Subterranean organs characters and function, Subterranean Stem, Rhizome, Types of rhizomes, Histology of Subterranean Stem, The tegumentary tissue, Roots, Types of roots, Histology of dicotyledon Roots, Main differences between roots and subterranean stems, Anomalous structure in subterranean organs, In subterranean stem, Rhubarb, star spots, in Roots, Aconite, stellate form, senega, keel, Jalap, tertiary cambia, Orizaba Jalap, Belladonna and Gentian.
Pharmacognostic study of Saponin glycosides,
Pharmacognostic study of Liquorice, Pharmacognostic study of Ginseng, Pharmacognostic study of Sarasaprilla
Cinchona is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae containing at least 23 species of trees and shrubs. They are native to the tropical Andean forests of western South America. A few species are reportedly naturalized in Central America, Jamaica, French Polynesia, Sulawesi, Saint Helena in the South Atlantic,The coast of tropical Africa. Several species were sought after for their medicinal value and cultivated in India and Java where they also formed hybrids. The barks of several species yield quinine and other alkaloids that were the only effective treatments against malaria during the height of colonialism which made them of great economic and political importance. The synthesis of quinine in 1944, an increase in resistant forms of malaria, and alternate therapies ended the large-scale economic interest in their cultivation. Academic interest continues as cinchona alkaloids show promise in treating falciparum malaria which has evolved resistance to synthetic drugs.
Pharmacognostic study of Saponin glycosides,
Pharmacognostic study of Liquorice, Pharmacognostic study of Ginseng, Pharmacognostic study of Sarasaprilla
Cinchona is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae containing at least 23 species of trees and shrubs. They are native to the tropical Andean forests of western South America. A few species are reportedly naturalized in Central America, Jamaica, French Polynesia, Sulawesi, Saint Helena in the South Atlantic,The coast of tropical Africa. Several species were sought after for their medicinal value and cultivated in India and Java where they also formed hybrids. The barks of several species yield quinine and other alkaloids that were the only effective treatments against malaria during the height of colonialism which made them of great economic and political importance. The synthesis of quinine in 1944, an increase in resistant forms of malaria, and alternate therapies ended the large-scale economic interest in their cultivation. Academic interest continues as cinchona alkaloids show promise in treating falciparum malaria which has evolved resistance to synthetic drugs.
In this video the viewers will come to know about Bael fruit that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from Aegle marmelos Corr plant. This drug becomes important since it is fruit example of carbohydrates source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (botanical names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Bael fruits
2. Biological Sources of BAEL FRUITS
3. Geographical Sources of BAEL FRUITS
4. Collection of BAEL FRUITS
5. Description of BAEL FRUITS
6. Chemical Constituents of BAEL FRUITS
7. Chemical Test of BAEL FRUITS
8. Uses of BAEL FRUITS
Origin: Dried roots or roots and rhizomes of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, known as Rio or Brazilian Ipecacuanha, or of C. acuminata, known as Cartagena, Nicaragua or Panama Ipecacuanha (Fam. Rubiaceae).
Ipecacuanha contains not more than 2% of foreign organic matters and yields not less than 2% of total alkaloids, calculated as emetine.
Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in IndiaJegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in India, This includes pharmacognosy of chirata, shatavari, kalmeg, tinospora also known as guduchi, punarnava, karela, guggul, brahmi, neem, tulsi and amla
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
In this video the viewers will come to know about Bael fruit that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from Aegle marmelos Corr plant. This drug becomes important since it is fruit example of carbohydrates source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (botanical names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Bael fruits
2. Biological Sources of BAEL FRUITS
3. Geographical Sources of BAEL FRUITS
4. Collection of BAEL FRUITS
5. Description of BAEL FRUITS
6. Chemical Constituents of BAEL FRUITS
7. Chemical Test of BAEL FRUITS
8. Uses of BAEL FRUITS
Origin: Dried roots or roots and rhizomes of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, known as Rio or Brazilian Ipecacuanha, or of C. acuminata, known as Cartagena, Nicaragua or Panama Ipecacuanha (Fam. Rubiaceae).
Ipecacuanha contains not more than 2% of foreign organic matters and yields not less than 2% of total alkaloids, calculated as emetine.
Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in IndiaJegan Nadar
This PPT covers Pharmacognosy of traditional drugs in India, This includes pharmacognosy of chirata, shatavari, kalmeg, tinospora also known as guduchi, punarnava, karela, guggul, brahmi, neem, tulsi and amla
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
This is a Life Cycle of Shpagnum, A good content for Masters Students. (But this content is not made by me...but i thought that this will help many students who are in search for content)
Thank you 😊
It is called as “living fossil”
The whole order is extincted except one species Ginkgo biloba
This order was occurred in Triassic periods of Mesozoic age (200,000,000 years ago)
This order consists of 16 genera and many species (all in fossil forms except one)
This is a three chapter review for the Agriculture Major Admission Test conducted by the College of Agriculture of Cavite State University, the topicsare: Plant Bilogy, Crop and Agriculture and basic Physiological processes of plants. Credits to all my sourceswhich include lecture notes from our faculty, online sources and books published in the Republic of the Philippines.
the top three theories of root apical meristem in plants. The theories are: 1. Apical Cell Theory 2. Histogen Theory 3. Korper-Kappe Theory.The root apical meristem, or root apex, is a small region at the tip of a root in which all cells are capable of repeated division and from which all primary root tissues are derived. The root apical meristem is protected as it passes through the soil by an outer region of living parenchyma cells called the root cap.
General Methods for Isolation of Terpene Hydrocarbons
1. Fractional Distillation:
• This usually takes place under vacuum or in an atmosphere of inert gas,?? as many hydrocarbons are sensitive to heat in atmospheric oxygen (product name? ? ?).
• This can carried out by gradual increase of the distillation temperature by (1-5oC) or (5-10 oC) according to the boiling point of components.
2. Preparation of the Corresponding Crystalline Additive Products “Adducts”:
Characteristic addition products are formed by N2O3 (Dinitrogen trioxide), N2O4, NOCl (Nitrosyl chloride) and NOBr to yield nitrosites, nitrosates, nitrosochlorides, and nitrosobromides, respectively.
content
Flavonoids (importance, Physiological role and Therapeutic uses).
Flavonoids biosynthesis, General Properties and Tests for identity.
Flavone Glycosides (Diosmin and Apiin)
Flavonol Glycosides (rutin and Quercetrin)
Flavanone Glycosides (Hesperidin)
Silymarin (flavonolignans)
Isoflavonoids (Genistein)
Coumarin Glycosides
content
Anthracene glycosides
mechanism of Action
Chemistry
Tests for Identification of anthracene glycosides
I- Anthraquinones (alizarin, aloe-emodin and rhein)
Metabolism of Diacerein (1-8 Diacetyl Rhein)
II- Anthranols and anthrones (Chrysarobin and Barbaloin)
III- Dianthrones (Sennosides A-D and Hypericin)
Definition
Glycosides are non-reducing organic compounds that on hydrolysis with acids or enzymes yield:
1- A sugar part (or glycone, formed of one or more sugar units).
2- A non-sugar part (or aglycone, also called genin).
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The evaluation of drugs
Evaluation methods of the crude drugs
Chemistry of Crude Drugs
Primary Metabolites (starch, protein and fixed oil)
secondary Metabolites (glycosides, alkaloids and volatile oil)
The living plant cell
What is the main differences between plant cell and animal cell??
Cell wall: Formed of cellulose.
Chloroplast: Responsible for photosynthesis.
Vacuole: much larger in plant cells, store any nutrients and waste products .
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Deterioration of Herbal Drugs
Primary Factors (Light, Moisture/ Humidity, Temperature and Air Oxidation)
Secondary Factors
Control Measures for Deterioration
Adulteration of Crude Drugs
Detection of Adulterants
content
Cultivation and preparation of crude drugs
1- Cultivation
2- Collection
3- Preservation of plant material (Drying, stabilization and fermentation)
4- Packing
5- Storage
6- Grinding of crude drugs
7- crude drug extraction
content
Important definitions
Crude drug description
Pharmacist should have a good knowledge of natural drugs (why)
Nomenclature of drugs (Origin of the crude drug)
Classification of drugs for study
Definitions “volatile oils”, “Ethereal oils” or Essential oils”
Volatile oils: Complex liquid mixtures of odoriferous compounds of varying chemical composition, which easily evaporate when exposed to air at room temperature, and which are used for either their specific therapeutic activity or their aroma.
Aromatherapy is a branch of complementary medicine, which depends on the use of aromatic plants, their extracts, mainly their essential oils to promote health, beauty and vitality.
بعض العلاقات... مثل القرابة والصداقة...
تشتمل على معاني جميلة... و روابط انسانيه مهمة...
ولكن البعض يتغيرون ... تغيرهم الاحداث ...
فالاحداث هي امتحانات لقوة طرفي اي معادلة تربط اي اثنين...
أستاذ جامعي يقع قتيلا في مؤتمر تقيمه كلية الحقوق... أثناء نقاش مع زميل له ...
على الرغم من ان القتيل كان شخص وفيا ومعطاء لكل المحيطين به...
لكن هذا لم يمنع يد خائنة وخسيسة من ان تقتله...
وتجعل من الخيانة والغدر مقابلا للوفاء... كما كانت من قبل جزاء لسنمار.
عندما يتلوث الدم.... ليس بالجراثيم وانما بآثام القلب وشروره ليضخ دما ملوثا بالحقد والكراهيه لينقله الى اقدام تسوقك الى جريمه والى يدا لتجعل من السلاح الذي تمسكه ادآة سوداء ورسالة من قلب مريض رسالة بالموت
عندما يتحول نجاحك الى مرض وعقده نفسيه كبيره لشخص لا يستطيع ان يلاحقه .....
عندما لا تفلح مؤمرات ذلك الشخص في افشالك.....
عندما يقرر انك من يقف في طريقه وانه يتوجب عليه ازاحتك من طريقه بأي وسيله وان كانت القتل..
عندها فقط بدأت المذبحه...
هاجس جال بخاطر رجل الاعمال الناجح حسن المصري بأن اذى ما سيلحق بابنه الوحيد خالد وان كارثة ما ستحدث لشركته...
وبدون مقدمات تحول الهاجس لسلسله من الجرائم البشعه والغامضه التي راح ضحيتها هو وكل الموجوديين بقصره ...
وفي لحظاته الاخيره ... وبدون ادنى تفكير حاول ان يحمي اغلى الناس في حياته ...ابنه ....من تلك اليد الاثمه...
لتكن تلك المكالمه ذات الكلمات القليله .... يبلغ فيها خالد ابنه برساله...
رساله من قلب محب.... رساله مضمونها
ان الاب هو الملاذ الاخير
حصن يحمي ابنائه الى النهايه
ان الاب هو.....
الطابية الاخيره
Phenolic compounds
Precipitate animal proteins in hides and converting them into leather. “Tanning Industry”
Present in plants, ex. grapes, cranberry, hamamelis and tea leaves.
Opium is the air-dried milky exudate, or latex, obtained by incising the unripe capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae).
the ripe capsule can contain up to 0.5% total alkaloids
Opium represents a much concentrated form and up to 25% of its mass is composed of alkaloids ( more than 40 alkaloids).
Structural features of Cinchona alkaloids
1- The basic skeleton of Cinchona alkaloids is Ruban-9-Ol.
2- Ruban nucleus is a combined skeleton formed from a quinoline ring attached to a quinuclidine ring (a bicyclic ring contain N) through methylene group.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. SUBTERRANEAN ORGANS
• These include the following:
• 1-Subterranean stems: including rhizomes and others which are
related to rhizomes such as corms, stem tubers and bulbs.
• 2- Roots: including roots and root tubers.
There is no clear division between rhizomes and roots in a commercial sense.
3. Subterranean organs characters and function
• Subterranean organs used in medicine are usually collected from
perennial plants.
• where they serve as storage organs and thus generally they are full of
reserve food materials.
• They are usually rich in carbohydrates such as starch (e.g. Filix mas,
Rhubarb, and Ipecacuanha); sugars (e.g. Gentian and Squill); inulin
(e.g. family Compositae).
• they are devoid of chlorophyll.
• Underground organs a means of perennation (continuation) of the
plant.
4. SUBTERRANEAN ORGANS
A. Subterranean Stem
● The members of this group are characterized Externally by:
Bearing: 1-scale leaves, 2-axillary buds, 3-adventitious roots. And
4-Having a growing point protected by scale leaves forming a "terminal" bud
which make aerial shoots (not by a cap as in roots).
● Internally - Never show a central solid mass of xylem.
- In dicotyledons they have a parenchymatous central pith.
5.
6.
7. 1. Rhizome:
• Def.: - A rhizome is an “underground stem with nodes & internodes, terminal buds & aerial
shoots.”
• The internodes are either long (e.g. American podophyllum) or short (e.g. Indian
podophyllum).
• Mode of growth:
• - Rhizomes usually, grow horizontally, sometimes vertically. Occasionally obliquely.
• Mode of branching:
• - May be branched, but mostly they branch sympodially as in Ginger and occasionally they
branch monopodially.
• Monopodial: Main bud "axis" continues growing & branches are shorter than main axis. It
has one growing point.
• - Sympodial: Destruction of the apical bud forming other things as flowers, then its growth
will stop & branches continue growing. It has more than one growing point.
8. - Types of rhizomes:
I. Sobole II. Sucker III. Stolon
- long, thin, tough
- rapid in growth
- with long internodes
- e.g. couch grass.
-Branch growing under the ground, arising
from the stem (as in menthe) or from the top
of the root (as in rosa) and giving off roots
and aerial shoots at the nodes.
horizontal stem that produces rooted
plantlets at its nodes and ends, forming
near the surface of the ground. It is
similar in function to a runner but is
much thicker.
9. • 2. Stem Tuber:
• - “A swollen underground stem or part of stem, usually its tip”
• - It differs from root tuber in: bearing several small scales and buds
forming sometimes what is called eyes, as well as terminal bud on the free
end (as in potato).
• - It is full of food material and serves in vegetative propagation.
• 3. Corm
• - “A shortened swollen erect underground stem”
• - Covered with brown scale leaves arising at the nodes
• - Having usually a large apical bud and small axillary ones (as in colcasia &
colchicum).
• 4. Bulb
• - An underground stem which is reduced to a small flattened disc & is
crowned with crowded fleshy scale leaves or scale leaf bases and having
adventitious roots arising from the base of the bulb.
• - The bulb may be a scaly bulb (imbricate bulb) or a tunicated bulb.
10. Histology of Subterranean Stem:
They generally resemble in structure the aerial stems, although they are either devoid of or containing only very little
sclerenchymatous tissue.
Dicotyledons Monocotyledons
However, the rhizomes and other underground stems show:
• Large pith
• Wide cortex, formed mostly of thin-walled parenchyma packed
with reserve materials.
• Endodermis “the inner most layer of cortex" is usually
indistinguishable with a few exceptions as the Valerian.
• The vascular bundles, are open (contain cambium), generally
remain widely separated by wide medullary rays, and form a single
ring around the pith.
• In some cases as in subterranean stem of liquorice and
ipecacuanha, the secondary vascular elements are produced in great
amount forming a continuous radiate ring around the pith.
The structure differs from that of the aerial stem:
• Distinct endodermis separating a clear cortex from
the central stele.
• The vascular bundles are closed (no cambium) and
usually numerous, being scattered in both the cortex
and the stele but generally more crowded & smaller
within endodermis & larger & fewer at the center.
11.
12. The tegumentary tissue (outer covering)
(protective tissue), either consisting of:
Cork Metaderm Epidermis
Few regular rows of cork cells
(from 2ry thickening), with or
without a rhytidoma as in
liquorice.
Irregularly arranged suberised cells
derived from the outer rows of the
cortex (1ry origin) forming the
metaderm as in white and black
hellebore.
as in couch grass,
colchicum corm, and podophyllum.
Secretory structure are frequently present e g. secretory ducts in Arnica, secretion
cells in ginger, laticiferous vessels in dadelion rhizome etc.
13. B. Roots
• Def. :
• The root is the part of the plant axis, which grows vertically downwards in seedlings,
into the soil and away from light.
• It does not show nodes and internodes and does not bear leaves or buds. Its growing
point is covered by a special tissue called root-cap or calyptra.
• The root bears branches, which are similar in structure and in general characters to
the main root. The branching of the root is usually lateral and the lateral branches are
thinner and less strong than the parent root.
• The root usually consists of four zones:
• The growing point, covered by the root cap.
• The zone of elongation, where the increase in the length of the root takes place.
• The zone of absorption or zone of root hairs.
• The zone of lateral roots, which constitutes the majority of the root.
14. Types of roots:
1-Primary roots: They develop into taproots e.g. Senega.
2-Secondary roots: They are the lateral roots e.g. Krameria.
3-Adventitious roots: They usually arise from the stem e.g.
Ipecacuanha and Jalap.
4-Storage roots: They occur when the roots of any of the
previously mentioned types become swollen with reserve
food materials.
• Those, which are very swollen e.g. Jalap, Aconite and
Carrot are called root tubers or tuberous or tuberculated
roots.
15. Histology of dicotyledon Roots
Young root
1- a piliferous layer
2- cortex: parenchymatous
Exodermis the outer row of which is sometimes specially differentiated, being
usually formed of small cells with thickened more or less suberised,
occasionally lignified walls
the endodermis The innermost layer of cortex, generally well marked and has
either a strongly developed casparian strip or some special form of thickening.
Shows a much wider cortex than the stele.
3- pericycle: surround the stele, Pericylce of young root "which is one row of
parenchyma cells" is very important because it will replaced with phellogen.
4- xylem and phloem arranged in a circle, alternating in position so that each
lies on a different radius. {Radially arranged}
There is no cambium at all in very young root or pith
due to secondary thickening
Old root
(Gymnosperms &Dicots.) 1-Cork 2-Phelloderm, 3-Collapsed primary, 4-phloem,
5-Secondary phloem 6-Cambium 7-Secondary xylem 8-Primary xylem groups in
the center
NO Central Pith, the monocot usually retain their primary structure
16. Main differences between roots and subterranean stems:
Root Subterranean Stems
Morphology: 1-Never develop leaves
2-Shows no nodes or internodes
3-Bears no buds
4-Growing point (calyptra) covered by special
tissue called root-cap
5-wrinkles: mainly longitudinal
1-Bears scale leaves
2-Have nodes and internodes
3-Have axillary buds
4-Growing point protected by scale leaves
5-wrinkles: mainly transverse
Histologically: 1-Radial vascular bundles (V.B.), masses of
phloem and xylem alternating with one
another
2-Xylem: exarch
3-No central pith
1-Open Collateral V.B. (Gymnosperms & Dicots.)
OR Closed V.B. (Monocots.)
2-Xylem: endarch
3-Shows central pith
17. Anomalous structure in subterranean organs
Many variations in secondary thickening from the normal type of structure may exist in
subterranean organs described as anomalous :
1- In subterranean stems:
- In Rhubarb "Its Rhizomes" : abnormal bundles are produced in the pith in
the form of radiating structures called star spots, consisting of a central dark
area of collapsed perimedually phloem surrounded by an abnormally
developed cambium which gives phloem to the inside and xylem to the
outside with radiating slightly curved brown medullary rays.
18. Roots
1. In Aconite: the cambium retains the stellate form and
only little secondary xylem, but very wide phloem,
consisting mostly of parenchyma with little amount of
sieve tissues are produced. It also shows wide medullary
rays and well developed parenchymatous pith
"Parenchyma have stellate form".
The tegumentary tissue in Aconite is not formed of cork
cells, but of irregularly arranged suberised cells derived from
the outer layers of the cortex forming the metaderm. It has
narrow cortex and wide stele.
2. In senega, irregularly wedged wood are present due to the
formation of exceptionally wide one rarely two or more
parenchymatous medullary rays, while the secondary phloem is
abnormally developed at one place producing an external ridge,
the keel.
19. 3.A- In Jalap, tertiary cambia in the
form of circles, curves or concentric
rings, producing only parenchyma on
both sides, are developed in the wide
parenchymatous xylem and enclosing
a few of the xylem vessels.
3.B-In Orizaba Jalap: The original
cambium is replaced and the root
increases in size by successive cambia of
a limited period of activity developed in
the pericycle, producing vascular bundles
in rings.
4- In Belladonna and Gentian: The xylem is
well developed and constitutes the main part
of the root, but is formed mostly of
parenchyma with scattered groups of vessels.
Several abnormally developed islands of
interxyllary phloem are also present.
20. 5. In Dandelion, the xylem is small, central surrounded by
unusually developed phloem, formed of concentric rings of
sieve tissue and laticiferous vessels alternating with
parenchyma.
6. In ipecacuanha, the xylem is small and dense (non-porous),
the phloem is weakly developed as a narrow wedged ring
around the xylem, and a very wide starchy parenchymatous
phelloderm, constituting the secondary cortex, is present.