This document provides information about epoxy flooring. It begins by defining epoxy as a durable material made from mixing chemical compounds. Epoxy flooring involves applying an epoxy coating to concrete floors to provide a smooth, protective surface. The coating consists of resins and hardeners with additives to control properties like abrasion resistance and curing time. Epoxy floors are commonly used in industrial and commercial settings due to their durability and ability to withstand impacts, chemicals, and heavy loads. Different types of epoxy floors and their applications are described, along with the installation process and advantages like easy cleaning and slip resistance. Potential disadvantages like toxic fumes during curing and high installation costs are

1. GROUP MEMBERS:
1. DEESHA KHAMAR
2. SHREYA RASTOGI
3. ZEEL BHOJAK
4. VISHVA RAMANI
INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE
HNGU-PATAN
DESCRIPTION:
Adv. B.C.-VIII
CASE STUDY-II
FACULTY:
AR.MAYANK PATEL
MATERIALS

2.  Proportion of sand and cement decides the strength of mortar.
 Richer mixture than 1:3 proportion is prone to shrinkage.
 When water is added to initiate the cement and sand mixture , hydration starts
and binds sand particle and surface of masonry and concrete.
CHARECTERISTICS OF CEMENT
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
▣ Strong.
▣ Creates large structures
easily.
▣ Has high thermal mass.
▣ Subjected to cracking.
▣ Difficult to provide
idoneous curing
conditions.
▣ Not ideal when
settlement is expected.

3. CONCRETE MIXTURES:
Concrete admixtures are used to improve the behavior ofconcrete under a
variety of conditions.
 There are two main types of Admixtures:
1. Chemical admixture
2. Mineral admixture
ADMIXTURES
CHEMICAL ADMIXTUES:
 reduce the cost of construction,
 modify properties of hardened
concrete,used to improve the quality
of concrete during mixing,
transporting, placement and curing.

4. They fall into the following categories:
Air entrainers
Water reducers
Set retarders
Set accelerators
Super plasticizers
Specialty admixtures: which include corrosion
inhibitors, shrinkage control, alkali- silica
reactivity inhibitors, and coloring.

5. MINERAL ADMIXTURES:
Mineral admixtures affect the nature of the hardened concrete through
hydraulic or Pozzolanic activity.
Pozzolans are cementations materials and include natural Pozzolans (such as the
volcanic ash used in Roman concrete), fly ash and silica fume.
They can be used with Portland cement, or blended cementeither individually or
in combinations.
Properties of mineral admixtures:
 make mixtures more economical,
 reduce permeability,
 increase strength,
 influence other concrete properties

6. CONCLUSIONS:
 Plasticizers, super plasticizers , & Air-entraining admixtures is
mostly used.
 Super plasticizers is widely used all over the world .
 India is catching up with the use of super plasticizer in the construction of
high rise buildings, long span brides because it reduced cement content,
increased workability, &increased strength.

7. GLASS

25. TERMINOLOGY REGARDING ROOFING
SHINGLES: A rectangular tiles used on roof is called as shingles.
SQUARE: Material necessary to cover 100 sq.ft of roof surface.
LENGTH: Longitudinal parameter.
WIDTH: Lateral parameter
THICKNESS: vertically parameter
PITCH: PITCH IS IMPORTANT PARAMETER in roofing decisions. Depending on
the pitch slope of the roof, certain materials can or cannot be used.
They are in 3 categories:
1.Flat roof
2.Low roof
3.Steep roof
ROOFING

26. TERMINOLOGY REGARDING ROOFING
COVERAGE: Number of layer of materials that are applied.
EXPOSURE: Number of cm of shinges left exposed above bottom edge.
LAP: Amount of materials of shingle covered by other shingle.
Top lap,head lap, side lap.

27. TYPES OF ROOF:
Gable Roof. Think back to your first crayon drawing of a home.
Clipped Gable Roof. The clipped gable roof goes by several names,
including bullnose
• Dutch Gable Roof
• Gambrel Roof
• Hip Roof
• Mansard Roof
• Shed Roof
• Flat Roof (Low Slope Roof)

29. •Solar roof tiles. Advanced solar collectors integrate seamlessly into existing
shingles, generating 13-63 watts of energy per tile.
•Asphalt shingles
•Metal roofing
•Stone-coated steel
•Slate
•Rubber slate
•Clay and concrete tiles
•Eco-friendly living roofs
Roofing Material types:

30. Asphalt shingles are the most common roofing
materials in America because they’re effective
in all environmental conditions. Quality varies
widely, so ask whether your shingles pass the
ASTM D3161, Class F (110 mph) or ASTM
D7158, Class H (150 mph) wind tests and are
rated class 3 or 4 impact rating.3
How much are asphalt shingles per square
foot?
Asphalt shingles aren’t just common because of
their effectiveness – they’re also quite
inexpensive. The average replacement cost of
an asphalt shingle roof ranges from $4,286-
6,429, at a price of roughly $1.50-4.50 per
square foot.4

31. Slate
Slate roofing can last more than 100 years. It won’t burn, is waterproof
and resists mold and fungus. Slate is effective in wet climates but is
expensive, heavy and may be easily broken when stepped on.8
How much does slate roofing cost?
Don’t go for slate unless you’ve got a very large budget (or a very small
roof). Slate roofs can cost as much as $6,000-8,000 per square.8
Rubber slate
Rubber shingles are a durable and cost-effective roofing option that can
be made in a variety of colors and styles. They can be depended on to
last 15-30 years, and repairs are relatively easy if issues arise any earlier.
Rubber insulates well too, so some homeowners may find that a rubber
roof lowers their energy costs.

32. CONCRETE ROOF:
A solid slab of concrete capping the top of house. Concrete roof protects
Building against storm winds.
FIBRE ROOF:
A plastic or fiber sheet of particular length and width and thickness is used
as roofing material.

33. What is steel roof truss?
A steel roof truss is essentially a triangulated system of straight interconnected
structural elements. The individual elements are joined at the nodes by welding.
The external forces applied to the system and the reactions at the supports are
generally applied at the nodes.

34. What is ACC roof?
Asbestos cement sheet roofing should consist of either corrugated sheets or
semi corrugated sheets as specified. The sheet should be of approved quality
and shall confirm IS: 459. The sheet is free from cracks, chipped edges or
corners and other damages. The slope of the roof is not less than 1 to 5.

35. What is a GI roof?
What Is GI Roofing Sheet? GI roofing sheet is short for galvanized iron roofing
sheet. It is profiled with galvanized steel sheet for roofing purposes, which has
been coated with zinc. The zinc coating provides the base steel protection
from moisture and oxygen.

36. ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEET ROOFING

38. Using meshed (22 gauge chicken
mesh)casing reinforced with 6mm bars at
2 feet intervals vertically and horizontally,
lump sized Debris added with 10% gravel
and 5% cement and 5%manufactured sand
with water was slightly tamped in 2cm
layers to form the set of walls defining the
entrance.
INITIAL EMBODIED ENERGY:
Debris walls consume 5 times less energy
than a fired brick wall:
Embodied energy of Debris wall = 850
MJ/m3
Country fired brick Wall = 4,501.25 MJ/m3
DEBRIS WALL
WALL CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES

40. Flying Tiles House / Daniel Moreno Flores
Architects: Daniel Moreno Flores
Year: 2018
MANGLORE TILE – AS A WALL
MATERIAL

41. Clay Roof House / DRTAN LM Architect
Architects: DRTAN LM Architect
Year: 2015

43. The Beehive / Luigi Rosselli + Raffaello Rosselli
Architects : Luigi Rosselli + Raffaello Rosselli
Year : 2017

46. CULTURAL ARCHITECTURE, ADAPTIVE REUSE, INTERIOR DESIGN
Architects : ADAPTIVE REUSE, INTERIOR DESIGN
Year : 2009

48. • Twin wall Technology
• Twin wall construction is a walling system that
combines the speed of erection and quality of
precast concrete with the structural integrity of In-
situ concrete to provide a hybrid solution.
• Twin wall is an adaptable wall system that provides
the speed and quality of precast concrete with the
structural and waterproof reliability.
• The prefabricated panels comprise two slabs
separated and connected by cast-in lattice girders.
• The units are placed, temporarily propped, then
joined by reinforcing and concreting the cavity on
site.
• Twin wall is usually employed in association with
precast flooring systems.
Twin Wall Technology

49. • ADVANTAGES
• advantages of off-site construction with factory tolerances and high quality
factory finishes
• The structural integrity equivalent to any in-situ designs.
• The high levels of acoustic control and fire ratings that cannot be achieved
by any other precast system
• Reduced staff on site - less operatives required for erecting walls
• The pre-installation of electrical conduits and outlets during
production provides for faster construction of a building.
• The speed of erection and certainty of programmed schedules
• The finished precast structure will have a monolithic quality that is
unique to twin wall and will provide superior levels of air tightness
• Reduced drying out time required - walls can be decorated
immediately.

50. • A CROSS-LAMINATED TIMBER is a method of construction that uses
timber to form load-bearing solid timber wall, floor and roof panels.
These are Modular Construction Panels.
• Structural openings, such as doors and windows, are incorporated
within the panels at the manufacturing plant. In many cases only
insulation and cladding is added to the external face to achieve high
standards of thermal performance.
• Modular Panels are up to 40'x10‘
Cross Laminated Timber

51. • CLT panels consist of layered lumber boards (usually three, five, or
seven) stacked crosswise at 90-degree angles and glued into place.
• Finger joints and structural adhesive connect the boards. Board
thickness typically varies between 5/8 inch to 2 inches, with board
width ranging from 2.4 to 9.5 inches.
• The panels can be manufactured at custom dimensions, though
transportation restrictions dictate their length.

52. • ADVANTAGES
• Wood stores and sequesters carbon, keeping it out of the atmosphere By
replacing structural concrete, masonry or steel with wood we use less fossil
fuel to manufacture.
• Wood is a renewable, manageable natural resource.
• CLT has as inherent high standard of airtightness Construction with CLT is
quick, efficient and precise.
• Construction time is very fast services can be installed and finishes applied
whilst panel installation continues.
• Higher tolerances achievable through prefabrication Relatively light weight
of panels allows reduction in the size of foundations & footings.
• Avoidance of noise and dusts associated with traditional construction.

53. • What is epoxy flooring?
• Epoxy is a paint, plastic, adhesive, or thermoset plastic material made by mixing two or more
industrial chemical compounds to provide a high degree of resistance against wear and tear.
It provides the most durable and sustainable flooring option.
• The epoxy coating consists of resins and hardeners. Many additives, such as accelerators,
flow control, UV inhibitors, adhesion promoters, etc., are added to create a coating for a
wide variety of flooring applications. With these additives, the desired performance
characteristics like increased abrasion resistance, rapid curing, higher chemical resistance,
etc., can be achieved.
• Epoxy coating is typically applied over concrete floors to provide a smooth, durable surface
and increase the floor's load-carrying capacity. Mainly, warehouses, industrial sites, and
commercial buildings rely on epoxy floors to maintain clean and safe conditions for workers,
equipment, and inventory.
• The aesthetics of epoxy flooring can be improved by the addition of different pigments, vinyl
flakes, glitter, decorative colored quartz aggregate, etc. Different types of aggregate sand
blends (slurry, broadcast, trowel, etc.) are added to epoxy to make it a thicker, more durable,
and non-slippery flooring system.
APOXY– AS A FLOOR MATERIAL

54. PROCESS OF INSTALLATION OF EPOXY
FLOORING
The first step in laying the epoxy flooring involves preparing the floor surface.
1.The floor surface must be prepared to accept the new coat of epoxy coating on
its top.
2.Foreign materials such as dust particles are removed from the surface.
3.It is then followed by grinding, shot blasting, and scarifying to have a course
surface for better bonding with the mother floor.
4.Patching and repairing all the major cracks identified on the floor is essential in
providing durability to epoxy flooring.
5.The surface priming coat is applied to the floor. During priming, it must be
made sure that the primer makes its way deep into the floor.
6.After applying the primer coat, fill all the visible cracks and holes present on
the floor with epoxy.
7.Further, the floor must be lightly ground, sanded, and re-layered.

55. 8. The sealant is tested using a significant amount of water applied to the floor.
If the water is not soaked in, then the floor can be applied with an epoxy
coating.
9. The epoxy hardener is mixed together with an epoxy resin and applied over
the floor surface in multiple layers in the final stage.
10. After application, the epoxy floor is cured at the required temperature.
11. The curing process is initiated only when the epoxy begins a reaction with
another curing agent.

56. 1.EPOXY MORTAR FLOOR
Epoxy mortar floor consists of 100% solid epoxies and quartz sand. It is used
for floors that require higher resistance against impact loads and chemicals. It
can also be used to repair cracks before applying another type of epoxy floor.
Mechanical spaces, commercial kitchens, warehouses, restaurants, garages,
manufacturing plants are some of the places where this kind of epoxy is used
for flooring
3. QUARTZ-FILLED EPOXY FLOOR
The quartz-filled epoxy floor is a combination of stained quartz grains and high-
performance epoxy polymer resin. This epoxy floor is employed for decorative
spaces that need sanitary and slip-resistant properties.
4. EPOXY FLAKE FLOOR
Epoxy flake floors have a vibrant look containing colored flake materials
incorporated into epoxy flooring. The flakes also provide the surface with grooves
to reduce falls and slips. This type of epoxy is available in a wide variety of colors,
styles, sizes, and textures.
2. SELF-LEVELING EPOXY FLOOR
A self-leveling epoxy floor is laid over old, new, damaged, or cracked concrete
floors to create a durable, smooth, and a leveled texture on the floor's surface.
This type of epoxy increases the aesthetic appearance of the floor.

57. ADVANTAGES OF EPOXY FLOOR
Epoxy flooring has many advantages when compared to other traditional
flooring options. The advantages are listed below:
1.Increases the brightness of interior areas as epoxy creates a shiny high-gloss
surface.
2.Epoxy provides a durable, hard surface that can withstand heavy and
continuous loads.
3.It is easy to install and does not require any special tools or equipment.
4.Epoxy floors have excellent chemical resistance; they can resist many
chemicals, making them ideal for industries and warehouses.
5.It protects the existing concrete layer from wear and tear.
6.Easy to clean and more durable.
7.It increases safety when epoxy contains anti-slip additives.
8.It helps in hiding chips and cracks when combined with paints and colors.
9.It helps in identifying walkable areas when applied in a different pattern.
10.Enhances the aesthetic appearance of the space.
11.Little or no maintenance is required.

58. Below are some of the disadvantages and of epoxy flooring worth knowing.
1. Strong toxic fumes
2. Epoxy takes long to harden completely
3. Temporary flooring solution
4. Cracks and Chips on high impact areas
5. Very Slippery when Wet
6. Tedious installation process
7. Complex Removal Procedure
8. Costly Maintenance
9. It’s Cold Under-feet
10. Epoxy Dis-coloring.
DISADVANTAGES OF EPOXY FLOOR