The document summarizes structural variations in the leaves of three plant species: Typha, Nymphea, and maize. For Typha leaves, it notes that the epidermis is thin to absorb nutrients from water, sclerenchyma tissues are reduced as water provides support, and air chambers are present. Nymphea leaf modifications include a flattened petiole called a phyllode with sunken stomata and vascular bundles in a ring. Maize leaves have an undifferentiated mesophyll and collateral, closed vascular bundles with larger bundles supported by sclerenchyma.
Structure, Development & Function of PeridermFatima Ramay
A group of secondary tissues forming a protective layer which replaces the epidermis of many plant stems, roots, and other parts.
Although periderm may develop in leaves and fruits, its main function is to protects stems and roots.
The periderm consists of three different layers:
Phelloderm
Phellogen (cork cambium)
Phellem (cork)
Its main function is to protect the underlying tissues from:
Desiccation
Freezing
Heat injury
Mechanical destruction
Disease
Loss of epidermis.
Bounding tissue restricting the pathogen & insects.
Allowing gaseous exchange through lenticels.
the top three theories of root apical meristem in plants. The theories are: 1. Apical Cell Theory 2. Histogen Theory 3. Korper-Kappe Theory.The root apical meristem, or root apex, is a small region at the tip of a root in which all cells are capable of repeated division and from which all primary root tissues are derived. The root apical meristem is protected as it passes through the soil by an outer region of living parenchyma cells called the root cap.
Structure, Development & Function of PeridermFatima Ramay
A group of secondary tissues forming a protective layer which replaces the epidermis of many plant stems, roots, and other parts.
Although periderm may develop in leaves and fruits, its main function is to protects stems and roots.
The periderm consists of three different layers:
Phelloderm
Phellogen (cork cambium)
Phellem (cork)
Its main function is to protect the underlying tissues from:
Desiccation
Freezing
Heat injury
Mechanical destruction
Disease
Loss of epidermis.
Bounding tissue restricting the pathogen & insects.
Allowing gaseous exchange through lenticels.
the top three theories of root apical meristem in plants. The theories are: 1. Apical Cell Theory 2. Histogen Theory 3. Korper-Kappe Theory.The root apical meristem, or root apex, is a small region at the tip of a root in which all cells are capable of repeated division and from which all primary root tissues are derived. The root apical meristem is protected as it passes through the soil by an outer region of living parenchyma cells called the root cap.
In this presentation, concept of xerophytes, types of xerophytes and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained.
Taxus -Morphological ,anatomical and reproductive features &Economic importanceJasmine Mariya
Taxus is a representative of conifers which is a prominent member in that group.It shows so many remarkable features in its morphology , Anatomy ,Reproduction and life cycle. It's economically importance is also great. This presentation is a overall description about Taxus.
The timing of cambial reactivation plays an important role in determination of the amount and quality of wood and the environmental adaptavity of trees.
Environmental factors, such as temperatures, influence the growth and development of trees.
Temperatures from late winter to early spring affect the physiological process that are involved in the initiation of cambial cell division and xylem differentiation in trees.
Cumulative elevated temperatures from late winter to early spring result in earlier initiation of cambial reactivation and xylem differentiation in tree stems and an extended growth period.
However, earlier cambial reactivation increases the risk for frost damage because the cold tolerance of cambium decreases after cambial reactivation.
A better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate wood formation in trees and the influence of environmental conditions on such mechanisms should help in efforts to improve and enhance the exploitation of wood for commercial applications and to prepare for climatic change.
Wood is the product of vascular cambium, and the formation of wood depends on the cambial activity of trees.
In temperate and cool zones, the vascular cambium of the stems of trees undergoes seasonal cycles of activity and dormancy, which are collectively known as annual periodicity.
This periodicity plays an important role in the formation of wood and reflects the environmental adaptivity of trees, for example their tolerance to cold in winter in cool and temperate zones.
The quantity and quality of wood depend on the division of cambial cells and the differentiation of cambial derivatives.
Cambial activity in trees is regulated by both internal factors, such as plant hormones, and environmental factors, such as, temperature, rainfall and photoperiod.
Temperature provides the appropriate physical conditions for the growth and development of trees in temperate and cool climates.
Timing of cambial reactivation is controlled by temperature, which influences both the quantity and quality of wood.
During the period from late winter to early spring, new cell plates are formed in the cambium and this springtime phenomenon is referred to as cambial reactivation.
Subterranean organs characters and function, Subterranean Stem, Rhizome, Types of rhizomes, Histology of Subterranean Stem, The tegumentary tissue, Roots, Types of roots, Histology of dicotyledon Roots, Main differences between roots and subterranean stems, Anomalous structure in subterranean organs, In subterranean stem, Rhubarb, star spots, in Roots, Aconite, stellate form, senega, keel, Jalap, tertiary cambia, Orizaba Jalap, Belladonna and Gentian.
In this presentation, concept of xerophytes, types of xerophytes and adaptations (morphological, anatomical and physiological) developed in them are explained.
Taxus -Morphological ,anatomical and reproductive features &Economic importanceJasmine Mariya
Taxus is a representative of conifers which is a prominent member in that group.It shows so many remarkable features in its morphology , Anatomy ,Reproduction and life cycle. It's economically importance is also great. This presentation is a overall description about Taxus.
The timing of cambial reactivation plays an important role in determination of the amount and quality of wood and the environmental adaptavity of trees.
Environmental factors, such as temperatures, influence the growth and development of trees.
Temperatures from late winter to early spring affect the physiological process that are involved in the initiation of cambial cell division and xylem differentiation in trees.
Cumulative elevated temperatures from late winter to early spring result in earlier initiation of cambial reactivation and xylem differentiation in tree stems and an extended growth period.
However, earlier cambial reactivation increases the risk for frost damage because the cold tolerance of cambium decreases after cambial reactivation.
A better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate wood formation in trees and the influence of environmental conditions on such mechanisms should help in efforts to improve and enhance the exploitation of wood for commercial applications and to prepare for climatic change.
Wood is the product of vascular cambium, and the formation of wood depends on the cambial activity of trees.
In temperate and cool zones, the vascular cambium of the stems of trees undergoes seasonal cycles of activity and dormancy, which are collectively known as annual periodicity.
This periodicity plays an important role in the formation of wood and reflects the environmental adaptivity of trees, for example their tolerance to cold in winter in cool and temperate zones.
The quantity and quality of wood depend on the division of cambial cells and the differentiation of cambial derivatives.
Cambial activity in trees is regulated by both internal factors, such as plant hormones, and environmental factors, such as, temperature, rainfall and photoperiod.
Temperature provides the appropriate physical conditions for the growth and development of trees in temperate and cool climates.
Timing of cambial reactivation is controlled by temperature, which influences both the quantity and quality of wood.
During the period from late winter to early spring, new cell plates are formed in the cambium and this springtime phenomenon is referred to as cambial reactivation.
Subterranean organs characters and function, Subterranean Stem, Rhizome, Types of rhizomes, Histology of Subterranean Stem, The tegumentary tissue, Roots, Types of roots, Histology of dicotyledon Roots, Main differences between roots and subterranean stems, Anomalous structure in subterranean organs, In subterranean stem, Rhubarb, star spots, in Roots, Aconite, stellate form, senega, keel, Jalap, tertiary cambia, Orizaba Jalap, Belladonna and Gentian.
Xerophytes are plants which grow in xeric environment. They have adapted morphological, physiological and anatomical changes in order to survive in xeric conditions. Various anatomical adaptations in xerophytic plants which helps to absorb as much as water as possible, to store for long time and to reduce the rate of transpiration which enables them to survive in xeric condition are included in the presentation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
3. TYPHA
• Typha is a hydrophytes.
• Plants that grow in water or very wet places.
• They may be submerged or partly
submerged,floting or amphibious.
• Their structural adaptations are mainly due
to high water content and the definite supply
of oxygen.
5. Epidermis
• In aquatic plants the epidermis is not protective
but absorbs gases and nutrients directly from
the water.
• The epidermis in typical hydrophyte has an
extremely thin cuticle,and the thin cellulose wall
permit ready absorption from the surrounding
water.
• Commonly the chloroplast are found in
epidermal cells of leaves, especially when the
leaves are very thin;these chloroplasts utilize
the weak light under water for photosynthesis.
6. Lack of sclerenchyma:-
• Submerged plants usually have few or no
sclerenchymtous tissues and calls.
• The water it self gives support to the plant,and
protects it to some extent from injury.
• Thethick walls of tissues, their density and the
presence of collenchyma in some plants give
some rigidity.
7. Minimum development of vasculae
tissue:-
• The xylem shows the greatest reduction.
• In this plants, there is a well developed xylem
lacuma in the position of xylem.
• The lacunae resemble typical air-chambers.
• The phloem is fairly well developed as compared
with the xylem. The endodermis is usually
present around stele,but it is wekly developed.
8. Development of air-chamber:-
• Chambers and passages filled with gases are
commonly found in the leaves and stems or
hydrophytes.
• The air-chambers are large, usually regular,
intercellur spaces extending through the leaf
and often for long distances through the stem.
• The spaces are usually separated by partitions of
photosynthetic tissue.the carbon dioxide that is
given off in respiration is stored in these cavity
for photosynthesis.
9.
10. Nymphea
• The phyllode is the most interesting
modification of petiole.
• The petiole becomes flattened and leaf like.
• The flattened petiole which looks like
ordinary leaf is called phyllode.
• Usually the phyllode is isolateral, so that,
both the surface are equally illuminated.
11.
12. Epidermis:-
• It consists of a single row of cells covered
with well developed cuticle.
• Sunken stomata are present. The margin of
phyllode possess radicaly elongated
epidermal cells covered with thick cuticle.
• Below each stomata there lies a well defined
substomatal chamber for exchange of gasese.
13. Pallisade and parenchyma:-
• Just beneath the epidermis one or two layers
of pallisade parenchyma are present which
help in photosynthesis.
• The central region is occupied by thin-walled
living parenchyma cells having well
developed intercellular spaces among them.
14. Vascular system:-
• Just like in petiole the vascular bundles from a
ring and are arranged below the palisade tissue.
• The central and marginal vascular bundles are
sufficiently big in size.
• Each vascular bundle consit of xylem and
phloem.around the central and marginal
vascular bundles well developed sclerenchyma
is found.
15. • Vascular bundles are arranged in a complete
ring the central and marginal bundles are
bigger in size.
• Pallisade tissue is present
• Radically elongated epidermal cells are found
at the margins.
18. Epidermis:-
• The epidermis is found on both upper and lower
surfaces of the leafe. The epidermal layers are
uniseriate and composed of more or less oval
cells.
• The outer wall of the epidermal cells is
cuticularized.
• The upper epidermis my be easily identified due
to the presence of xylem.
19. Mesophyll:-
• As the leaf is isobilateral the mesophyll is not
differentiated into palisade and spongy
tissues.
• It is composed of compactly arranged
thinwalled, isodiametric chlorophyllous
intercellular spaces among them.
20. Vascular bundles:-
• The vascular bundles are collateral and closed as
found in monocotyledon.
• Most of the bundles are small in size but fairly
large bundles also occurs at regulsr intervals.
• The xylem is found toward upper side in the
bundles.sclerenchyma cell occur in patches on
both ends of the large vascular bundles which
give mechanical support to the leafe.
