICK IS THE MOST CONVENIENT, BOTH FROM THE MAKING AND HANDLING POINTS OF VIEW.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION IT IS A SCHEMATIC FRONT ELEVATION VIEW SHOWING OF A SINGLE CURVED TILE ,HAVING ONE FULL CURVED PORTION WITH TWO SEMI-CURVED PORTIONS, ONE AT EACH SIDE OF THE ONE FULL CURVED POSITION.
IT IS SHOWING IN DETAIL A CONNECTION IN ONE DIRECTION BETWEEN THE LOWER GROOVES OF ONE TILE AND THE UPPER GROOVES OF A NEXT ADJACENT TILE WITH THE UPPER AND LOWER GROOVES OF EACH TILE IN PLACE WITH EACH OTHER CONNECTING THE TWO TILES TOGETHER.
TWO TILES ADJACENT TO EACH OTHER SHOWING IN DETAIL A CONNECTION IN ANOTHER DIRECTION, TRANSVERSE OR ORTHOGONAL TO THE FIRST DIRECTION WITH ONE TILE OVERLYING ITS NEXT ADJACENT TILE EXTENDING IN THE DIRECTION ORTHOGONAL TO THE TILES
IT IS A TRANSVERSE SECTIONAL VIEW OF THREE TIERS OF TILES IN OVERLAPPING RELATION WITH ADJACENT TILES HAVING ONE END OF ONE TILE ON TIER OVERLAPPING AN END OF ITS NEXT ADJACENT TILE IN AN ADJACENT TIER
IT IS A COVERING PART SHOWING A PARTIAL VIEW OF AN INSTALLATION WITH TWO FRONT TILES CONNECTED TOGETHER, FORMING A FIRST TIER IN A LONGITUDINAL AND TWO REAR TILES IN A SECOND TIER CONNECTED TOGETHER AND WITH THE TWO REAR TILES IN THE SECOND TIER CONNECTED TOGETHER OVERLAPPING OR OVERLYING THE FRONT PAIR OF CONNECTED TILES IN THE FIRST TIER.
ROOF INSTALLATION: • The doubly curved tiles are placed over purlins resting on supporting walls. • The tiles are placed with their edges bearing on the Foot of the rails on either side of the web to get a better view from the Inside of the roofs.
VARIETIES:
ADVANTAGES: • NO REINFORCEMENT STEEL IS USED, WHICH IS THE MAIN SAVING IN THIS TYPE OF ROOF. • THE USE OF SHUTTERING IS TOTALLY ELIMINATED. • OF MAKING TILES AND JOISTS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF IS SO DEVISED THAT IT CAN BE EASILY ADOPTED BY LESS SKILLED WORKERS EVEN AT THE VILLAGE LEVEL.
FERROCEMENT ROOFING
WHAT IS FERROCEMENT??? Portland cement sand Steel mesh •The term Ferro cement, also referred to as Ferro concrete or reinforced concrete, is most commonly applied to a mixture of Portland cement and sand applied over layers of woven or expanded steel mesh and closely spaced small- diameter steel rods rebar. •It can be used to form relatively thin, compound curved sheets to make shell roofs, hulls for boats, water tanks, etc. It has been used in a wide range of other applications including sculpture and prefabricated building components.
FERRO CEMENT ROOFING • The ferro cement roof consists panels size 1.5mtrs.X1.2mtrs. Approximately and ferro cement portal and purlins replacing AC sheets and structural steel trusses and purlins. • Unlike ac sheet metal, frp roof all the ferro cement panels are joined monolithically. There will be no nuts and bolt arrangement as in the case of AC sheet metal, FRP roofs. • But ferro cement panels shall be connected to the purlins and portal by welding and in-situ vibrated cement matrix application. Or ferro cement mega tiles of size 1.5 x 1.2 m. Or more are laid just like mangalore tiles with most effective interlocking arrangement to prevent rain water entry below. • There will be least heat transfer as compared to ac sheets etc. The space below the roof shall be neat and clean since the steel trusses are eliminated. There will be far better storage space below without obstruction.
• Ferro cement roofs can be made in situ or with precast components, the former being useful for free forms, the latter being appropriate for modular and repetitive constructions. • Ferro cement roofs can be made to span large areas without supporting structures, thus saving costs and providing unobstructed covered areas. • Ferro cement is a form of RCC made from mortar and layers of thinly spaced steel rods or wires. Layers behave together as a composite, in which the concrete absorbs most of the compression and the steel reinforcing absorbs the tensile and shear stresses. Mortar is the term applied to the mixture of cement, sand, and water before it solidifies into concrete. FERRO CONCRETE ROOFING TILES
•Ferroconcrete roofs are exteremly thin but have a higher percentage of reinforcement than reinforced concrete, thus achieving a high tensile strength to weight ratio .Further stregnth and rigidity is achieved by curvature or folds. •Ferrocement roofs can be ,add in situ or with precast components, the former being useful for free forms , the latter being used for modular and repetitive constructions. •Depending on the design, ferrocemnt roofs can be made to span large areas without supporting structures, thus saving costs and providng unobstructed covered areas.
• DURABILITY estimates range from 30 to 50 years. • Weigh between 9 1/2 and 12 pounds(1 pound =.45 gram) per square foot. • Size is 265mm by 165 mm and 12mm thick. • Require low maintenance • offer good fire protection and are resistant to rot and insects. •Cost- inr 150 to inr 300/ sq.Ft
• Plain tiles, pan tiles, roman tiles, interlocking tiles, and ridge, hip and valley tiles are made of this material. • The mixture is composed of normal portland cement and clean well-graded sand. • The body treated with mineral granules which have been coated with color. pantiles ridge Roman tiles TYPES OF FERROCEMENT TILES
Diferrent types of ferrocement tiles based on their positon on to the roof and the function it serves. TYPES OF FERROCEMENT TILES
Concrete roofs present a number of benefits including the fact that these are: Durable – many concrete roofs, when properly maintained, can last for decades. Annual upkeep is recommended as discussed later on in this article. Fire Resistant – most concrete tiles beat out the competition when it comes to calming wildfires or domestic fires, unlike wood and other roofing materials. Hail Resistant - hail is one of the top threats to properly maintained roofing. Concrete tiles however, are resistant to the impact made from hail storms. Advanced testing has helped to prove this. Affordability – concrete roofs rank higher in terms of affordability, when taking into account the cost of annual maintenance, as well as the life cycle of the roofing. Eco-friendly – similar to other types of roofing materials, a concrete roof can be recycled, and it’s furthermore promoted to be energy-efficient.
M A N U F A C T U R I N G PROCESS USED TO CREATEOBJECTS OF A FIXED,CROSS-SECTIONAL PROFILE
FIXING •THE USUAL LAP FOR PLAIN TILING IS 65MM, FOR PITCHED ROOF AT 37 DEGREE. •FOR PITCHES UP TO 60 DEGREE THE TILES SHOULD BE TWICE NAILED IN EVERY THIRD COURSE TO ONCE NAILED IN EACH COURSE. •FOR PITCHES EXCEEDING 60 DEGREE ALL TILES SHOULD BE NAILED TWICE. •THE NAILS ARE USUALLY 38 MM LONG AND MAY BE EITHER GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON, ZINC, COPPER OR COMPOSITION.
•Prepare iron bars before making concrete. The distance between two ion bars ranges from 0.9 to 1 m. •Prepare iron structure on concrete roof. •In case of timber, lay the necessary joist at defined separations. •Tile the roof. •When covering roof tiles, the first piece should be kept placed on roof’s right corner •away from the outside hip of the beam. •Cover the whole lower line, then moving upwards. •While moving on the upper line, the tiles above should coincide with the tiles below, perfectly interlocked between the grooves paving way for easy installation on to the rafters. If nailing them, a minimum 3cm nail should be used to fix on the rafters. •Every ten piece distance should have a plumb line running down ward to make sure the water gets ot of the system INSTALLATION DETAILS
The structural steel frame work of portals and purlins in position being made ready for in situ Ferro cement concrete work. Span 12.2 Meter View of the roof from inside The fans and electrical fittings attache d to roof can been seen.
This is inside of the roof consisting of Ferro cement portals and purlins. All cast in situ finish smooth. Electrical installation fixed to the roof is visible. Ferro cement roof interlocking tiles size 1.2x0.9mX20mm thick. Size can be increased to 2.4 x 1.2m x 25mm thick or so and laid in position with new arrangement supported by Ferro cement portal.
Corroded metal roof Such corrosion is not possible with Ferro cement Tarpaulin over leaking Roof. No such covering required over Ferro cement Roof for lifetime
The elegance of soffit of Ferro cement roof. Increase in storage space as compared to Steel trusses. This is a roof of a small structure with cast in situ treatment. The white band all around is also of Ferro cement.
WATERPROOFING •The installation and shape of the tiles should help in bringing the waterproofing criteria. •The backside, if, provided with ridges pertaining deep slots will proof rain water. •Two deep slots block rain water movement from the under of the roof.
To keep your concrete roofs in the best shape, be sure to follow some of the below guidelines:  Annual Inspections – have an expert roofing examine the roof once per year. The roofing contractor will have the tools and techniques needed to see cracks or holes that may be hard to see with an untrained eye.  Coating – add waterproof coating and other specialized formulas to maximize the performance of the roof.  Annual Cleaning – just like other roofing tiles, the space should be cleaned to increase curb appeal.  Concrete roof tiles feature low-upkeep and big value. Should one or more of the roofing tiles be damaged, these can be easily replaced by a roofing contractor in the area.  Extensive Repairs – in some instances, Lead Flashing repairs are recommended instead of a replacement. In this event, a roofer is also advised, as they will be trained on safety and the best materials to get the job done right on the first try.
COLORED ROOFS
•The assembly of the roof is done manually. After placing the bough side by side , the gaps between them and the top of the walls are cloesd by insering precast filler blocks and sealed around edges. • Polythene sheet is laid over the troughs, which are covered with a 20mm layer of loose gravel for improved thermal performance and to proect the sheet. •The gravel is kept in lace by precast, shaped, no fines concrete blocks placed at the ends of troughs. The rainwater that collects in the troughs percolates throug the no fines concreete nd can be collected. Hence a 5% slope is suitable. RAIN WATER HARVESTING THROUGH THE TILES
Ferrocement roofing channels are mnufactured using fixed proportionof cement,sand and water to give high stregnth to the morta that is reinforced with a layer of galvanized iron chicken mesh of 22 guage and t steel bars of 8-12 mm diameter provided in the bottom ribs of the channels can be safely transported after a curing period of 14 days. FERROCONCRETE ROOF CHANNELS Ferroconrete roofing chanels have a uniform segmental profile, they are 2.5 cm thick and 83cm wide. Maximum length of mechanically produced channels can be 6 ms. Longer spans for roofing can be built with intermediate supports.
PROVIDE AN ECONOMIC SOLUTION TO SLAB BY PROVIDING 30 TO 40 % RREDUCTIN ON FLOOR/ROOF UNIT OVER RCC SLABS WITHUT COMPRMISING THE STRENGTH. THESE BEING PRECAST, CONSTRUCTION IS SPEEDY, ECONOMIC DUE TO AVOIDANCE OF SHUTTERING AND FACILITATE QUALITY CONTROL FERROCONCRETE ROOF CHANNELS
BUILDINGS WHERE FERROCEMENT ROOF IS USED
NAUTILUS HOUSE • LOCATION: NEAR MEXICO CITY • ARCHITECT: JAVIER SENOSIAIN OF ARCHITECTURE ORGANISATION
BALLENA MEXICANA, 1992 (THE MEXICAN WHALE HOUSE) •LOCATION: MEXICO •ARCHITECT: JAVIER SENOSIAIN
“DOME HOME” OF PENSACOLA BEACH, 2002• LOCATION: PENSACOLA BEACH, FLORIDA • ARCHITECT: JONATHAN ZIMMERMAN
RESTAURANT LOS MANATIALES, 1958 • LOCATION: XOCHIMILCO, MEXICO • ARCHITECT: FELIX CANDELA
PRECAST JOISTS
Typical joist Section And Bearing connection
 The ease of incorporation into the structural concept maintains creativity in design.  The joist system is not tied to specific component width, depth or spacing, such as precast/prestressed structures.  The concrete joist system with the self-supporting deck slab formwork and soffit beams reduces the construction schedule by reducing the amount of shoring and framework required, when compared to a complete cast in place system. The reduced shoring is ideal for use in areas requiring minimal shoring or having large floor to ceiling distances.
 When incorporated with cast in place slabs, soffit beams, and columns the joist system provides the advantages of monolithic connections and reduces the amount of welded or bolted connections and minimizing additional building maintenance concerns.  Concrete joist can be utilized with tilt wall, precast, cast in place, and masonry construction.
LIGHTWEIGHT WOOD JOISTS
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques
Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques

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Tile Roofing- Materials and Techniques

  • 1.
    TILE ROOFING Group members ARBANIABUDMAWTOH BA13ARC008 PANTHAM NAVANEETH BA13ARCO34 SHREYA SABLE BA13ARC041 SACHI DONGARWAR BA13ARC042 PRATIBHA PATIL BA13ARCO37 PRASAD THANTHARATEY BA13ARC049 YOGESH KUMAR BA13ARC056
  • 2.
    WHAT IS ROOFING??? Aroof is the covering on the uppermost part of a building. A roof protects the building and its contents from the effects of weather.  Roof protects primarily against rain , heat, sunlight, cold, snow and wind.  It is the part primarily responsible both for indoor comfort and for damage suffered during earthquakes and hurricanes. A well-designed durable roof can compensate for a great number of problems that may arise in other parts of the building.
  • 4.
    COMMON ROOF TYPES FLATROOFS SLOPING ROOFS CURVED ROOFS
  • 6.
    Roofing Materials &Options •Asphalt Composition Shingles •Clay Tile •Concrete Tile •Metal •Slate •Synthetic Slate (Rubber Composite) •Wood Shingle/Shake •Thatch Roofing •Tar and Gravel (Built-Up Roofing or BUR) •Modified Bitumen (A Hybrid Built-Up Roof)
  • 7.
    FACTORS AFFECTING THESELECTION OF ROOFING MATERIAL • TYPE OF BUILDING • TYPE OF FRAMEWORK • INITIAL COST • MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS • FABRICATION FACILITIES • APPEARANCE AND SPECIAL FEATURES OF LOCALITY • AVAILABILITY OF MATERIAL • CLIMATE OF LOCALITY
  • 8.
    THE DESIRABLE PROPERTIESOF THE ROOFING TILES ARE: 1. They should not absorb moisture more than 20 per cent by weight. 2. They should give pleasing look. 3. They should be capable of taking load of a man safely, after they are supported on reapers. 4. They should be durable. 5. They should be uniform in shape and size.
  • 9.
    MAINTENANCE • BURNT CLAYTILES REQUIRES INSPECTIONS AT LEAST TWICE A YEAR SO AS TO LAST FOR FURTHER YEARS. • THEY OFTEN DEVELOP CRACKS WITH YEARS. • A CRACKED TILE NEEDS TO BE REPLACED OR REPAIRED IN PLACE. • MIX UP A SMALL AMOUNT OF MORTAR AND CAREFULLY FILL IN THE CRACK. BE SURE TO WET THE TILE WITH PLENTY OF WATER TO HELP THE MORTAR SET UP PROPERLY. • TILES WILL BE SLIPPERY WHEN WET.
  • 10.
    A tile isa manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. The word is derived from the French word tuile, which is, in turn, from the Latin word tegula, meaning a roof tile composed of fired clay. Tiles are often used to form wall and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex mosaics. Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed for roofing, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete and other composite materials, and stone. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles can be used on walls than on floors, which require more durable surfaces that will resist impacts. What is a tile?!
  • 11.
  • 12.
    Clay roof tilesare one of the oldest types of roofing materials, dating back hundreds of years. They are made from natural clay that is baked to remove excess moisture, and they may be glazed or unglazed. BURNT CLAY TILE ROOFING Why Clay?... Clay is one of the most common materials used for roof tiles because of its value for money as well as efficiency; clay tiles also have a long lifespan even when exposed to harsh weather conditions
  • 13.
    ROOF TILES: Roof tilesare designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally made from locally available materials such as terracotta or slate. Modern materials such as concrete and plastic are also used and some clay tiles have a waterproof glaze. A large number of shapes (or "profiles") of roof tiles have evolved. These include: • Flat tiles – the simplest type, which are laid in regular overlapping rows. An example of this is the clay-made "beaver-tail" tile (German Biberschwanz), common in Southern Germany. Flat roof tiles are usually made of clay but also may be made of stone, wood, plastic, concrete, or solar cells.
  • 14.
    • Imbrex andTegula – Were overlapping roof tiles used in ancient Greek and Roman architecture as a waterproof and durable roof coverings. They were predominantly made of fired clay, but also sometimes of marble, bronze or gilt. In Rome they replaced shingles, and were used on almost every type of structure from humble outbuildings to grand temples and • The tegula was a plain flat tile or flat tile with raised edges, which was laid upon the roof, while the imbrex was a semicircular roofing tile, like a half pipe, laid over the joints between the tegulae. • When well made and properly imbricated(overlapped) there was little need for further waterproofing or sealants.
  • 15.
    • Pantiles –with an S-shaped profile, allowing adjacent tiles to interlock. These result in a ridged pattern resembling a ploughed field. An example of this is the "double Roman" tile, dating from the late 19th century in England and USA. • It is singe lap, meaning that the end of the tile laps only the course immediately below. Flat tiles normally lap two courses. • These are considerably light weight. Roman tiles – flat in the middle, with a concave curve at one end at a convex curve at the other, to allow interlocking.
  • 16.
    • Mission orbarrel tiles – semi- cylindrical tiles laid in alternating columns of convex and concave tiles. Originally they were made by forming clay around a curved surface, often a log or the maker's thigh. Today barrel tiles are mass-produced from clay, metal, concrete or plastic. • Interlocking roof tiles – similar to pantiles with side and top locking to improve protection from water and wind. • Antefixes – vertical blocks which terminate the covering tiles of a tiled roof.
  • 17.
    MANGALORE TILES • Theseare type of tile native to the city of Mangalore, India . These are prepared from hard laterite clay and were only tiles recommended for government buildings in India under British raj. • They provide excellent ventilation especially during summer and aesthetically as well . These tiles are not only eco-friendly but also cheap, durable and costs only one-third that of cement . these tiles are suited for regions experiencing heavy rainfall as water drains easily and fast. • These are placed at 45 degrees slant and get their robust red colour due to high proportion of iron in the clay.
  • 18.
    •Guna tiles :these are hallow tapered burnt clay tiles. These are conical in shape with a base diameter of 100mm at the broader end and 75mm at the narrower end. The thickness of the annular ring is 6mm. These are found in the vaulted roofing of Auroville residences, Pondicherry. •Pan tiles : these tiles are short and heavy . they are less curved in section than pot tiles . such tiles are moulded flat first and then they are given the required curvature by moulding in suitable forms . the drying and burning of tiles are done carefully to get better quality of tiles. •Pot tiles : these are ordinary half round country tiles and they are also known as the locking tiles . The polishing of inner and outer surfaces is done either with a wet cloth or a wetted strip of leather.
  • 19.
    GUNA TUBE ROOFING •ROOFING WITH GUNA TUBES IS A VARIATION OF THE VAULT AND IS ACHIEVED BY SUBSTITUTING THE STANDARD MATERIAL USED TO EXECUTE THE CURVE, INSTEAD OF VOUSSOIR TYPE MASONRY. THIS METHOD IS UNIQUE SINCE AN ELEMENT CALLED ‘GUNA TUBE’ IS USED WHICH CONSISTS OF TAPERING CONICAL, BURNT CLAY PIPES ADAPTING THEM TO COME TOGETHER, SOCKET INTO ONE ANOTHER AND STACKED IN A CURVED FORM ALONG THE CENTERING FORMWORK. • A SERIES OF SUCH ARCHES MAKE A BARREL VAULT CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING CONSIDERABLE LOADS. THE TOP OF THE ROOF IS GIVEN A PLASTER FINISH. • AFTER JOINTS ARE FILLED AND TOPPED WITH PLASTER, THE ROOF BECOMES RIGID AND WATERPROOF, DOING TOTALLY WITHOUT STEEL OR TIMBER. • AIR INSIDE THE HOLLOW-TILED ROOF PROTECTS FROM HEAT AND COLD. IT IS FABRICATED AND READY FOR USE WITHIN THREE DAYS AND REQUIRES NO MAINTENANCE HAVING A LIFE SPAN OF MORE THAN FIFTY YEARS. BEING LIGHT IN WEIGHT THIS VARIATION OF THE VAULT ROOF IS SAFE EVEN IN EARTHQUAKE PRONE AREAS. •
  • 20.
    • DUE TOALL THESE ADVANTAGES, THIS METHOD HAS BEEN USED, BY VARIOUS ARCHITECTS IN THE AUROVILLE EXPERIMENT. THIS TYPE IS ALSO CALLED THE ‘WARDHA ROOF’ INCORPORATING A CATENARY ARCH PROFILE, OBTAINED VIA SUSPENSION DUE TO GRAVITATIONAL FORCES, WHICH IS MORE EFFICIENT THAN A CIRCLE SEGMENT. Examples from AUROVILLE
  • 22.
  • 23.
    ELEMENTS OF CLAYTILE ROOFING
  • 24.
    P R OC E S S O F M A N U F A C T U R E
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30.
    BURNT CLAY TILEROOFING Special properties Durable, waterproof cladding for sloped roofs Economical aspects Low to medium costs Stability Good Skills required Skilled labour Equipment required Clay tile production unit, roof construction equipment Resistance to earthquake Low Resistance to hurricane Medium to good Resistance to rain Very good Climate suitability All climates: but most commonly in humid areas Resistance to insects Very good
  • 31.
    WHY CHOOSE CLAYROOF TILES??? Insulating Properties The ability of clay to insulate, keeping inside temperatures warm in winter and cool in summer. Combined with a natural ability to reflect, instead of absorb, heat from the sun, clay tiles can reduce the energy required to maintain comfortable temperatures in your home. Superior Durability Clay roof tiles are fire-proof, as well as being impervious to the kinds of rot, mold, and water damage that can destroy other roofing materials. They are insect-proof and, depending on the specific tile you select, are resistant to damage from freezing and thawing.
  • 32.
    Weather Resistance Weather resistanceof clay roofing depends partly on the structure itself. Factors like the pitch of the roof determine how well the tiles perform in rain, snow, and ice.
  • 33.
    FUNCTIONS • Clay tilesserve both an aesthetic and functional purpose. • They can be used to complement many different styles of architecture but are also very effective at protecting the home from exterior elements. • The natural air space under these tiles also helps keep the home cool, even in the warmest climates. COLOUR The overwhelming case for plain clay tiles rests upon aesthetics. The wide range of natural burnt colours from Red to Brown to Blue can be imitated but never reproduced with artificial colouring. The permanence of artifical colours is not guaranteed.
  • 34.
    HERITAGE CLAY ROOF TILESFORM AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE. PLANNERS AND ARCHITECTS KEEN TO PRESERVE REGIONAL DISTINCTIVENESS THROUGH THE CLAY ROOF TILES. VERSATILITY THE SMALL SIZE OF PLAIN CLAY TILES PROVIDES THE VERSATILITY FOR THE ARCHITECT TO DESIGN ROOFSCAPES OF INFINITE INTERESTS. LARGE FORMAT ROOF TILES SIMPLY DO NOT OFFER THIS FLEXIBILITY. SUSTAINABILITY PLAIN CLAY TILES ARE A SUSTAINABLE PRODUCT, THE LONGEVITY OF CLAY MEANS THAT THE ENERGY AND RAW MATERIALS USED IN THEIR PRODUCTION ARE OFFSET OVER THE WHOLE LIFE OF THE ROOF, WHICH IN THE CASE OF MOST CLAY TILE ROOFS IS OVER 100 YEARS.
  • 35.
    INSTALLATION •Clay tiles requirea reinforced framing and sheathing system to support their added weight. •They also require an enhanced waterproofing membrane to keep water away from the roof structure. •Most clay tiles are fastened to wooden strips known as battens rather than directly to the roof deck. •Clay tile is not necessarily designed to repel water by itself; instead, it protects the underlayment or membrane from sunlight and weather damage so that this membrane can catch and repel excess water.
  • 36.
    Roof tiles are'hung' from the framework of a roof by fixing them with nails. The tiles are usually hung in parallel rows, with each row overlapping the row below it to exclude rainwater and to cover the nails that hold the row below. There are also roof tiles for special positions, particularly where the planes of the several pitches meet. They include ridge, hip and valley tiles. These can either be bedded and pointed in cement mortar or mechanically fixed. Similarly to roof tiling, tiling has been used to provide a protective weather envelope to the sides of timber frame buildings. These are hung on laths nailed to wall timbers, with tiles specially moulded to cover corners and jambs. Often these tiles are shaped at the exposed end to give a decorative effect. Another form of this is the so-called mathematical tile, which was hung on laths, nailed and then grouted. This form of tiling gives an imitation of brickwork and was developed to give the appearance of brick, but avoided the brick taxes of the 18th century.[1] Slate roof tiles were traditional in some areas near sources of supply, and gave thin and light tiles when the slate was split into its natural layers. It is no longer a cheap material, however, and is now less common.
  • 38.
    ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Advantages •Highly resistant to weather • Superior strength and durability than all other roof coverings • High resistance to these naturally damaging weather types • Fire-resistant as well as resistant to harsh chemicals and extremes of hot or cold weather Disadvantages • Fairly expensive compared with many other roofing materials • Difficult to install, require professional installation by a contractor. • Most types of clay roof tiles are also relatively heavy and may require a reinforced or enhanced roofing system to support their weight.
  • 39.
    What are theprimary differences between Concrete and Clay tiles? 1. Water Absorption Concrete roofing tiles have a water absorption of about 13%, while clay roofing tiles have a water absorption of about 6 %. Consequently, this higher rate of water absorption leads to the development of mildew and stains on concrete tiles. Absorbed water also increases the already heavy weight of a concrete tile, and puts increases pressure on the roof structure. These issues are very minimal in clay tiles due to their low water absorption rate. 2. Weight Concrete tiles weigh almost 40% more than clay tiles. Concrete tiles can weigh anywhere from 820 to 1.100 pounds per square depending on the style, while most clay roofing tiles weigh only 600 – 650 pounds per square. As a result, it is more difficult for the roof structure to adequately support the heavier weight of concrete tiles vs. clay tiles. In some cases, concrete tiles are not recommended for use on buildings, unless the roof framing is reinforced to support the added weight. Propensity to crack and shatter
  • 40.
    In colder climates,clay tiles have the tendency to crack or shatter due to freezing and thawing cycles. As a result, clay tiles are mostly found in warmer climates. Conversely, concrete tiles are not as susceptible to damage due to freezing temperatures, and therefore can be used in almost any climate. 3. Maintenance Heavier weight, higher rate of water absorption and formation of mildew makes concrete tiles a lot more challenging to maintain than clay tiles, which are almost free of these issues. For example, on ceramic finishes in Matte and Glazed clay tiles, absorption and mildew rates are almost non existent. This means that a clay roof would be practically maintenance free. 4. Color Longevity and Appearance Since clay is a naturally occurring material, clay tiles maintain their original color for years despite being subjected to weather conditions. The ceramic finishes offered by many clay roof tile manufacturers, are baked in high temperatures of around 2000 degrees, creating a non-porous finish that will virtually last forever. On the other hand, the color-thru technology used in concrete tiles is not as effective in maintaining the original bright tile color, and concrete tiles are known to fade over time. Due to its porous nature, concrete tiles are also more prone to stains than clay tiles.
  • 41.
    5. Durability While bothconcrete and clay tiles outperform most other roofing materials in durability, at the end of the day clay is a more durable material than concrete. Concrete tiles may last between 30 to 50 years, while clay tiles may well last over 100 years. You can still see beautiful clay roofs on many buildings in Europe, which have been there for centuries. 6. Prices For all the reasons mentioned above it should come as no surprise that clay tiles cost about 30% more than concrete tiles Since both, clay and concrete tiles are expensive in comparison to most other roofing choices, you’ll need to consider whether all the added benefits that real tiles have to offer are worth the extra expense.
  • 42.
  • 43.
    DOUBLY CURVED TILEROOF • THIS SYSTEM OF ROOFING IS BASED ON THE USE OF ROOFING UNITS COMPRISING OF PRE-CAST 70 CM SQUARE DOUBLY CURVED TILES. • THEY ARE RESTING ON PARTIALLY PRE-CAST CEMENT CONCRETE BEAMS OR EVEN ON RAILS. • THOSE ARE USED IN PLACE OF SOLID RCC SLABS. • THESE ARE EITHER OF SQUARE OR OF RECTANGULAR SHAPE.
  • 44.
    DESIGN: • THE TILESARE DESIGNED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF SIMPLE SHELL WITH DOUBLE CURVATURE BY TAKING THE ADVANTAGE OF ITS PROPERTY OF RESISTANCE TO STATIC AND SHOCK LOADS. • IT HAS BEEN FOUND BY EXPERIENCE THAT A TILE SIZE OF ABOUT 70 CM X 70 CM X 2 CM THICK IS THE MOST CONVENIENT, BOTH FROM THE MAKING AND HANDLING POINTS OF VIEW.
  • 50.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION IT ISA SCHEMATIC FRONT ELEVATION VIEW SHOWING OF A SINGLE CURVED TILE ,HAVING ONE FULL CURVED PORTION WITH TWO SEMI-CURVED PORTIONS, ONE AT EACH SIDE OF THE ONE FULL CURVED POSITION.
  • 51.
    IT IS SHOWINGIN DETAIL A CONNECTION IN ONE DIRECTION BETWEEN THE LOWER GROOVES OF ONE TILE AND THE UPPER GROOVES OF A NEXT ADJACENT TILE WITH THE UPPER AND LOWER GROOVES OF EACH TILE IN PLACE WITH EACH OTHER CONNECTING THE TWO TILES TOGETHER.
  • 52.
    TWO TILES ADJACENTTO EACH OTHER SHOWING IN DETAIL A CONNECTION IN ANOTHER DIRECTION, TRANSVERSE OR ORTHOGONAL TO THE FIRST DIRECTION WITH ONE TILE OVERLYING ITS NEXT ADJACENT TILE EXTENDING IN THE DIRECTION ORTHOGONAL TO THE TILES
  • 53.
    IT IS ATRANSVERSE SECTIONAL VIEW OF THREE TIERS OF TILES IN OVERLAPPING RELATION WITH ADJACENT TILES HAVING ONE END OF ONE TILE ON TIER OVERLAPPING AN END OF ITS NEXT ADJACENT TILE IN AN ADJACENT TIER
  • 54.
    IT IS ACOVERING PART SHOWING A PARTIAL VIEW OF AN INSTALLATION WITH TWO FRONT TILES CONNECTED TOGETHER, FORMING A FIRST TIER IN A LONGITUDINAL AND TWO REAR TILES IN A SECOND TIER CONNECTED TOGETHER AND WITH THE TWO REAR TILES IN THE SECOND TIER CONNECTED TOGETHER OVERLAPPING OR OVERLYING THE FRONT PAIR OF CONNECTED TILES IN THE FIRST TIER.
  • 55.
    ROOF INSTALLATION: • Thedoubly curved tiles are placed over purlins resting on supporting walls. • The tiles are placed with their edges bearing on the Foot of the rails on either side of the web to get a better view from the Inside of the roofs.
  • 56.
  • 57.
    ADVANTAGES: • NO REINFORCEMENTSTEEL IS USED, WHICH IS THE MAIN SAVING IN THIS TYPE OF ROOF. • THE USE OF SHUTTERING IS TOTALLY ELIMINATED. • OF MAKING TILES AND JOISTS AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF IS SO DEVISED THAT IT CAN BE EASILY ADOPTED BY LESS SKILLED WORKERS EVEN AT THE VILLAGE LEVEL.
  • 58.
  • 59.
    WHAT IS FERROCEMENT??? Portland cement sand Steelmesh •The term Ferro cement, also referred to as Ferro concrete or reinforced concrete, is most commonly applied to a mixture of Portland cement and sand applied over layers of woven or expanded steel mesh and closely spaced small- diameter steel rods rebar. •It can be used to form relatively thin, compound curved sheets to make shell roofs, hulls for boats, water tanks, etc. It has been used in a wide range of other applications including sculpture and prefabricated building components.
  • 60.
    FERRO CEMENT ROOFING •The ferro cement roof consists panels size 1.5mtrs.X1.2mtrs. Approximately and ferro cement portal and purlins replacing AC sheets and structural steel trusses and purlins. • Unlike ac sheet metal, frp roof all the ferro cement panels are joined monolithically. There will be no nuts and bolt arrangement as in the case of AC sheet metal, FRP roofs. • But ferro cement panels shall be connected to the purlins and portal by welding and in-situ vibrated cement matrix application. Or ferro cement mega tiles of size 1.5 x 1.2 m. Or more are laid just like mangalore tiles with most effective interlocking arrangement to prevent rain water entry below. • There will be least heat transfer as compared to ac sheets etc. The space below the roof shall be neat and clean since the steel trusses are eliminated. There will be far better storage space below without obstruction.
  • 61.
    • Ferro cementroofs can be made in situ or with precast components, the former being useful for free forms, the latter being appropriate for modular and repetitive constructions. • Ferro cement roofs can be made to span large areas without supporting structures, thus saving costs and providing unobstructed covered areas. • Ferro cement is a form of RCC made from mortar and layers of thinly spaced steel rods or wires. Layers behave together as a composite, in which the concrete absorbs most of the compression and the steel reinforcing absorbs the tensile and shear stresses. Mortar is the term applied to the mixture of cement, sand, and water before it solidifies into concrete. FERRO CONCRETE ROOFING TILES
  • 62.
    •Ferroconcrete roofs areexteremly thin but have a higher percentage of reinforcement than reinforced concrete, thus achieving a high tensile strength to weight ratio .Further stregnth and rigidity is achieved by curvature or folds. •Ferrocement roofs can be ,add in situ or with precast components, the former being useful for free forms , the latter being used for modular and repetitive constructions. •Depending on the design, ferrocemnt roofs can be made to span large areas without supporting structures, thus saving costs and providng unobstructed covered areas.
  • 63.
    • DURABILITY estimatesrange from 30 to 50 years. • Weigh between 9 1/2 and 12 pounds(1 pound =.45 gram) per square foot. • Size is 265mm by 165 mm and 12mm thick. • Require low maintenance • offer good fire protection and are resistant to rot and insects. •Cost- inr 150 to inr 300/ sq.Ft
  • 64.
    • Plain tiles,pan tiles, roman tiles, interlocking tiles, and ridge, hip and valley tiles are made of this material. • The mixture is composed of normal portland cement and clean well-graded sand. • The body treated with mineral granules which have been coated with color. pantiles ridge Roman tiles TYPES OF FERROCEMENT TILES
  • 65.
    Diferrent types offerrocement tiles based on their positon on to the roof and the function it serves. TYPES OF FERROCEMENT TILES
  • 67.
    Concrete roofs presenta number of benefits including the fact that these are: Durable – many concrete roofs, when properly maintained, can last for decades. Annual upkeep is recommended as discussed later on in this article. Fire Resistant – most concrete tiles beat out the competition when it comes to calming wildfires or domestic fires, unlike wood and other roofing materials. Hail Resistant - hail is one of the top threats to properly maintained roofing. Concrete tiles however, are resistant to the impact made from hail storms. Advanced testing has helped to prove this. Affordability – concrete roofs rank higher in terms of affordability, when taking into account the cost of annual maintenance, as well as the life cycle of the roofing. Eco-friendly – similar to other types of roofing materials, a concrete roof can be recycled, and it’s furthermore promoted to be energy-efficient.
  • 68.
    M A N U F A C T U R I N G PROCESS USED TOCREATEOBJECTS OF A FIXED,CROSS-SECTIONAL PROFILE
  • 70.
    FIXING •THE USUAL LAPFOR PLAIN TILING IS 65MM, FOR PITCHED ROOF AT 37 DEGREE. •FOR PITCHES UP TO 60 DEGREE THE TILES SHOULD BE TWICE NAILED IN EVERY THIRD COURSE TO ONCE NAILED IN EACH COURSE. •FOR PITCHES EXCEEDING 60 DEGREE ALL TILES SHOULD BE NAILED TWICE. •THE NAILS ARE USUALLY 38 MM LONG AND MAY BE EITHER GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON, ZINC, COPPER OR COMPOSITION.
  • 71.
    •Prepare iron barsbefore making concrete. The distance between two ion bars ranges from 0.9 to 1 m. •Prepare iron structure on concrete roof. •In case of timber, lay the necessary joist at defined separations. •Tile the roof. •When covering roof tiles, the first piece should be kept placed on roof’s right corner •away from the outside hip of the beam. •Cover the whole lower line, then moving upwards. •While moving on the upper line, the tiles above should coincide with the tiles below, perfectly interlocked between the grooves paving way for easy installation on to the rafters. If nailing them, a minimum 3cm nail should be used to fix on the rafters. •Every ten piece distance should have a plumb line running down ward to make sure the water gets ot of the system INSTALLATION DETAILS
  • 73.
    The structural steelframe work of portals and purlins in position being made ready for in situ Ferro cement concrete work. Span 12.2 Meter View of the roof from inside The fans and electrical fittings attache d to roof can been seen.
  • 74.
    This is insideof the roof consisting of Ferro cement portals and purlins. All cast in situ finish smooth. Electrical installation fixed to the roof is visible. Ferro cement roof interlocking tiles size 1.2x0.9mX20mm thick. Size can be increased to 2.4 x 1.2m x 25mm thick or so and laid in position with new arrangement supported by Ferro cement portal.
  • 75.
    Corroded metal roof Suchcorrosion is not possible with Ferro cement Tarpaulin over leaking Roof. No such covering required over Ferro cement Roof for lifetime
  • 76.
    The elegance ofsoffit of Ferro cement roof. Increase in storage space as compared to Steel trusses. This is a roof of a small structure with cast in situ treatment. The white band all around is also of Ferro cement.
  • 77.
    WATERPROOFING •The installation andshape of the tiles should help in bringing the waterproofing criteria. •The backside, if, provided with ridges pertaining deep slots will proof rain water. •Two deep slots block rain water movement from the under of the roof.
  • 78.
    To keep yourconcrete roofs in the best shape, be sure to follow some of the below guidelines:  Annual Inspections – have an expert roofing examine the roof once per year. The roofing contractor will have the tools and techniques needed to see cracks or holes that may be hard to see with an untrained eye.  Coating – add waterproof coating and other specialized formulas to maximize the performance of the roof.  Annual Cleaning – just like other roofing tiles, the space should be cleaned to increase curb appeal.  Concrete roof tiles feature low-upkeep and big value. Should one or more of the roofing tiles be damaged, these can be easily replaced by a roofing contractor in the area.  Extensive Repairs – in some instances, Lead Flashing repairs are recommended instead of a replacement. In this event, a roofer is also advised, as they will be trained on safety and the best materials to get the job done right on the first try.
  • 79.
  • 81.
    •The assembly ofthe roof is done manually. After placing the bough side by side , the gaps between them and the top of the walls are cloesd by insering precast filler blocks and sealed around edges. • Polythene sheet is laid over the troughs, which are covered with a 20mm layer of loose gravel for improved thermal performance and to proect the sheet. •The gravel is kept in lace by precast, shaped, no fines concrete blocks placed at the ends of troughs. The rainwater that collects in the troughs percolates throug the no fines concreete nd can be collected. Hence a 5% slope is suitable. RAIN WATER HARVESTING THROUGH THE TILES
  • 82.
    Ferrocement roofing channelsare mnufactured using fixed proportionof cement,sand and water to give high stregnth to the morta that is reinforced with a layer of galvanized iron chicken mesh of 22 guage and t steel bars of 8-12 mm diameter provided in the bottom ribs of the channels can be safely transported after a curing period of 14 days. FERROCONCRETE ROOF CHANNELS Ferroconrete roofing chanels have a uniform segmental profile, they are 2.5 cm thick and 83cm wide. Maximum length of mechanically produced channels can be 6 ms. Longer spans for roofing can be built with intermediate supports.
  • 83.
    PROVIDE AN ECONOMICSOLUTION TO SLAB BY PROVIDING 30 TO 40 % RREDUCTIN ON FLOOR/ROOF UNIT OVER RCC SLABS WITHUT COMPRMISING THE STRENGTH. THESE BEING PRECAST, CONSTRUCTION IS SPEEDY, ECONOMIC DUE TO AVOIDANCE OF SHUTTERING AND FACILITATE QUALITY CONTROL FERROCONCRETE ROOF CHANNELS
  • 84.
  • 85.
    NAUTILUS HOUSE • LOCATION:NEAR MEXICO CITY • ARCHITECT: JAVIER SENOSIAIN OF ARCHITECTURE ORGANISATION
  • 89.
    BALLENA MEXICANA, 1992 (THEMEXICAN WHALE HOUSE) •LOCATION: MEXICO •ARCHITECT: JAVIER SENOSIAIN
  • 91.
    “DOME HOME” OFPENSACOLA BEACH, 2002• LOCATION: PENSACOLA BEACH, FLORIDA • ARCHITECT: JONATHAN ZIMMERMAN
  • 93.
    RESTAURANT LOS MANATIALES, 1958 •LOCATION: XOCHIMILCO, MEXICO • ARCHITECT: FELIX CANDELA
  • 97.
  • 98.
    Typical joist SectionAnd Bearing connection
  • 99.
     The easeof incorporation into the structural concept maintains creativity in design.  The joist system is not tied to specific component width, depth or spacing, such as precast/prestressed structures.  The concrete joist system with the self-supporting deck slab formwork and soffit beams reduces the construction schedule by reducing the amount of shoring and framework required, when compared to a complete cast in place system. The reduced shoring is ideal for use in areas requiring minimal shoring or having large floor to ceiling distances.
  • 100.
     When incorporatedwith cast in place slabs, soffit beams, and columns the joist system provides the advantages of monolithic connections and reduces the amount of welded or bolted connections and minimizing additional building maintenance concerns.  Concrete joist can be utilized with tilt wall, precast, cast in place, and masonry construction.
  • 103.