The document discusses starvation and obesity. It summarizes that during fasting, the liver increases gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation while also producing ketone bodies. The adipose tissue increases breakdown of triglycerides, releasing fatty acids. The brain and skeletal muscles use ketone bodies and fatty acids for fuel. Long-term, the kidney also contributes to gluconeogenesis. Obesity is influenced by genetics and environment and assessed by BMI, fat distribution patterns, and number of fat cells. Metabolic changes in obesity include dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and an increased health risk.
Click on any of these links to get more information on the Ketogenic (Keto) Diet.
Get your custom plan KETO Diet: https://bit.ly/3eW4O4k
Follow This 28 days Plan keto diet: https://bit.ly/376Y0hL
Bread, Sandwiches & Pizza recipes to Follow on a 100% Ketogenic Diet: https://bit.ly/2AIAL1o
Intermittent fasting is an Interventional strategy where in individuals are subjected to varying periods of fasting.
It doesn’t specify which foods you should eat but rather when you should eat them.
Intermittent fasting (IF) is an eating pattern that cycles between periods of fasting and eating.
It’s currently very popular in the health and fitness community.
Recently attracted attention because:
1- Its Evidence-Based Health Benefits
2- Its potential for correcting metabolic Abnormalities
3- Better adherence than other methods
Click on any of these links to get more information on the Ketogenic (Keto) Diet.
Get your custom plan KETO Diet: https://bit.ly/3eW4O4k
Follow This 28 days Plan keto diet: https://bit.ly/376Y0hL
Bread, Sandwiches & Pizza recipes to Follow on a 100% Ketogenic Diet: https://bit.ly/2AIAL1o
Intermittent fasting is an Interventional strategy where in individuals are subjected to varying periods of fasting.
It doesn’t specify which foods you should eat but rather when you should eat them.
Intermittent fasting (IF) is an eating pattern that cycles between periods of fasting and eating.
It’s currently very popular in the health and fitness community.
Recently attracted attention because:
1- Its Evidence-Based Health Benefits
2- Its potential for correcting metabolic Abnormalities
3- Better adherence than other methods
The ketogenic diet (or keto diet, for short) is a low carb, high fat diet that offers many health benefits.
In fact, many studies show that this type of diet can help you lose weight and improve your health.
Ketogenic diets may even have benefits against diabetes, cancer, epilepsy, and Alzheimer’s disease.
A longtime assistant professor at the University of South Florida, Dr. Dominic D'Agostino has conducted extensive research on areas relating to mitigating muscle wasting associated with cancer and the health consequences of a ketogenic diet. Nutrition researchers such as Dr. Dominic D'Agostino have long investigated the benefits of a ketogenic diet, which involves minimizing sugar and carbohydrate intake in favor of foods with a relatively high fat content. In the absence of sugar as a primary energy source, the body begins to utilize fatty acid metabolism, which relies on the body’s fat stores.
Intermittent fasting and metabolic syndromefathi neana
Metabolic syndrome reached an epidemic
No Cure by Insulin, Drugs, Low fat diet
Can be cured by Bariatric surgery, Intermittent fasting, Very low carb diet
Annals of Nutritional Disorders & Therapy is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality Manuscripts in all related aspects of nutritional disorders resulting from either excessive or inadequate intake of food and nutrients leading to various Nutritional diseases including obesity, eating disorders, malnutrition, developmental abnormalities that could be prevented by diet, hereditary metabolic disorders that retort to dietary treatment, food allergies and intolerances, and potential hazards in the food supply. It also focuses upon the chronic diseases caused due to improper nutrition such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, and diabetes mellitus.
Acne is most common among teenagers, with a reported prevalence of 70 to 87 percent. Increasingly, younger children are getting acne as well.
Depending on its severity, acne can cause emotional distress and scar the skin. The earlier you start treatment, the lower your risk of lasting physical and emotional damage
Acne scare and finding precise cure for acne may take years with no outcome, where as a simple step of testing for Food Intolerance (IgG antibodies to food) and elimination of intolerant foods from diet may sometimes prove to be the sure shot solution to the chronic problem
The ketogenic diet (or keto diet, for short) is a low carb, high fat diet that offers many health benefits.
In fact, many studies show that this type of diet can help you lose weight and improve your health.
Ketogenic diets may even have benefits against diabetes, cancer, epilepsy, and Alzheimer’s disease.
A longtime assistant professor at the University of South Florida, Dr. Dominic D'Agostino has conducted extensive research on areas relating to mitigating muscle wasting associated with cancer and the health consequences of a ketogenic diet. Nutrition researchers such as Dr. Dominic D'Agostino have long investigated the benefits of a ketogenic diet, which involves minimizing sugar and carbohydrate intake in favor of foods with a relatively high fat content. In the absence of sugar as a primary energy source, the body begins to utilize fatty acid metabolism, which relies on the body’s fat stores.
Intermittent fasting and metabolic syndromefathi neana
Metabolic syndrome reached an epidemic
No Cure by Insulin, Drugs, Low fat diet
Can be cured by Bariatric surgery, Intermittent fasting, Very low carb diet
Annals of Nutritional Disorders & Therapy is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published by Austin Publishers. It provides easy access to high quality Manuscripts in all related aspects of nutritional disorders resulting from either excessive or inadequate intake of food and nutrients leading to various Nutritional diseases including obesity, eating disorders, malnutrition, developmental abnormalities that could be prevented by diet, hereditary metabolic disorders that retort to dietary treatment, food allergies and intolerances, and potential hazards in the food supply. It also focuses upon the chronic diseases caused due to improper nutrition such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, and diabetes mellitus.
Acne is most common among teenagers, with a reported prevalence of 70 to 87 percent. Increasingly, younger children are getting acne as well.
Depending on its severity, acne can cause emotional distress and scar the skin. The earlier you start treatment, the lower your risk of lasting physical and emotional damage
Acne scare and finding precise cure for acne may take years with no outcome, where as a simple step of testing for Food Intolerance (IgG antibodies to food) and elimination of intolerant foods from diet may sometimes prove to be the sure shot solution to the chronic problem
Do you ever feel exhausted and tired even after a good night sleep?
It could be a symptom of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and you could be one of the million of people suffering from it.
CFS as is known has no definite reasons, however your diet could be one of them.
Just get yourself tested for Food Sensitivities / Intolerance to the food you are exposed to, just by having a test for diagnosing presence of IgG to the foods you are exposed to.
WordPress development paradigms, idiosyncrasies and other big wordsTomAuger
For seasoned developers approaching WordPress customization or development for the first time the biggest challenge is often not learning the API and method calls: it's grasping the idiosyncrasies of the WordPress framework.
In this 45-minute presentation aimed at web coders who are interested in diving into WordPress customization and development, you will learn the key idioms that will accelerate your learning curve and help you approach the framework from a best practices perspective: template hierarchies, themes and child themes, taxonomies, filters and action hooks, execution order and other need-to-know concepts will be presented as well as tips on what the most active online developer communities are and the best places to go for quick (free) help and advice.
A look at the tragic issue of world hunger and an appeal for action. Includes an event which will promote awareness and incite action to make a difference
Service providers who receive high nutrition risk referrals, particularly Registered Dietitians, need to be knowledgeable about general and clinical pediatric nutrition as well as counselling skills for working with families and children.
This is the last of five self-directed training modules available in PowerPoint presentations that have been developed and evaluated to respond to this need
To learn more and watch the webinar, visit:
https://insidescientific.com/webinar/brain-circuits-driving-appetite-obesity-2020
In many western countries, nearly a quarter of us meet the criteria for clinical obesity and more than half of us are overweight. This is a medical concern because obesity is a serious risk factor for many major chronic illnesses, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer, and as a result, obesity is associated with reduced lifespan by almost a decade. The rapid escalation in the prevalence of obesity and the paucity of obesity medications underscores the necessity of an understanding of the basic neurobiology underlying body weight.
During this webinar, Professor Heisler will discuss brain circuits that are the main known controllers of body weight, such as those activated by the adipocyte hormone leptin. She will review how our genes impact our waistline and will discuss crucial genes such as those in the melanocortin system. Professor Heisler will discuss how obesity medications capitalize on this basic neurobiology to promote satiety, reduce hunger and decrease body weight.
Key discussion topics include:
– Gut to brain communication
– Key brain chemicals mediating satiety
– Key brain chemicals controlling hunger
Medical Nutrition Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Krause Book 14th editionBatoul Ghosn
Prepared from the chapter of MNT of CVD from Krause's book 14 the edition 2017 as well as some part from " Modern Nutrition in health and disease" 11th edition.
The lecturer content is based on the Kathmandu University course syllabus. But, can be used for any undergraduate medical course for MBBS, BDS and Nursing.
This is a continuation of the earlier slide with a name "Nucleotides". Please refer to the previous mentioned slide before moving to this slide for a better overall concept on nucleotides and nucleic acids.
This is a lecture slide for MBBS, BDS, paramedical as well as for those who are interested in molecular biology, molecular life sciences, biochemistry, medical biochemistry, general biochemistry etc.
For the more elucidated and connected information, try to refer to the nucleic acids slides.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
1. Rajesh Chaudhary
Monday, November 17, 2014
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STARVATION AND OBESITY
Department of Biochemistry, KMC, Duwakot
Monday, November 17, 2014
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Rajesh Chaudhary
Fasting and Starvation
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… deficiency in caloric energy intake.
Fasting beings if no food is ingested after absorptive period.
Consequences of fasting: plasma level of glucose, AA and TAG falls.
Overview of fasting
Insulin secretion falls while Glucagon is activated.
Rajesh Chaudhary
Overview of Fasting
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Fuel stores and enzymatic changes during fasting
Rajesh Chaudhary
Enzymatic changes in fasting
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The flow of intermediates through pathways of energy metabolism is controlled by four mechanisms:
1. Availability of substrate
2. Allosteric regulations of enzymes
3. Covalent modification of enzymes
4. Induction-repression of enzymes synthesis
Rajesh Chaudhary
Enzymatic changes in fasting
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The metabolic changes observed in fasting are generally opposite to those described for the well- fed state.
Exception: 3 exceptions
1. Glycogen phosphorylase
2. Glycogen phosphorylase kinase
3. Hormone-sensitive lipase of adipose tissue
Rajesh Chaudhary
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Rajesh Chaudhary
2. Rajesh Chaudhary
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Organs involved
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1. Liver in fasting
2. Adipose tissue in fasting
3. Resting skeletal muscle in fasting
4. Brain in fasting
5. Kidney in long-term fasting
Rajesh Chaudhary
Liver in fasting
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1. Carbohydrate metabolism
1.1 Increased glycogen degradation (Glycogenolysis)
1.2 Increased gluconeogenesis
2. Fat metabolism
2.1 Increased fatty acid oxidation
2.2 Increased synthesis of ketone bodies
Rajesh Chaudhary
Liver in fasting (Carbohydrate metabolism)
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Major metabolic pathway in liver during starvation
Rajesh Chaudhary
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Rajesh Chaudhary
Increased gluconeogenesis
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Gluconeogenesis is favored by
Activation of “fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase” due to drop in its inhibitor “fructose 2,6- bisphosphate”
Induction of “phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase” by glucagon.
Rajesh Chaudhary
Liver in fasting (Fat metabolism)
Monday, November 17, 2014
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Major metabolic pathway in liver during starvation
Rajesh Chaudhary
Acetyl CoA doesn’t act as substrate for gluconeogenesis. It acts as pyruvate carboxylase and inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase, thus pushes pyruvate to gluconeogenesis.
3. Rajesh Chaudhary
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Increased fatty acid oxidation
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Rajesh Chaudhary
1.Malonyl CoA applies brake on CPT-1.
2.Malonyl CoA is formed by carboxylating Acetyl CoA using enzyme “Acetyl CoA carboxylase”.
NOTE: FA oxidation provides NADH and ATP which is used for gluconeogenesis by liver.
Increased synthesis of ketone bodies
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Liver can’t use ketone bodies as energy source.
Significant ketogenesis starts during the first day of fasting.
It’s an important source of fuel for peripheral tissues: skeletal, renal cortex, brain, cardiac muscle.
Rajesh Chaudhary
Adipose tissue in fasting
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Carbohydrate metabolism
Fat metabolism
1. Increased degradation of TAG (hormone sensitive lipase)
2. Increased release of fatty acids.
3. Decreased uptake of fatty acids. (lipoprotein lipase of adipose tissue is low)
Resting skeletal muscle in fasting
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1. Carbohydrate metabolism
2. Lipid metabolism
During first 2 weeks: fatty acids from adipose tissue and ketone bodies from liver as fuel.
3. Protein metabolism
Alanine & Glutamine are quantitatively the most important gluconeogenic AA.
Rajesh Chaudhary
Brain in fasting
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Fuel source used by brain to meet energy needs.
Rajesh Chaudhary
Monday, November 17, 2014
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4. Rajesh Chaudhary
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Kidney in long-term fasting
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Kidney expresses the enzymes of gluconeognesis, including glucose 6- phosphatase.
In late fasting about 50% of gluconeogenesis occurs.
Provides compensation for the acidosis that accompanies the increased production of ketone bodies.
Rajesh Chaudhary
Starvation and Obesity
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Rajesh Chaudhary
Assessment of Obesity
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1. Indirect way of assessment – I.e. through BMI.
Exception: Athletes
BMI = wt.in kg/height in m2
= weight in lb/ (height in inches)2
2. Anatomical differences in fat deposition.
3. Biochemical differences in fat depots
4. Number of fat cells
2. Anatomic differences in fat deposition
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For men,
푊푎푖푠푡 퐻푖푝 =1
For women,
푊푎푖푠푡 퐻푖푝 =0.8
Some experts feels that waist to hip ratio is a better predictor of myocardial infarction than BMI.
3. Biochemical differences in regional fat depots
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Abdominal fat cells are much larger and have higher rate of fat turnover than lower body fat cells.
Abdominal adipocytes are hormonally more responsive…
Men tend to accumulate more mobilizable fat…
Substances released from abdominal fat are absobed via the portal vein and have direct access to liver.
Fatty acids taken up by the liver may lead to insulin resistance.
4. Number of fat cells
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Most obesity is thought to involve an increase in both the number and size of adipocytes.
Fat cells, once gained, are never lost.
The observation that fat cells are never lost emphasizes the importance of preventing obesity in the first place.
5. Rajesh Chaudhary
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Body weight regulation
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Genetic contribution to obesity
Identical twins have very similar BMI.
If both parents are obese, child have 70-80% chance.
If parents are lean, then child have just 9% chance.
Environmental and behavioral contributions
Japanese in Japan have average BMI of 20, while that of America has average BMI of 24.
Molecules that influence obesity
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Obesity results when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure.
Metabolic changes observed in obesity
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Predominant effects of obesity include:
Dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance expressed primarily in liver, muscle and adipose tissue.
Metabolic syndrome
Dyslipidemia
Obesity and health risk
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Weight reduction
Physical activity
Caloric restriction
Pharmacological and surgical treatment
NOTE: Weight loss on calorie-restricted diet is determined by energy intake and not nutrient composition.
Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews
Biochemistry, 5th. Edition
Reference
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