content
Deterioration of Herbal Drugs
Primary Factors (Light, Moisture/ Humidity, Temperature and Air Oxidation)
Secondary Factors
Control Measures for Deterioration
Adulteration of Crude Drugs
Detection of Adulterants
The branch of herbal medicine that describes the potentials and limitations of herbal drugs in the treatment of human diseases and should be practiced by physicians trained in herbalism.
70-80% of people worldwide rely chiefly on traditional, largely herbal, medicines.
The global demand for herbal medicine is not only large but growing.
Various technologies- adopted for enhancing bioactive molecules in medicinal plants.
Biotechnological tools are important for the multiplication and genetic enhancement of medicinal plants.
In vitro regeneration and genetic transformation are the Techniques adopted.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology-Approaches of Traditional Medicine Studies, Traditional use & management of medicinal plants in Asian countries, Application of Ethnobotany to community conservation and medicinal plant resource management
The branch of herbal medicine that describes the potentials and limitations of herbal drugs in the treatment of human diseases and should be practiced by physicians trained in herbalism.
70-80% of people worldwide rely chiefly on traditional, largely herbal, medicines.
The global demand for herbal medicine is not only large but growing.
Various technologies- adopted for enhancing bioactive molecules in medicinal plants.
Biotechnological tools are important for the multiplication and genetic enhancement of medicinal plants.
In vitro regeneration and genetic transformation are the Techniques adopted.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology-Approaches of Traditional Medicine Studies, Traditional use & management of medicinal plants in Asian countries, Application of Ethnobotany to community conservation and medicinal plant resource management
Nutraceuticals chapter of Advance Pharmacognosy 1 of M Pharm syllabus.
This presentation involves Introduction to Nutraceuticals,
Classification of Nutraceuticals, Herbs as a food, Inorganic /mineral supplements, brief benefits of vitamin supplements, digestive enzymes and its example, use of cereals and Grains, importance of Antioxidants and Polyunsaturated fatty acids, an example of formulation and standardization of Multivitamin Tablets, what all regulatory requirement we need to manufacture Nutraceuticals and FSSAI guidelines for Nutraceuticals, sources- mediinal use - marker compound of some usually used Nutraceuticals.
It deals with meaning of adultration, types and various factors including primary and secondary factors, preventive measures for adultration of herbal drugs
Nutraceuticals chapter of Advance Pharmacognosy 1 of M Pharm syllabus.
This presentation involves Introduction to Nutraceuticals,
Classification of Nutraceuticals, Herbs as a food, Inorganic /mineral supplements, brief benefits of vitamin supplements, digestive enzymes and its example, use of cereals and Grains, importance of Antioxidants and Polyunsaturated fatty acids, an example of formulation and standardization of Multivitamin Tablets, what all regulatory requirement we need to manufacture Nutraceuticals and FSSAI guidelines for Nutraceuticals, sources- mediinal use - marker compound of some usually used Nutraceuticals.
It deals with meaning of adultration, types and various factors including primary and secondary factors, preventive measures for adultration of herbal drugs
Drug Adulteration and evaluation of the crude drug: PharmacognosySHIVANEE VYAS
Adulteration is the practice of substituting original drugs completely or partially with similar-looking substances. The substance, when mixed is either inferior inquality with chemical and therapeutic properties. The substance, which is added with the original drug, is called adulterants.
ADULTERANTS: Adulterants are either sub-standard in verity or of the original crude drug or inferior drug or artificially prepared or other substance. That is present in the original drug, which decreases its quality. In general terms, Adulteration is the regulation of any substance either by adding or taking off anything from the original substance, which decreases the quality of that substance, maybe harming health causes a variety of adverse effects from mild to moderate to severe life-threatening responses.
This adulteration is done intentionally or unintentionally Intentional adulteration is a criminal offense and punishable offense under the act, the motive behind intentional adulteration is normally commercial and originates mainly with the intention to make a profit.
General Methods for Isolation of Terpene Hydrocarbons
1. Fractional Distillation:
• This usually takes place under vacuum or in an atmosphere of inert gas,?? as many hydrocarbons are sensitive to heat in atmospheric oxygen (product name? ? ?).
• This can carried out by gradual increase of the distillation temperature by (1-5oC) or (5-10 oC) according to the boiling point of components.
2. Preparation of the Corresponding Crystalline Additive Products “Adducts”:
Characteristic addition products are formed by N2O3 (Dinitrogen trioxide), N2O4, NOCl (Nitrosyl chloride) and NOBr to yield nitrosites, nitrosates, nitrosochlorides, and nitrosobromides, respectively.
content
Flavonoids (importance, Physiological role and Therapeutic uses).
Flavonoids biosynthesis, General Properties and Tests for identity.
Flavone Glycosides (Diosmin and Apiin)
Flavonol Glycosides (rutin and Quercetrin)
Flavanone Glycosides (Hesperidin)
Silymarin (flavonolignans)
Isoflavonoids (Genistein)
Coumarin Glycosides
content
Anthracene glycosides
mechanism of Action
Chemistry
Tests for Identification of anthracene glycosides
I- Anthraquinones (alizarin, aloe-emodin and rhein)
Metabolism of Diacerein (1-8 Diacetyl Rhein)
II- Anthranols and anthrones (Chrysarobin and Barbaloin)
III- Dianthrones (Sennosides A-D and Hypericin)
Definition
Glycosides are non-reducing organic compounds that on hydrolysis with acids or enzymes yield:
1- A sugar part (or glycone, formed of one or more sugar units).
2- A non-sugar part (or aglycone, also called genin).
content
The evaluation of drugs
Evaluation methods of the crude drugs
Chemistry of Crude Drugs
Primary Metabolites (starch, protein and fixed oil)
secondary Metabolites (glycosides, alkaloids and volatile oil)
The living plant cell
What is the main differences between plant cell and animal cell??
Cell wall: Formed of cellulose.
Chloroplast: Responsible for photosynthesis.
Vacuole: much larger in plant cells, store any nutrients and waste products .
content
Cultivation and preparation of crude drugs
1- Cultivation
2- Collection
3- Preservation of plant material (Drying, stabilization and fermentation)
4- Packing
5- Storage
6- Grinding of crude drugs
7- crude drug extraction
content
Important definitions
Crude drug description
Pharmacist should have a good knowledge of natural drugs (why)
Nomenclature of drugs (Origin of the crude drug)
Classification of drugs for study
Definitions “volatile oils”, “Ethereal oils” or Essential oils”
Volatile oils: Complex liquid mixtures of odoriferous compounds of varying chemical composition, which easily evaporate when exposed to air at room temperature, and which are used for either their specific therapeutic activity or their aroma.
Aromatherapy is a branch of complementary medicine, which depends on the use of aromatic plants, their extracts, mainly their essential oils to promote health, beauty and vitality.
بعض العلاقات... مثل القرابة والصداقة...
تشتمل على معاني جميلة... و روابط انسانيه مهمة...
ولكن البعض يتغيرون ... تغيرهم الاحداث ...
فالاحداث هي امتحانات لقوة طرفي اي معادلة تربط اي اثنين...
أستاذ جامعي يقع قتيلا في مؤتمر تقيمه كلية الحقوق... أثناء نقاش مع زميل له ...
على الرغم من ان القتيل كان شخص وفيا ومعطاء لكل المحيطين به...
لكن هذا لم يمنع يد خائنة وخسيسة من ان تقتله...
وتجعل من الخيانة والغدر مقابلا للوفاء... كما كانت من قبل جزاء لسنمار.
عندما يتلوث الدم.... ليس بالجراثيم وانما بآثام القلب وشروره ليضخ دما ملوثا بالحقد والكراهيه لينقله الى اقدام تسوقك الى جريمه والى يدا لتجعل من السلاح الذي تمسكه ادآة سوداء ورسالة من قلب مريض رسالة بالموت
عندما يتحول نجاحك الى مرض وعقده نفسيه كبيره لشخص لا يستطيع ان يلاحقه .....
عندما لا تفلح مؤمرات ذلك الشخص في افشالك.....
عندما يقرر انك من يقف في طريقه وانه يتوجب عليه ازاحتك من طريقه بأي وسيله وان كانت القتل..
عندها فقط بدأت المذبحه...
هاجس جال بخاطر رجل الاعمال الناجح حسن المصري بأن اذى ما سيلحق بابنه الوحيد خالد وان كارثة ما ستحدث لشركته...
وبدون مقدمات تحول الهاجس لسلسله من الجرائم البشعه والغامضه التي راح ضحيتها هو وكل الموجوديين بقصره ...
وفي لحظاته الاخيره ... وبدون ادنى تفكير حاول ان يحمي اغلى الناس في حياته ...ابنه ....من تلك اليد الاثمه...
لتكن تلك المكالمه ذات الكلمات القليله .... يبلغ فيها خالد ابنه برساله...
رساله من قلب محب.... رساله مضمونها
ان الاب هو الملاذ الاخير
حصن يحمي ابنائه الى النهايه
ان الاب هو.....
الطابية الاخيره
Phenolic compounds
Precipitate animal proteins in hides and converting them into leather. “Tanning Industry”
Present in plants, ex. grapes, cranberry, hamamelis and tea leaves.
Opium is the air-dried milky exudate, or latex, obtained by incising the unripe capsules of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae).
the ripe capsule can contain up to 0.5% total alkaloids
Opium represents a much concentrated form and up to 25% of its mass is composed of alkaloids ( more than 40 alkaloids).
Structural features of Cinchona alkaloids
1- The basic skeleton of Cinchona alkaloids is Ruban-9-Ol.
2- Ruban nucleus is a combined skeleton formed from a quinoline ring attached to a quinuclidine ring (a bicyclic ring contain N) through methylene group.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. content
Deterioration of Herbal Drugs
Primary Factors (Light, Moisture/ Humidity, Temperature and Air
Oxidation)
Secondary Factors
Control Measures for Deterioration
Adulteration of Crude Drugs
Detection of Adulterants
3. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
Deterioration of Herbal Drugs
- Several factors affect shelf-life of stored
crude drugs.
Secondary Factors for Deterioration
(living organism)
Primary Factors for Deterioration
(Physicochemical Factors)
1- Bacteria and Moulds
1- Light
2- Mites and Nematode Worms
2- Moisture/ Humidity
3-Insects/Moths
3- Temperature
4-Rodents
4- Air Oxidation
4. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
Primary Factors for Deterioration
1- Light:
In general, drugs should be protected by suitable light-
proof wrapping, by the use of amber عسلي colour glass
containers and/or stored in a dark place to prevent
photochemical reactions.
A- Light affect drug color:
1- Rose petals are red when fresh and changing to
brown on exposure to light.
2- Powdered rhubarb الراوند stored in clear glass jars
rapidly changes as the exposed surfaces turning from
yellow to more reddish colour.
5. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
B- Light affect drug activity and active
constituents :
1- Digitalis اصبع
العذراء leaves lose its
activity more rapidly in sun light.
2- Photo-decomposition occurs with
santonin, the principal constituents of
wormseed, which on exposure to light
darkens and eventually becomes black.
6. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
2- Moisture/ Humidity:
This amount of water is sufficient to activate the
enzymes present in some dried plant materials.
1- Digitalis اصبع
العذراء and bring about the
decomposition of the active glycosides.
2- Squill بصل
العنصل contains hygroscopic
mucilage and the powder therefore, if exposed to
the atmosphere, will pickup moisture and become
a sticky mass.
7. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
To overcome the effect of moisture/Humidity
1- drugs stored in airtight containers.
2- Stabilization of drug may be carried out:
a- Temporary stabilization: By storing the
drug in containers enclosing dehydrating agent
such as quick lime or calcium chloride.
b- Complete stabilization: By destroying
enzymes by subjecting the fresh drug to
alcohol vapour or immersing in alcohol.
8. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
3- Temperature
1- Many enzymatic changes more rapidly at the slightly
raised temperature up to about 45°C.
2- drugs containing volatile constituents in unprotected
structures, loose oil with an increase in temperature.
4- Air Oxidation
- Powered drugs are more liable to oxidative effects than
entire drugs?? as diffusion of oxygen is faster.
1- Fixed oils may be rancid e.g. Linseed oil او
الزيت
الحار
الكتانand cod-liver سمكة
القد .
9. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
2- Volatile oils may be resinified e.g.
Turpentine زيت
التربنتينه
او
الصنوبر and oil of
Lemon.
3- Expecionally In some cases oxidative
changes are required, e.g. Frangula bark.
-these materials require storage in a well-
filled and airtight container.
10. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
Secondary Factors for Deterioration
- Living organisms usually develop in stored drugs where the
conditions are satisfactory for them.
1- Bacteria and Moulds
2- Mites and Nematode Worms
3- Insects/Moths
4- Rodents
11. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
Insect destroyed before storage by one
of the following methods:
1- Heat treatment: Exposing the drug to
temperature of 60-65 °C. This treatment
kills the insect eggs.
2- Fumigation: It includes use of volatile
insecticides in closed areas such as carbon
disulphide or T- gas (a mixture of 90%
Ethylene oxide and 10% carbon dioxide). It
has to repeat fumigation at intervals as it
dose not kill eggs.
12. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
3- Liming
- The drug is dipped in freshly
slacked lime or sprinkled with quick
lime.
- It is used for few drugs such as
Ginger and Nutmeg.
4- Freezing: By subjecting the drug
in refrigerator.
13. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
Control Measures for Deterioration
I- The container used for storage and its closure
1- must not interact physically or chemically
with the material within.
2- A well closed container
II- Storage area should be kept clean, dry and
prevent entrance of insect and rodent.
III- Periodic spraying with approved
insecticides will help to prevent the spread of
infestation.
- The material found to be contaminated is best
to be destroyed by burning.
14. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
Adulteration of Crude Drugs
Adulteration is substitution of the original crude drugs partially or fully with other
substances which is either free from or inferior in therapeutic and chemical
properties.This usually happens to rare or high priced drugs
- An adulterated drug does not comply with the official requirements of the
Pharmacopoeias
- Adulterant: The added substances used or adulteration
- Types of adulteration:
6. Inferiority.
1. Sophistication
7. Addition of worthless heavy materials
2. Substitution
8. Usage of Vegetative Matter from the Same Plant
3. Admixture.
9. Addition of powdered materials
4. Deterioration.
10. Addition of Synthetic Principles
5. Spoilage
15. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
1. Sophistication التكلف الغش او المحاكاة
او الحقيقي
The addition of a material to any article
with intend to defraud
- Adulteration of ginger with starch,
capsicum for pungency and curcuma
for color
- Adulteration of beeswax with yellow
colored paraffin wax.
- Artificial invert sugar to adulterate
honey.
16. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
2. Substitution االستبدال
The complete replacement of the genuine drug with a
different article.
Different methods used for adulteration may be
grouped as follows:
a) Substitution with Inferior Commercial Varieties
b) Substitution with Exhausted Drugs
c) Substitution by Superficially Similar but Cheaper
Natural Substances
d) Adulteration by Artificially Manufactured
Substitutes
17. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
a) Substitution with Inferior Commercial
Varieties
- Dog Senna (Cassia obovata) has been used to
adulterate Senna السنامكي (Cassia acutifolia).
- Japanese ginger (Zingiber mioga) to adulterate
medicinal ginger الزنجبيل (Zingiber officinale).
b) Substitution with Exhausted Drugs
- This practice is most common in case of volatile
oil containing materials like clove, fennel etc.,
18. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
c) Substitution by Superficially Similar but Cheaper
Natural Substances
- Peach and Apricot مشمش kernels for Almonds
- Dandelion البرية الهندباء for henbane السكران .
- Indian dill (Anetheum sowa)شبت for European dill
(Anethum graveolens).
d) Adulteration by Artificially Manufactured Substitutes
- Artificial invert sugar for honey.
- Paraffin wax after yellow for bees wax
3. Inferiority
The same crude drug (not substituted) has low percentage
of active constituents e.g. Nux Vomica المقئ الجوز seeds
containing less than the official percentage of strychnine.,
19. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
4. Admixture الخلط
Admixture is the addition of one article to another through
accident, ignorance or carelessness,
1- Adding other unwanted parts of the same plant as stems,
stalk and other aerial parts to the leaf drug or Inclusion of soil
on an underground organ.
2- the co-collection of two similar species, Collection of other
plants by mistake and ignorance of collection (Argel instead of
Senna leaves).
5. Intended Addition
I- Addition of worthless heavy materials
II. Addition of powdered materials
III. Addition of Synthetic Principles
20. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
I- Addition of worthless heavy materials:
- A large mass of stone has been found in the center of liquorice bales.,
- Pieces of limestone in Asafetida.
- Lead shots in Opium.
II. Addition of powdered materials:
These are powdered waste products of suitable color and density to adulterate
powder drug. e.g. powdered Olive stone are added to drugs like liquorices and
gentian or Hazel nut shells to Cinnamon,
III. Addition of Synthetic Principles
Sometimes to fortify inferior natural products, synthetic principles are added
Adding citral to oil of lemon; benzyl benzoate to balsam of Peru.
21. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
6. Usage of Vegetative Matter from the
Same Plant
This is done by mixing adventitious matters or
naturally occurring with the drug in excessive
amount or parts of plant other than that which
constitutes the drugs. e.g. Epiphytes,
Liverworts and lichens growing in bark
portion are mixed with Cascara or Cinchona or
Excessive amounts of stems in drugs like
Lobelia, Stramonium and buchu are
sometimes cut into short lengths and added to
the drug.
22. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
7. Deterioration (chemical and microbial)
I- Chemical deterioration is an impairment of the
quality of an article due to destruction of valuable
constituents by bad treatment or aging.
- Powdered Squill, hardened through absorption of
moisture.
II- Microbial deterioration This is a form of
deterioration in which the quality of the drug is
impaired or destroyed by the action of fungi,
bacteria, insects or rodents
e.g. Moldy Ergot and wormy Rhubarb.,
23. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
Detection of Adulterants
Procedures for detection of adulteration.
1- Establishing the Identity of the adulterant drug or substance.
2- Determination of the quality of the drug (Official specifications,
Pharmacopoeial or other).
Determination of the Adulterant Identity
6. Ultra Violet Light
1. Inspection of morphology
7. Processes of Assay
2. Histology and Microscopic Examination
8. Quantitative Microscopy
3. Microscopic Linear Measurements
9. Other Constants
4. Solubility and Physical Constants
10. Detection of Filth
5. Qualitative Chemical Tests
24. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
1. Inspection of morphology: Dog Senna
(Cassia obovata) has been used to adulterate
Senna (Cassia acutifolia).
2. Histology and Microscopic Examination:
Using various measurements as the Vein Islet
Number and Palisade Ratio for leaf drugs.
- inspection of type of trichomes and stomata
or Stomatal Index.
3. Microscopic Linear Measurements
The diameter of starch granules as well as the
diameter of Phloem fibres will assist to
differentiate between Cassia and Cinnamon
barks.
25. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
4. Solubility and Physical Constants:
in different organic solvents aids in the
examination of many oils and oleo-resins. Many
physical constants including Specific gravity,
Optical Rotation, Viscosity and Refractive
Index measured using specific instruments and
indicate adulteration especially for oils and fats.
5. Qualitative Chemical Tests: Many color tests
are specific for certain substances. e.g. Ammi
visnaga will give Rose Red color with KOH
while Ammi majus will not.
26. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
6. UV light: For identification of
Rhapontic which may be used to
adulterate Chinese Rhubarb.
7. Processes of Assay
Assays are conducted to determine
active constituents e.g. Alkaloidal
assays of belladonna or Volatile oil
estimation. The results obtained will
detect whether the drugs are
exhausted and or inferior quality.
27. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
8. Quantitative Microscopy
This includes
- counting the number of starch grains per
milligram, for detection of starches as adulterants.
- counting the number of characteristic Scleraids
per milligram, e.g., Olive stones and clove stalks,
- counting epidermal area per grams of powdered
leaf or measuring the total length of fiber per
gram,
All these quantitative methods are used if
chemical and physical methods are inapplicable.
Calculations of results are done by referring to
known constants or standards.
28. Medicinal plants Dr. Mostafa Hegazy
9. Other Constants
- Water Soluble Extractives, e.g. Liquorice and
Gentian; the water yield provide an easy assay
- Ash for determination of foreign inorganic matter:
The Acid insoluble ash gives an indication of
excessive earthy matter (consists mainly of silica).
- Crude fibers: Is used to detect excessive woody
materials, e.g., detection of Clove stalk in Cloves.
10. Detection of Filth
Filth consists of rodent feces and hairs as well as
insects and their parts. If present in a drug, render it
unfit for human use.