This document provides guidance on examining a stoma. It lists the key aspects to comment on including the site, type of stoma, condition of surrounding skin, status of any loop, and characteristics of discharge. A sample comment is provided as an example. Additionally, the document defines what a stoma is, describes their functions and common complications, and differentiates between ileostomies and colostomies. Images are also included showing examples of different stoma types.

1. Surgical Short Case; Stoma examination
Examination and how to comment
1) Site (Which quadrant the stoma located)
2) Type of stoma
- End stoma
- Loop
- Double barrel stoma
3) Surrounding skin
- Excoriation
- Fungal infection
- Redness
4) Covering of surrounding skin (paint, lotion, cream)
5) Loop
- Retracted
- Parastomal hernia (conceal vs. reveal)
- Stenosis
6) Stoma functioning or not, then comment on the discharge
7) Stoma discharge
- Color (bilious, red, clear)
- Type (mucous, blood, pus, feces)
- Amount (copious, moderate, no amount)
8) Open up the stoma bag and examine
Comment
I think this is end/ double barrel / loop stoma located at right iliac fossa/ left iliac fossa/
epigastric region. It is most likely Ileostomy/ colostomy/ gastrostomy. It is well/ not
functioning. There is feces/ bilious/ clear fluid discharge with copious/ moderate/ no amount.
The surrounding skin is excoriated/ inflamed/ suggestive of fungal infection / not inflamed.
The loop is retracted/ with presence of Parastomal hernia/ stenosed.
Questions
1) What is stoma
2) What are the functions of the stoma?
3) How to know whether stoma is functioning or not?
4) When to remove the stoma
5) Complication of stoma
6) Ileostomy vs. colostomy. How to differentiate?

2. Answer
1) Stoma definition
- Literally means mouth or opening.
- Being described as artificial external opening in lumenated organ
2) Function of stoma includes
- feeding purposes (gastrostomy or jejunostomy)
- bypass the surgical site like distal end of bowel (ileostomy to bypass large bowel,
colostomy to bypass anus,urostomy bypass the bladder)
3) By looking at whether there is a discharge or not and the amount of discharge.
4) Stoma may be removed after the distal end (site of surgery) healed. It could be as early as
2 months.
5) Complication of stoma includes skin irritation, prolapsed, retraction, necrosis, Stenosis,
Parastomal hernia, bleeding, fistulation, electrolyte imbalance, superficial infection,
colostomy diarrhea and constipation. Apart from that, patient may be affected
psychologically with the appearance of the stoma and phantom rectum (urge to defecate)
6) Ileostomy vs colostomy
Ileostomy Colostomy
Site Right sided (RIF) Anywhere but more common in
left side
Spout Present Flush
Discharge Watery Solid (feces)
Surrounding Excoriation, inflamed Nil
Color Dark pink/ red Light pink
7) Stoma care
- Referral to stoma nurse and support group
- Avoid fizzy drink before and during air travel and use stoma with gas filter as change
in pressure in the aircraft can cause lot of wind to be passed.
- Take extra fluid and salt intake for patient with ileostomy
- Explain regarding various types of stoma bag and seals.
- Care for the surrounding skin. Wipe with warm water to prevent inflammation,
excoriation.

3. Colostomy
Images from: http://www.securicaremedical.co.uk/images/colostomy-image.jpg
Ileostomy
Image from: http://www.securicaremedical.co.uk/images/ileostomy-image.jpg
Mix stoma (Vesicostomy and colostomy)
Image from: http://img.medscape.com/pi/emed/ckb/pediatrics_surgery/933425-939455-
1818tn.jpg

4. Loop Ileostomy
Image from: http://www.securicaremedical.co.uk/images/Loop-ileostomy-image.jpg
Ileostomy with stoma bag at right lower quadrant region. Notice the fluid discharge.
Image from: http://ucstory.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/ib-14.jpg