Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
Cinchona is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae containing at least 23 species of trees and shrubs. They are native to the tropical Andean forests of western South America. A few species are reportedly naturalized in Central America, Jamaica, French Polynesia, Sulawesi, Saint Helena in the South Atlantic,The coast of tropical Africa. Several species were sought after for their medicinal value and cultivated in India and Java where they also formed hybrids. The barks of several species yield quinine and other alkaloids that were the only effective treatments against malaria during the height of colonialism which made them of great economic and political importance. The synthesis of quinine in 1944, an increase in resistant forms of malaria, and alternate therapies ended the large-scale economic interest in their cultivation. Academic interest continues as cinchona alkaloids show promise in treating falciparum malaria which has evolved resistance to synthetic drugs.
Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are transparent or translucent solids, semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms. They are hard, electrically non-conductive and combustible masses. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism.
Most of the resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents like benzene and ether.
Synonyms:- Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar,periwinkle.
Barmasi.
Biological Source:- Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus Linn .belonging to family Apocynaceae
Geographical Source:- The plant is a native of Madagascar and is found in manytropical and subtropical countries especially in India, Australia,South Africa and North and South America. The plant is cultivated as garden plant in Europe and India.
Colchicum - Anti Rheumatic agent | Cultivation | Description | Chemical Const...Chetan Prakash
This presentation provides knowledge about Colchicum, its description, collection& cultivation, Morphological characters, microscopical characters, powder characters, chemical constituents, chemical tests and its uses. This is an assignment in the subject Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, IIIrd B.Pharm
Cinchona is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae containing at least 23 species of trees and shrubs. They are native to the tropical Andean forests of western South America. A few species are reportedly naturalized in Central America, Jamaica, French Polynesia, Sulawesi, Saint Helena in the South Atlantic,The coast of tropical Africa. Several species were sought after for their medicinal value and cultivated in India and Java where they also formed hybrids. The barks of several species yield quinine and other alkaloids that were the only effective treatments against malaria during the height of colonialism which made them of great economic and political importance. The synthesis of quinine in 1944, an increase in resistant forms of malaria, and alternate therapies ended the large-scale economic interest in their cultivation. Academic interest continues as cinchona alkaloids show promise in treating falciparum malaria which has evolved resistance to synthetic drugs.
Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are transparent or translucent solids, semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms. They are hard, electrically non-conductive and combustible masses. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism.
Most of the resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents like benzene and ether.
Alkaloids are a group of naturally occurring chemical compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure are also termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.
Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine),cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine),antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. piperine). Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine). Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste
some Monograph of herbal drugs according to siddha and unani pharmacopoeiaRAGHAV DOGRA
Yunani or Unani medicine (Urdu: طب یونانی tibb yūnānī[1]) is the term for Perso-Arabic traditional medicine as practiced in Mughal India and in Muslim culture in South Asia and modern day Central Asia. The term is derived from Arabic Yūnānī "Greek",[2] as the Perso-Arabic system of medicine was in turn based on the teachings of the Greek physicians Hippocrates and Galen.[3]
The Hellenistic origin of Unani medicine is still visible in its being based on the classical four humours: Phlegm (Balgham), Blood (Dam), Yellow bile (Ṣafrā') and Black bile (Saudā'), but it has also been influenced by Indian and Chinese traditional systems
Siddha Medicine (Tamil:சித்த வைத்தியம் Citta- or Tamiḻ-maruttuvam) is a system of traditional medicine originating in ancient Tamilakam in South India.[1][2]
Traditionally, it is taught that the siddhars laid the foundation for this system of medication. Siddhars were spiritual adepts who possessed the ashta siddhis, or the eight supernatural powers. Agastya is considered the first siddha and the guru of all siddhars; the siddha system is believed to have been handed over to him by Murugan, son of Shiva and Parvati.
The Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy of the Government of India coordinates and promotes research in the fields of ayurveda and Siddha medicine.[4] The Central Council of Indian Medicine (CCIM), a statutory body established in 1971 under AYUSH, monitors higher education in areas of Indian medicine, including siddha medicine
Pharmacognosy unit-II alkaloids vinca , rauwolfia, belladonna, opium their biological source chemical constituents, use and morphological and microscopic characters
Origin: Dried roots or roots and rhizomes of Cephaelis ipecacuanha, known as Rio or Brazilian Ipecacuanha, or of C. acuminata, known as Cartagena, Nicaragua or Panama Ipecacuanha (Fam. Rubiaceae).
Ipecacuanha contains not more than 2% of foreign organic matters and yields not less than 2% of total alkaloids, calculated as emetine.
Tannins are one of the most widely occuring group of natural substances in different families of higher plants. They are of two types-
1. Hydrolysable
2. Condensed
The catechu is an example of hydrolysable tannins which gets easily hydrolysed by action of enzymes and acids.
Liquorice or licorice is the common name of Glycyrrhiza glabra, a flowering plant of the bean family Fabaceae, from the root of which a sweet, aromatic flavouring can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a herbaceous perennial legume native to the Western Asia and southern Europe.
The alkaloids are defined as ‘basic nitrogenous plant products, mostly optically active and possessing nitrogen heterocyclic as their structural unit, with a pronounced physiological action.
The term alkaloid was coined by W. Meissner, a Germon Pharmacist. The first alkaloid to be synthesised was Coniine in1886.It was isolated in 1827.
These are organic product of natural and synthetic origin which are basic in nature and contain one or more nitrogen atom, normally of heterocyclic nature and posses specific pharmacological action on human or animal body.
The true alkaloids are toxic in nature.contain hetrocyclic nitrogen which is derided from amino acids and always basic in nature.
The term ‘ alkaloid ’ was coined by MEISSNER,
a German pharmacist, in 1819.
The French chemist, Derosne in 1803, isolated
narcotine . In the same year , morphine from
opium was isolated by Serturner .
Pelletier and Caventon isolated emetine in
1817 and colchicine in 1819.
From the beginning of 19th century till to date,
it has to proved to be a perpetual work to
discover new alkaloids from plants and
animals.
As per a Russian review in 1973, the numbe of
known alkaloids had reached upto 4959,
amongst which, the structures of 3293
alkaloids were elucidated.
At present, the number of alkaloids discovered
has exceeded 6000.
Rhubarb is a general term used for the cultivated plants in the genus Rheum in the family Polygonaceae. It is a herbaceous perennial growing from short, thick rhizomes. Historically, different plants have been called "rhubarb" in English.
For Diploma in Pharmacy - Part I.
Biological source, Chemical constituents and Therapeutic efficacy of the following category of crude drugs:
Laxatives: Senna, Aloe-vera, Ispaghula and Castor oil.
4. It is the dried stem bark of Holarrhena
antidysentrica / Holarrhena pubescens
belonging to the family Apocynacece. it is
collected from 8 to 10 years old plant and
freed from attached wood and peeled into
small pieces. It should contain NOT LESS
THAN 2% of total alkaloids of kurchi
5. • Kurchi is indigenous to India and found
throught India and in the parts ascending
upto 1000 meters in Himalayan region
• It is also found in the parts of
Orissa
Assam
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
6.
7. Condition:- Dry
Shape :- Longitudinally RECURVED pieces
Size :- Variable
Outer surface :-It is longitudinally wrinkled and
bears horizontal lenticels
Inner surface :- Brownish rough and with irregular
transverse cracks
Fracture :- Short and granular
Light yellow wood may be seen attached
occasionally
8.
9.
10.
11. CORK CELLS
Thin walled
few colorless
and few are
with yellowish
brown matter
12. STONE CELLS / SCLERIDS
Rectangular to oval in
shape, walls striated,
pitted and lignified.
surrounded by sheath
of parenchymatous
cells containing
calcium oxalate
crystals.
13. MEDULLARY RAYS
Phloem
parenchyma
traverse the
medullary rays at
right angles
through such pieces
are not seen many
in number
16. Kurchi bark contains steroidal alkaloid up to about 1.8 to 4.5%
They are C21 group of steroidal alkaloids
The active alkaloids are
conessine(kurchicine),norconessine,isoconessine, dioxyconessine,
conessimine, holarrhimine, holarrhidine, kurchalosssine, kurchessine
and regholarrhenines
Conessine is also present in root bark along with some other steroidal
alkaloids
The other alkaloids of conanine series have been reported from the
bark
In addition to alkaloids kurchi contains gums, resins, tannins, lupeal
and beta-sitosterol
22. SALKOWSKI REACTION:- To 20 ml of extract add 2ml
of chloroform and 2ml of concentrated sulphuric acid
shake well. chloroform layer appears red and acid layer
shows greenish yellow fluorescence. Indicates the
presence of steroidal moiety
LIBERMANN-BURCHARD REACTION:-Mix 2ml of
extract with chloroform add 1-2ml of acetic anhydride
and 2drops of concentrated sulphuric acid from sides
of the test tube. First red then blue and finally green
color appears. Indicates the presence of steroidal
moiety
23. Contd…….
LIBERMANN’S REACTION:-Mix 3ml extract with 3ml
acetic anhydride heat and cool, add few drops of
concentrated sulphuric acid. Blue color appears.
Indicates the presence of steroidal moiety
24. THERAPEUTIC USES
Kurchi bark is antiprotozoal in activity and used to treat
amoebic dysentery
Kurchi bark is considered to be stomachic, astringent,
tonic, anti-dysenteric, febrifuge and anthelmintic
The dried bark is rubbed over the body in dropsy
Conessine is highly active against Entamoeba histolytica
A traditional preparation of kurchi bark i.e. “kutajarishta”
is commonly used specially for chronic amoebiasis
The preparation of kurchine bismuth iodide which
contains 23 to 27% total alkaloid is used as anti dysenteric
