content Important definitions Crude drug description Pharmacist should have a good knowledge of natural drugs (why) Nomenclature of drugs (Origin of the crude drug) Classification of drugs for study

1. INTRODUCTION
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mostafa Mahmoud Hegazy PH.D

2.  content
 Important definitions
 Crude drug description
 Pharmacist should have a good knowledge of natural drugs (why)
 Nomenclature of drugs (Origin of the crude drug)
 Classification of drugs for study

3. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
 Important definitions
 Drugs:
Are chemical or biological substances used to treat
illness, to protect against diseases or to promote
better health.
 1- Natural Products: The biosynthetic
substances produced by living cells.
 2- Synthetic Compounds: The substances
synthesized by chemical reactions even they were
occur in nature.

4. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
 Medicinal Plants: Are those plants which have some
medicinal activities.
 Crude Drugs (Raw Drugs)
the dried unprocessed raw form of the drug (plant or
animal) which undergoes extensive processing or
modification to be formulated in a pharmaceutical dosage
form.
 Folk Medicine:
Folk medicine has evolved out of a blend of natures
preventive and curative principles and common sense.
Folk medicine emerged by trial and error methods.

5. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
 Official Drug:
An official drug is one which is listed and described in the
Pharmacopeia.
 Non-official Drugs: not listed or described in the
Pharmacopeia
 Pharmacopeia:
A book recognized by the government as the legal authority
for standards.
 The first Egyptian Pharmacopeia appeared in English in
1953, and in Arabic in 1961.
 United States Pharmacopeia 43 (USP 43)
 European Pharmacopeia 10 (EP 10)

6. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
 Pharmacognosy is the scientific study of
1- the structural, physical, chemical and sensory characters
of crude drugs of vegetable, animal and mineral origin.
2- the extraction and preparation of their active
constituents.
3- knowledge of their uses.
 The word Pharmacognosy is derived from the Greek
“Pharmakon”, meaning a drug or poison and “gnosis”
to acquire a knowledge of and literally meaning “the
entire knowledge of drugs”.

7. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
 Crude drug description
The chief function of a pharmacognosist are:
 1- origin:
Identification of the biological and geographical sources or
origin of the material forming a drug.
 2- Cultivation and Preparation:
including methods of collection, drying and packing.
 3- characters:
Determination of its morphological and histological characters.

8. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
 4- constituents:
A knowledge of the constituents of drugs and investigation of
their chemical nature
 5- tests:
Evaluation of the physical and chemical characters of the drug
and reactions.
 6- adulterants:
Investigation of the potency of the drug, its purity and freedom
from adulterants.
 7- Uses and application of the drug in medicine.

9. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
 Pharmacist should have a good knowledge of natural
drugs (why):
 Good knowledge with the seven crude drug description
items to identify and evaluate the natural drug
 How to prepare all forms of natural products e.g. Herbal
teas (Traditional Medicines), extracts, isolation of pure
active constituents or intermediates, processed
pharmceutical products (phytopharmaceutical)
 Discovery of new active constituents, medicinal activities,
uses and new methods for production of natural product e.g.
tissue culture, biotechnology and endophytic fungi

10. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy

‫ما‬
‫فقليله‬ ‫سم‬ ‫كثيره‬ ‫كان‬
‫دواء‬

‫سم‬ ‫الدواء‬
‫ناقع‬
 Every drug is a poison in disguise, every
poison is a drug in disguise

11. Pharmaceutical
industry cosmetics
food industry
agricultural
pesticides

12. Rubalgin cream (camphor,
capsicum oleoresin, methyl salicylate,
menthol, peppermint oil, turpentine oil)
Vicksacid oint (camphor,
eucalyptus oil, methyl salicylate,
thymol)
Moov cream (camphor, capsicum oleoresin,
methyl salicylate, menthol)

13. OROVEX-H M. W. (SODIUM
HYALURONATE + THYMOL + MENTHOL +
GLYCERIN + CHLORHEXIDINE + ALOE +
CALENDULA + CHAMOMILE +
EUCALYPTUS)
KENARA M. W. (THYMOL +
MENTHOL CRYSTALS +
CHLORHEXIDINE DIGLUCONATE +
GLYCERIN)
Listerine (Thymol, Eucalyptol, methyl
salicylate, menthol)

14. FOLLOWCEASE SYRUP (
THYME + EUCALYPTUS +
PEPPRMINT + LEMON)
THYMY SYRUP (ANISE +
HONEY + THYME)
vapozol sol. for inh. (benzoin tr,
camphor, eucalyptus oil, peppermint oil)

15. KLENVA VAG.DOUCHE
(ALUM + CHAMOMILE EXTRACT +
THYMOL + MENTHOL + METHYL
PARABEN + CITRIC ACID)
GOLD CLEANSING GEL
(ALOE VERA + PANTHENOL +
GLYCERIN + MENTHOL + TEA TREE
OIL + THYMOL + CHAMOMILE)
MALVA VAG.DOUCHE (MALVA EXTRACT +
TEGOBTAIN + CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE +
CHLOROCRESOL + THYMOL + MENTHOL +
CHAMAZULENE)

16. GRIPE baby WATER SYRUP
(TERPENELESS DILL SEED OIL)
COLOMINT CAPS. (0.2 ml
PEPPERMINT OIL)
Rowachol cap. (α-pinene, β -pinene,
menthol, menthone, camphene, borneol,
cineole)

17. WATER PILL WITH
POTASSIUM CAPLETS
(ILLEGAL IMPORT) (POTASSIUM +
JUNIPER + PARSLEY + UVA URSI EXT.
+ BUCHU EXT.)
URINEX CAPS.
(ALPHA PINENE + ANETHOL +
BETA PINENE + BORNEOL +
CAMPHENE + CINEOL +
FENCHONE)
Rowatinex Cap. (α-pinene, β-pinene,
camphene, borneol, anethol, fenchone,
cineole)

19. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
 Nomenclature of drugs (Origin of the crude drug)
The origin includes:
A) The Biological origin.
B) The geographical origin.
C) The commercial origin

20. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
 Natural or Biological origin or sources:
 The Italic or underlined name of plant or
animal yielding the drug in the binomial
system is due to the Swedish biologist
Linnaeus.
 In this system the first name is split with
Capital letter and denotes the genus, whilst the
second name denotes the species and start with
a small letter e.g. Glycyrrhiza glabra

21. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
 Except where the species is named after a
person as Cinchona Ledgeriana in which the
species named after Charles Ledger, who
brought its seed from Brazil 1865.
 In the Pharmacopeias and research papers,
botanical names are followed by the names
of persons. These refer to the botanist who
first described the species or variety.

22. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
The specific name is usually indicate the following:
Some striking characteristics of the plant, e.g.
 Conium maculatum, maculate (spotted); stem with reddish,
spotted patches.
 Glycyrrhiza glabra, glabrous (smooth); fruit is a smooth pod.
 Atropa belladonna, Bella (beautiful), Donna (lady); the juice of
the fruit placed in the eyes causes dilatation of the pupils, thus
giving a striking appearance.
 Hyoscyamus muticus, muticus (short); the plant being short
 Barosma serratifolia and B. crenulata , serrate and crenulate;
refers to the margin of the leaf.

23. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
 Pergularia tomentosa, tomentose (hairy); numerous
hairs covering the plant
 Aconitum napellus, napellus (a little turnip); refers
to the shape of the root
 Rheum palmatum, palmate (spreading); the large
spreading leaves
 Cimicifuga racemosa, racemes (inflorescence); the
flower in racemes
 Strychnos potatorum, potable (fit to drink); the
seeds used in India for clearing of water

24. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
 A characteristic color, e.g. Brassica alba (white), Brassica nigra
and Piper nigrum (black), Veratrum viride (green), Digitalis lutea
(yellow), Citrus aurantium (golden-yellow), Digitalis purpurea
(purple)
 Certain aroma of the plant, e.g. Myristica fragrans, fragrant
(nice aroma) and Caryophyllus aromaticus (aroma)
 A geographical source, e.g. Cannabis indica and Tamarindus
indica (India), Olea europaea (Europ), Scilla maritima (near the
coast), Hydrastis Canadensis (Canada) and Hamamelis virginiana
(Virginia)

25. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
 A pharmaceutical activity, e.g.
 Ipomoea purga (laxative),
 Papaver somniferum (inducing sleep),
 Cantharis vesicatoria (blistering),
 Brayera anthelmentica (expelling worms),
 Strychnos nux vomica (nut causing vomiting)
 An active constituents, e.g. Quillaia saponaria (containing
saponins)
 A special indication, e.g.
 Triticum vulgare and Foeniculum vulgare (wild) and
 Allium sativum, Negilla sativa and Crocus sativa (cultivated)

26. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
The genus name may also indicate certain characters of the plant, e.g.
 Iris, from the Greek, meaning Goddess of the rainbow, indicating the
varied colors of the flowers
 Atropa, from Atropos, meaning flexible, the name of the Greek fate
who cuts the thread of life, indicating the poisonous effect of the plant
 Glycyrrhiza, glycyr from glucose (sweet) and rhiza (root)
 Linum, from Latin, linea meaning thread; referring to the use of its
fibres
 Agropyron, from the Greek, agros (field) and pyros (wheat)

27. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
Geographical origin or sources:
The geographical source or Habitat is the region in which the
plant or animal yielding the drug
 Indigenous plants: Plants growing in their native countries,
e.g. Aconitum napellus of the mountainous regions of
Europe, Hyoscyamus muticus of Egypt, Cannabis sativa of
India.
 Exotic plants: Plants not of native origin.

28. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
Commercial origin
This refer to the place of drug production or its transport. The
name of drug may show
1- The country region in which they are collected e.g. English
Hyoscyamus
2- The city from which they are shipped,
e.g. Alexandrian senna from Alexandria.
3- Its native country, e.g. Spanish liquorice which was
originally produced in Spanish but now produced elsewhere

29. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
Classification of drugs for study
Alphabetical: The drugs are arranged in an
alphabetical order using either Latin or English
names. books. British Pharmacopoeia. British Herbal
Pharmacopoeia Indian Pharmacopoeia. European
Pharmacopoeia.
Taxonomic: The drugs are arranged according to the
plants from which they are obtained in phyla, orders,
families, genera and species.

30. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
Morphological: The drugs are dividing into organized drugs
(leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, herbs, roots and rhizomes, barks,
woods) and unorganized drugs (dried lattices, extracts, gums,
resins, oils, fats and waxes).
Chemical: The drugs are arranged according to their important
constituents e.g. drugs containing volatile oils, glycosides,
alkaloids, bitter principles, tannins).
Pharmacological or Therapeutic
The drugs are classified according to the pharmacological
action or their therapeutic use e.g. astringents, irritants,
carminatives………etc.

31. Herbal medicine Dr. Mostafa Hegazy