This is a small booklet in an outline format to assist undergraduate medical students to aid in writing case write ups. This mainly contains how to elicit symptoms and signs.
Examination of Swelling in a patient is always a task for MBBS students. This PPT provides the students, how to elicit a history & also the easy way to examine a swelling.
This is a small booklet in an outline format to assist undergraduate medical students to aid in writing case write ups. This mainly contains how to elicit symptoms and signs.
Examination of Swelling in a patient is always a task for MBBS students. This PPT provides the students, how to elicit a history & also the easy way to examine a swelling.
Brief Presentation on clinical examination of Cardio Vascular System with Report of Normal case
references:
macleod's clinical examination 13th edition
hutchinson clinical methods
Brief Presentation on clinical examination of Cardio Vascular System with Report of Normal case
references:
macleod's clinical examination 13th edition
hutchinson clinical methods
Health assessment By - Jitendra Bokha.pptxJitendra Bokha
Health assessment is defined as systematic and dynamic process by which nurse through interaction with client, significant others and health care providers, collect data about the client.
A health assessment is a plan of care that identifies the specific needs of a person and how those needs will be addressed by the healthcare system or skilled nursing facility. Health assessment is the evaluation of the health status by performing a physical exam after taking a health history.
A health assessment is a plan of care that identifies the specific needs of a person and how those needs will be addressed by the healthcare system or skilled nursing facility. Health assessment is the evaluation of the health status by performing a physical exam after taking a health history.
Internal medicine or general medicine (in Commonwealth nations) is the medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. Physicians specializing in internal medicine are called internists, or physicians
History Taking
1.Name, age, sex, marital status, occupation, address (Demographics)
2. Presenting complaints
3. History of present illness
4. Systemic inquiry
5. Past history
6. Menstrual history
7. Treatment history
8. Family history
9. Personal and social history
10. Occupational history
It is a planned professional conversation that enables the patient to communicate their symptoms , feeling and fear to the clinician, so that the nature of the patient’s real and suspected illness and mental attitudes may be determined.
his topic - Intestinal Obstruction is very important for final year MBBS - Students & the Medical Officers, as it is one of the commonest causes of Acute Aabdomen. The PPT - contains the classification, common causes, clinical features & management aspects of Intestinal Obstruction. Also, highlights the differentiating features of Plain X-ray abdomen of Small & Large Bowel Obstruction.
This topic is very important for an MBBS Students as it is one of the common cases a Medical Officer will come across during their Surgical Postings. Moreover it is always a Debate in treating the patient either an Physician or a Surgeon...Always it is one of the Devastating conditions of abdomen...
This topic comes under the category - Venous Diseases. It is very important for a 3rd year MBBS Student to know about Varicose Veins, which is one of the commonest diseases encountered among out-patients.
This topic is under the Chapter - Arterial Disorders. The MBBS Students should know the types of Aneurysms and particularly Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms.
This topic covers the etiology, types, pathogenesis and management of Hypovolemic & Septic Shock. It is very important for MBBS Students both theoritical and clinical aspect. Also they should know the hemodynamics of the above both types of Shock.....
This topic is under the Arterial Diseases of the Limbs. The MBBS students should know the Classification and Pathogenesis of Diabetic Foot. Also the different types of Gangrene and difference between Dry & Wet Gangrene....
This topic is under the category of Arterial Diseases. One of the subtopic is CLI. One of the ommon causes for CLI, is Atherosclerosis, which is discussed in this PPT.
This topic is under the category of Arterial Diseases. It is very important for an MBBS students to know about ALI, so as to treat them initially and then refer them to vascuar surgeons.
This topic is under the General Principles of Surgery. It is very important for MBBS - Students. New method of resuscitation called the Damaged Control Resuscitation is carried out in controlling the hemorrhage.
This topic covers the etiology, types, pathogenesis and management of Shock. It is very important for MBBS Students both theoretical & clinical aspect. Also they should know the hemodynamics across the types of shock in treating the patients....
This topic is under the General Principles of Surgery for MBBS Students. It also deals with Scars & Contractures. The student should know to differentiate between Hypertrophic Scar & Keloid..
This topic is mainly for MBBS Studnts. It is under the General Principles of Surgery. Students shoud know the phases of wound healing so as to treat them appropriately and select the correct method of dressing material....
This topic comes under the General Principles of Surgery for MBBS Students. The student should know the various types of wounds, their assessment and dressing methods.
IBD is very important topic even though the disease is prevalent in western countries. This PPT covers both the diseases side by side for comparing at same time and having an idea about them all together.
This topic is very important in day - today practice. Mainly this topic can be kept in clinical cases as well as OSCE's. for Final MBBS - Students. This PPT covers most of them in detail as far as possible.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. CASE HISTORY
Dr. Murali. U. M.S ; M.B.A.
Prof. of Surgery
D Y Patil Medical College
Mauritius.
2. Definition
A case history is defined as a planned
professional conversation that enables the
patient to communicate his/her symptoms,
feelings and fears to the clinician so as to
obtain an insight into the nature of patient’s
illness & his/her attitude towards them.
3. Objectives
To establish a positive professional relationship.
To provide the clinician with information
concerning the patient’s past medical / surgical &
personal history.
To provide the clinician with the information that
may be necessary for making a diagnosis.
To provide information that aids the clinician in
making decisions concerning the treatment of the
patient.
4. Steps - Involved
Assemble all the available facts gathered from
statistics, chief complaints, history of presenting
complaints and relevant history.
Analyze and interpret the Examination details to
reach the provisional diagnosis.
Make a differential diagnosis of all possible
complications.
Select a closest possible choice-final diagnosis.
Plan a effective treatment accordingly.
5. Components
Particulars - Patient
Chief complaint
History of present illness
Past history
Personal history
Family history
Treatment history
General examination
Local examination
Other Systems exam.
Provisional diagnosis
Investigations
Final diagnosis
Treatment plan
6. Self Introduction
Greet the patient by name: "Good morning,
Mr. X / Mrs. Y ."
Introduce yourself and explain that you are a
medical student.
Shake the patient's hand, or if they are
unwell rest your hand on theirs.
Ensure that the patient is comfortable.
7. Particulars
Patient registration number
Date
Name
Age
Sex
Address
Occupation
Religion
8. Pt. Reg. No. Date
Maintaining a record
Billing purposes
Medico legal aspects
Time of admission
Ref.- follow up visits
Record maintenance
9. Name Age
To communicate with
the patient
To establish a rapport
with the patient
Record maintenance
Psychological benefits
Age related diseases
For diagnosis
Treatment planning
10. Sex Residence / Address
Certain diseases –
gender specific
Record maintenance
Psychological benefits
For future
correspondence
View of socio-economic
status
Prevalence &
geographical
distribution
11. Occupation Religion
To assess socio-economic
status
Predilection of diseases
in different occupations
Predilection of diseases
in certain Religion
To identify festive
periods when religious
people are reluctant to
undergo treatment
12. Chief Complaints
The chief complaint is usually the reason for the
patient’s visit.
It is stated in patient’s own words [No medical terms]
in chronological order of their appearance & their
severity. { Brief & Duration }
Make clear – patient was free from any complaint
before the period mentioned.
The chief complaint aids in diagnosis & treatment
therefore should be given utmost priority.
13. History of Present Illness
Elaborate on the chief complaint in detail
The symptoms can be elaborated in terms of:-
- Mode & cause of onset
- Course & Duration of disease
- Symptom related & Relation to constitutional factors
- Special character & Effects – nearby structures
Treatment taken
Leading questions – to help the patient
Negative answers – more valuable to exclude the disease
15. Past History
Note the past history in chronological order
All diseases – previous to present – noted
{ Attention to diseases like – Diabetes,
Bleeding disorders, Tuberculosis, SHT,
Asthma etc. }
Previous operations or Accidents – noted
Mneumonic – T H R E A D
16. Personal History
Diet
Habit of smoking & drinking of alcohol
Bowel & micturition habits
Sleep
Allergy to any drug [or] diet
Marital status
Females – Menstrual history
[ regularity / menarche ,menopause / no. of
pregnancy – normal or LSCS / any discharge PV ]
17. Family History
Family members share their genes, as well as
their environment, lifestyles and habits.
Certain diseases run in families - Diabetes,
cancers – breast, thyroid, SHT, piles, peptic
ulcer etc. should be noted
Enquire about family members – alive or
dead / current illnesses / consanguinity
among family
18. Treatment or Drug History
Ask about the drugs the patient was on.
Special enquiry on – Steroids /
Antihypertensives, HRT, contraceptivs pills,
Antidiabetic drugs etc.
Treatment for the current illness & doctor
treated
19. General Survey or Examination
Analyze the patient entering the clinic for
gait, built & nutrition, attitude and mental
status.
Check for any pallor, cyanosis, jaundice,
clubbing, any skin eruptions and edema.
Record vital signs like
T U R P
20. Local Examination
Most important part – definite clue to arrive at a
diagnosis.
Examination of affected region.
Inspection – looking at affected part
Palpation – feeling of affected part
Percussion – listening to the effects of affected part
Auscultation – listening to the sounds produced
Movements & Measurements
Lymph node examination
21. Inspection
Visual assessment of the patient.
Make sure good lighting is available.
Position and expose body parts so that all surface can
be viewed.
Inspect each area of size, shape, colour, symmetry,
position and abnormalities.
If possible, compare each area inspected with the same
area on the opposite side of the body.
Varies to the presentation of the complaints.
22. Palpation
A technique in which the hands and fingers are used to
gather information by touch.
Palmar surface of fingers and finger pads are used to
palpate for
– Texture
– Masses
– Fluid
For assessing skin temperature – dorsal surface
Client should be relax and positioned comfortably
because muscle tension during palpation impair its
effectiveness.
24. Percussion
Percussion involve tapping the body with the
fingertips to evaluate the size, border and nature of
body organs.
Used to evaluate for presence of
air or fluid in body tissues
Sound waves heard as percussion tones.
25. Percussion - Types
Direct Percussion
- It is by tapping the affected area directly using flexed
finger.
Indirect Percussion
- It can be performed by using two fingers. Lt middle
finger [pleximeter finger] is placed over the area and its
middle phalanx is tapped with the tip of Rt middle finger
or index finger [percussing finger].
Fist Percussion
- It involves placing one hand flat against the body
surface and striking the back of the hand with a clenched
fist of the other hand.
26. Auscultation
Auscultation is listening
to sound produce by the
body.
Following characteristics
of sound are noted:-
- Pitch
- Loud or soft
- Duration
- Quality
Done by stethoscope.
34. Provisional Diagnosis
It is also called tentative diagnosis or
working diagnosis.
It is formed after evaluating the case history
& performing the physical examination.
36. Differential Diagnosis
The process of listing out of 2 or more
diseases having similar signs and symptoms
of which only one could be attributed to the
patient’s disease.
37. Final Diagnosis
The final diagnosis can usually be reached following
chronologic organization and critical evaluation of the
information obtained from the :
- patient history
- physical examination and
- the result of radiological and laboratory examination.
The diagnosis usually identifies the diagnosis for the
patient primary complaint first, with subsidiary
diagnosis of concurrent problems.
38. Treatment Plan
The formulation of treatment plan will depend on both
knowledge & experience of a competent clinician and
nature and extent of treatment facilities available.
Evaluation of any special risks posed by the
compromised medical status in the circumstance of the
planned anesthetic diagnostic or surgical procedure.
Medical assessment is also needed to identify the need
of medical consultation and to recognize significant
deviation from normal health status that may affect
management.
39. Prognosis
It is defined as act of foretelling the course of
disease that is the prospect of survival & recovery
from a disease as anticipated from the usual course
of that disease or indicated by special features of
the case.
40. Clinical diagnosis is an art,
and the mastery of an art has no end;
you can always be a better diagnostician.
- Logan Clendening