It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
Introduction
Nanoparticle characterization techniques
Electron Microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron Microscope
X-ray powder diffraction
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
This document discusses various characterization techniques for nanoparticles. It describes microscopy methods like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) that can be used to determine nanoparticle size, shape, composition and crystalline structure at high resolution. Spectroscopy methods like X-ray diffraction (XRD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) are also outlined for analyzing nanoparticle properties. The key techniques of SEM, TEM, XRD and SAXS are then explained in more detail regarding their basic principles and what types of nanoparticle information can be obtained
This document discusses applications of cyclic voltammetry (CV). CV is an electrochemical technique useful for studying electrode reactions. It involves applying a continuous, cyclic potential to a working electrode in a cell containing three electrodes. The document outlines the principle, working, and applications of CV, including quantitative analysis, studying chemical reactivity and redox processes, determining thermodynamic properties, kinetics, and more. Examples are given of using CV to characterize modified electrodes and study interactions like of anticancer drugs with DNA.
NMR spectroscopy is a technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to analyze atomic nuclei and study the physical and chemical properties of molecules. It provides detailed information about molecular structure by detecting hydrogen and other nuclei. The document discusses the basic principles of NMR, instrumentation, factors affecting chemical shifts, and applications in medicine such as anatomical imaging and tumor detection.
This document discusses green synthesis of nanoparticles using biological methods. It describes how nanoparticles can be synthesized using plant extracts, agricultural waste, microorganisms and enzymes in an environmentally friendly way. This is advantageous over chemical and physical methods as it is cost-effective, produces non-toxic nanoparticles and does not require high temperature or pressure. Specific examples discussed include using bacteria to synthesize silver nanoparticles and controlling factors like pH and temperature to regulate nanoparticle size and shape during microbial synthesis. Overall, the document presents biological methods as a green alternative for nanoparticle production.
It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms
and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
Introduction
Nanoparticle characterization techniques
Electron Microscope
Scanning electron microscope
Transmission electron Microscope
X-ray powder diffraction
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
This document discusses various characterization techniques for nanoparticles. It describes microscopy methods like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) that can be used to determine nanoparticle size, shape, composition and crystalline structure at high resolution. Spectroscopy methods like X-ray diffraction (XRD), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) are also outlined for analyzing nanoparticle properties. The key techniques of SEM, TEM, XRD and SAXS are then explained in more detail regarding their basic principles and what types of nanoparticle information can be obtained
This document discusses applications of cyclic voltammetry (CV). CV is an electrochemical technique useful for studying electrode reactions. It involves applying a continuous, cyclic potential to a working electrode in a cell containing three electrodes. The document outlines the principle, working, and applications of CV, including quantitative analysis, studying chemical reactivity and redox processes, determining thermodynamic properties, kinetics, and more. Examples are given of using CV to characterize modified electrodes and study interactions like of anticancer drugs with DNA.
NMR spectroscopy is a technique that uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency pulses to analyze atomic nuclei and study the physical and chemical properties of molecules. It provides detailed information about molecular structure by detecting hydrogen and other nuclei. The document discusses the basic principles of NMR, instrumentation, factors affecting chemical shifts, and applications in medicine such as anatomical imaging and tumor detection.
This document discusses green synthesis of nanoparticles using biological methods. It describes how nanoparticles can be synthesized using plant extracts, agricultural waste, microorganisms and enzymes in an environmentally friendly way. This is advantageous over chemical and physical methods as it is cost-effective, produces non-toxic nanoparticles and does not require high temperature or pressure. Specific examples discussed include using bacteria to synthesize silver nanoparticles and controlling factors like pH and temperature to regulate nanoparticle size and shape during microbial synthesis. Overall, the document presents biological methods as a green alternative for nanoparticle production.
Electrochemistry 1 the basic of the basicToru Hara
This document discusses key concepts in electrochemistry including the interface between electrode and electrolyte, thermodynamics and kinetics of electrode reactions, and overpotential. The interface contains an electric double layer consisting of an inner monomolecular layer, an outer diffuse region, and an intermediate layer. Overpotential arises from factors like activation energy needed for electrode reactions, concentration gradients that develop at the electrode surface, and resistance of the electrolyte. Overpotential is composed of ohmic drop, activation overpotential, and diffusion overpotential.
Surface Plasmon Resonance,
Surface Plasmons:
Plasmons confined to surface (interface) and interact with light resulting in polarities.
Propagating electron density waves occurring at the interface between metal and dielectric.
The document discusses charge transfer complexes and the different types of charge transfer that can cause color in transition metal complexes. It explains that ligand to metal charge transfer and metal to ligand charge transfer can produce color when pi donor or accepting ligands are present with metals lacking or having low oxidation state d-electrons, respectively. As an example, it describes the metal to ligand charge transfer observed in the spectra of the tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) dichloride complex.
This document discusses cyclic voltammetry, which is a type of potentiodynamic electrochemical measurement where the current in an electrochemical cell is measured while the cell's potential is varied linearly with time. It describes the components of a voltammetry system, including the working, reference, and counter electrodes, as well as the supporting electrolyte. It also explains the triangular potential waveform used and defines terms like peak current and peak potential. Examples of using cyclic voltammetry to study the redox reaction of hexacyanoferrate ions and biological redox systems like cytochromes are provided.
Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon that exist as cylindrical structures with a high length-to-diameter ratio. They can be single-walled or multi-walled depending on the number of concentric cylinders. Carbon nanotubes have extraordinary properties including high strength, stiffness, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. Due to these properties, carbon nanotubes show promise for applications in electronics, hydrogen storage, solar cells, biosensors, drug delivery, and more.
UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY
The document discusses UV-visible spectroscopy, including the electromagnetic spectrum, types of electronic transitions (σ-σ*, π-π*, n-σ*, n-π*), terms used (chromophore, auxochrome), absorption bands (K, R, B), and Beer-Lambert law. It provides details on the theory behind UV-visible spectroscopy and how it can be used to analyze compounds through analysis of absorption spectra. Key terms like chromophores, electronic transitions, and Beer-Lambert law are defined. Examples are given to illustrate absorption maxima for different compound classes and how shifts in maxima occur with changes to molecular structure.
Lattice energy refers to the energy released when separate ions in the gas phase form an ionic crystal lattice. It can be calculated theoretically using the Born-Landé equation or experimentally using the Born-Haber cycle. The Born-Landé equation considers the electrostatic attraction and repulsive forces between ions, while the Born-Haber cycle uses standard enthalpy data and Hess's law. Lattice energy depends on factors like ion charge and size - higher charge or smaller ions lead to stronger electrostatic forces and higher lattice energy. Lattice energy is an important concept for understanding the properties and stability of ionic compounds.
Role of microwave radiation in synthesis of nano particles Swati Wadhawan
This oral presentation summarizes research on the role of microwave radiation in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. It discusses how microwave radiation allows for a rapid, uniform, and eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts. The presentation reviews various plants that have been used to synthesize silver nanoparticles via microwave-assisted methods and evaluates the advantages this approach provides over conventional heating methods. It also outlines some limitations of using microwave energy for nanoparticle formulation.
Resonance Raman spectroscopy is a technique that enhances Raman scattering intensity when the laser excitation frequency matches an electronic transition of the compound being examined. This resonance effect can greatly increase the intensity of Raman bands, facilitating the study of compounds present at low concentrations. The intensity is directly proportional to the energy difference between the laser and electronic transition. The theory of resonance Raman is complex as the normal polarizability theory fails under resonance conditions. It allows selective study of specific parts of molecules and is useful for problems in biology and complexes materials.
This document summarizes the rearrangement of benzilic acid from benzil. It introduces benzilic acid and notes that it can be prepared through rearrangement of the 1,2-α-diketone benzil. The document then outlines the preparation of benzil, the rearrangement mechanism involving nucleophilic addition and migration, and properties of the resulting benzilic acid including its white crystalline structure and solubility in alcohols. Hazards of benzilic acid are also mentioned, noting it is very hazardous if in contact with skin or eyes or if ingested or inhaled, and that it is chemically stable under recommended storage conditions.
The document discusses the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE), which occurs when two protons are in close proximity within a molecule. Irradiating one proton perturbs its spin distribution and affects the relaxation of the other nearby proton. This causes the intensity of the other proton's signal to increase or decrease, indicating their proximity. The NOE provides information about molecular geometry without requiring coupling between nuclei and can reveal which protons are near each other in a structure.
This document discusses various methods for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). It covers physical approaches like evaporation-condensation and laser ablation. It then discusses several chemical approaches for reduction of silver ions to produce Ag NPs, including reduction by tri-sodium citrate, sodium borohydride, UV irradiation, gamma irradiation, laser irradiation, microwave irradiation, sonochemical reduction, and electrochemical methods. It notes the advantages of these chemical synthesis techniques and how stabilizing agents prevent agglomeration of the nanoparticles.
Cyclic voltammetry is an electroanalytical technique that measures current during redox reactions at an electrode. It involves scanning the potential of a working electrode versus a reference electrode and measuring the current. The potential is ramped from an initial value to a set switching potential and back to the initial value. This process is repeated in cycles. A cyclic voltammogram plots the current response of the working electrode versus the applied potential and provides information about redox potentials and reaction reversibility. Reversible reactions produce symmetrical peaks while irreversible reactions have wider separation between peaks. Cyclic voltammetry is useful for studying electrode reaction mechanisms and kinetics.
Fluorescence spectroscopy involves using ultraviolet light to excite electrons in molecules, causing them to emit visible light. The emitted light has a longer wavelength than the absorbed light. Fluorimeters are used to measure fluorescence, exciting samples at an absorption wavelength and measuring emission at a longer fluorescence wavelength. Fluorescence spectroscopy is useful for applications like determining fluorescent drugs in formulations, carrying out limit tests for fluorescent impurities, and studying drug-protein binding in bioanalysis.
Nanowires are microscopic wires that are only a few nanometers wide but can be lengthened significantly. They are typically made of metals like gold or zinc oxide and are produced either by growing them or using DNA as a template. Some potential applications of nanowires include greatly increasing data storage and transfer speeds, enabling more powerful batteries, and allowing for compact sensors to detect chemicals and biological molecules. However, nanowires have not been widely implemented commercially yet because mass production methods still need to be developed further.
Supramolecular chemistry involves the use of non-covalent interactions to assemble molecular subunits into well-defined superstructures. Jean-Marie Lehn introduced the term "supramolecular chemistry" to describe chemistry beyond the molecule using intermolecular forces. Examples of supramolecular assemblies include crown ethers, cyclodextrins, and calixarenes which act as hosts for guest molecules through molecular recognition. Supramolecules can also self-assemble through mechanisms like programmed recognition using specific interactions or "fuzzy" interactions resulting in structures found in nature like cell membranes.
The document discusses various characterization techniques used to analyze nanomaterials. It begins by providing historical context on the origins of nanotechnology and then describes several microscopy and spectroscopy methods. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, small angle X-ray scattering, and scanning probe microscopy are some of the key techniques explained in the document.
Nanotechnology involves working with materials at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. There are top-down and bottom-up approaches to creating nanoparticles. Top-down involves breaking bulk materials into nanoparticles while bottom-up involves building nanoparticles from individual atoms or molecules. Nanoparticles can be created through various methods including attrition, pyrolysis, and liquid phase techniques like sol-gel and microemulsions. Nanoparticles find applications in areas like batteries and 3D printing.
Electrochemistry 1 the basic of the basicToru Hara
This document discusses key concepts in electrochemistry including the interface between electrode and electrolyte, thermodynamics and kinetics of electrode reactions, and overpotential. The interface contains an electric double layer consisting of an inner monomolecular layer, an outer diffuse region, and an intermediate layer. Overpotential arises from factors like activation energy needed for electrode reactions, concentration gradients that develop at the electrode surface, and resistance of the electrolyte. Overpotential is composed of ohmic drop, activation overpotential, and diffusion overpotential.
Surface Plasmon Resonance,
Surface Plasmons:
Plasmons confined to surface (interface) and interact with light resulting in polarities.
Propagating electron density waves occurring at the interface between metal and dielectric.
The document discusses charge transfer complexes and the different types of charge transfer that can cause color in transition metal complexes. It explains that ligand to metal charge transfer and metal to ligand charge transfer can produce color when pi donor or accepting ligands are present with metals lacking or having low oxidation state d-electrons, respectively. As an example, it describes the metal to ligand charge transfer observed in the spectra of the tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) dichloride complex.
This document discusses cyclic voltammetry, which is a type of potentiodynamic electrochemical measurement where the current in an electrochemical cell is measured while the cell's potential is varied linearly with time. It describes the components of a voltammetry system, including the working, reference, and counter electrodes, as well as the supporting electrolyte. It also explains the triangular potential waveform used and defines terms like peak current and peak potential. Examples of using cyclic voltammetry to study the redox reaction of hexacyanoferrate ions and biological redox systems like cytochromes are provided.
Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon that exist as cylindrical structures with a high length-to-diameter ratio. They can be single-walled or multi-walled depending on the number of concentric cylinders. Carbon nanotubes have extraordinary properties including high strength, stiffness, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. Due to these properties, carbon nanotubes show promise for applications in electronics, hydrogen storage, solar cells, biosensors, drug delivery, and more.
UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY
The document discusses UV-visible spectroscopy, including the electromagnetic spectrum, types of electronic transitions (σ-σ*, π-π*, n-σ*, n-π*), terms used (chromophore, auxochrome), absorption bands (K, R, B), and Beer-Lambert law. It provides details on the theory behind UV-visible spectroscopy and how it can be used to analyze compounds through analysis of absorption spectra. Key terms like chromophores, electronic transitions, and Beer-Lambert law are defined. Examples are given to illustrate absorption maxima for different compound classes and how shifts in maxima occur with changes to molecular structure.
Lattice energy refers to the energy released when separate ions in the gas phase form an ionic crystal lattice. It can be calculated theoretically using the Born-Landé equation or experimentally using the Born-Haber cycle. The Born-Landé equation considers the electrostatic attraction and repulsive forces between ions, while the Born-Haber cycle uses standard enthalpy data and Hess's law. Lattice energy depends on factors like ion charge and size - higher charge or smaller ions lead to stronger electrostatic forces and higher lattice energy. Lattice energy is an important concept for understanding the properties and stability of ionic compounds.
Role of microwave radiation in synthesis of nano particles Swati Wadhawan
This oral presentation summarizes research on the role of microwave radiation in the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. It discusses how microwave radiation allows for a rapid, uniform, and eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts. The presentation reviews various plants that have been used to synthesize silver nanoparticles via microwave-assisted methods and evaluates the advantages this approach provides over conventional heating methods. It also outlines some limitations of using microwave energy for nanoparticle formulation.
Resonance Raman spectroscopy is a technique that enhances Raman scattering intensity when the laser excitation frequency matches an electronic transition of the compound being examined. This resonance effect can greatly increase the intensity of Raman bands, facilitating the study of compounds present at low concentrations. The intensity is directly proportional to the energy difference between the laser and electronic transition. The theory of resonance Raman is complex as the normal polarizability theory fails under resonance conditions. It allows selective study of specific parts of molecules and is useful for problems in biology and complexes materials.
This document summarizes the rearrangement of benzilic acid from benzil. It introduces benzilic acid and notes that it can be prepared through rearrangement of the 1,2-α-diketone benzil. The document then outlines the preparation of benzil, the rearrangement mechanism involving nucleophilic addition and migration, and properties of the resulting benzilic acid including its white crystalline structure and solubility in alcohols. Hazards of benzilic acid are also mentioned, noting it is very hazardous if in contact with skin or eyes or if ingested or inhaled, and that it is chemically stable under recommended storage conditions.
The document discusses the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE), which occurs when two protons are in close proximity within a molecule. Irradiating one proton perturbs its spin distribution and affects the relaxation of the other nearby proton. This causes the intensity of the other proton's signal to increase or decrease, indicating their proximity. The NOE provides information about molecular geometry without requiring coupling between nuclei and can reveal which protons are near each other in a structure.
This document discusses various methods for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). It covers physical approaches like evaporation-condensation and laser ablation. It then discusses several chemical approaches for reduction of silver ions to produce Ag NPs, including reduction by tri-sodium citrate, sodium borohydride, UV irradiation, gamma irradiation, laser irradiation, microwave irradiation, sonochemical reduction, and electrochemical methods. It notes the advantages of these chemical synthesis techniques and how stabilizing agents prevent agglomeration of the nanoparticles.
Cyclic voltammetry is an electroanalytical technique that measures current during redox reactions at an electrode. It involves scanning the potential of a working electrode versus a reference electrode and measuring the current. The potential is ramped from an initial value to a set switching potential and back to the initial value. This process is repeated in cycles. A cyclic voltammogram plots the current response of the working electrode versus the applied potential and provides information about redox potentials and reaction reversibility. Reversible reactions produce symmetrical peaks while irreversible reactions have wider separation between peaks. Cyclic voltammetry is useful for studying electrode reaction mechanisms and kinetics.
Fluorescence spectroscopy involves using ultraviolet light to excite electrons in molecules, causing them to emit visible light. The emitted light has a longer wavelength than the absorbed light. Fluorimeters are used to measure fluorescence, exciting samples at an absorption wavelength and measuring emission at a longer fluorescence wavelength. Fluorescence spectroscopy is useful for applications like determining fluorescent drugs in formulations, carrying out limit tests for fluorescent impurities, and studying drug-protein binding in bioanalysis.
Nanowires are microscopic wires that are only a few nanometers wide but can be lengthened significantly. They are typically made of metals like gold or zinc oxide and are produced either by growing them or using DNA as a template. Some potential applications of nanowires include greatly increasing data storage and transfer speeds, enabling more powerful batteries, and allowing for compact sensors to detect chemicals and biological molecules. However, nanowires have not been widely implemented commercially yet because mass production methods still need to be developed further.
Supramolecular chemistry involves the use of non-covalent interactions to assemble molecular subunits into well-defined superstructures. Jean-Marie Lehn introduced the term "supramolecular chemistry" to describe chemistry beyond the molecule using intermolecular forces. Examples of supramolecular assemblies include crown ethers, cyclodextrins, and calixarenes which act as hosts for guest molecules through molecular recognition. Supramolecules can also self-assemble through mechanisms like programmed recognition using specific interactions or "fuzzy" interactions resulting in structures found in nature like cell membranes.
The document discusses various characterization techniques used to analyze nanomaterials. It begins by providing historical context on the origins of nanotechnology and then describes several microscopy and spectroscopy methods. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, small angle X-ray scattering, and scanning probe microscopy are some of the key techniques explained in the document.
Nanotechnology involves working with materials at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. There are top-down and bottom-up approaches to creating nanoparticles. Top-down involves breaking bulk materials into nanoparticles while bottom-up involves building nanoparticles from individual atoms or molecules. Nanoparticles can be created through various methods including attrition, pyrolysis, and liquid phase techniques like sol-gel and microemulsions. Nanoparticles find applications in areas like batteries and 3D printing.
The document summarizes a presentation on developing paclitaxel nanoparticles using human serum albumin (HSA) as a polymer. Paclitaxel is insoluble in water and has low bioavailability. Nanoparticles can increase paclitaxel's stability, target delivery to tumor sites, and reduce toxicity. The method involves dissolving paclitaxel in chloroform and mixing it with an HSA solution to form an emulsion. The chloroform is then evaporated to form paclitaxel-loaded HSA nanoparticles.
Synthesis of nanoparticles- physical,chemical and biologicalPriya Nanda
This document discusses various methods for synthesizing nanoparticles, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches. Physical methods include ball milling, melt mixing, physical vapor deposition techniques like sputtering and laser ablation. Chemical methods involve reducing metal salts or using sol-gel processes. Biological methods use microorganisms, plant extracts, proteins like ferritin, or biomolecular templates to synthesize nanoparticles. The document compares top-down lithography approaches to bottom-up assembly and provides many examples of synthesizing specific nanomaterials.
The document provides an overview of characterization techniques for nanoparticles. It discusses how characterization refers to studying the features, composition, structure and properties of materials. Nanoparticles are defined as particles between 1 to 100 nanometers in at least one dimension. Their small size results in unique physical, chemical and biological properties compared to bulk materials. A variety of characterization techniques are described including optical microscopy techniques like dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy techniques like scanning electron microscopy, and other methods like photon spectroscopy. The techniques allow analyzing properties of nanoparticles like size, shape, structure and chemical composition.
Characterization of cell lines is important to identify their origin and genetic stability. Techniques used include karyotyping, DNA content analysis, and DNA hybridization. Cultured cells have low cell-cell interaction, cannot perform differentiated functions, and are influenced differently by hormones and nutrients than in vivo cells. They also lack the 3D architecture of in vivo cells and favor proliferation of unspecialized cells. Growth parameters like population doubling time, confluence, cell cycle time, cell density, contact inhibition, and saturation density are measured. Tissue typing identifies species of origin using chromosomal or isoenzyme analysis. Tissue and cell line identity can be determined by markers like differentiated products, enzymes, and filament proteins. Transformed
The document discusses paper batteries, which are flexible, ultra-thin energy storage devices made by combining carbon nanotubes with paper. Paper batteries function as both lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors, providing both steady power production and bursts of energy. They are lightweight, flexible, low-cost, and can be shaped for various applications. However, more research is still needed to improve their energy capacity and reduce costs before they can be widely implemented as alternatives to traditional batteries.
The document describes Dr. Shanlin Pan's invention of a dark field scattering spectroelectrochemical particle analyzer that can characterize nanoparticles by both determining their size and electrochemical properties simultaneously and more quickly than current methods, addressing the need for a single system that can analyze both characteristics without the expense of separate methods. The analyzer works by casting light through nanoparticles on an indium tin oxide stage to which a voltage is applied, allowing for the rapid in situ analysis of thousands of individual nanoparticles to correlate electrochemical behavior with structure.
This document summarizes a final year project on depositing CdSe nanoparticles multilayers using chemical bath deposition. It introduces CdSe and its properties, the chemical bath deposition technique, and how it was used to deposit different sized CdSe nanoparticles by varying the concentration of the complexing agent NTA. Characterization of the deposited nanoparticles found smaller sizes were produced with higher NTA concentrations. Attempts to deposit two CdSe layers of different sizes on a substrate did not improve solar cell efficiency compared to a single layer. Further work is recommended to address Ostwald ripening in the deposition solution.
The document summarizes research on enhancing the thermal stability of tin oxide hydrate (SnO2·nH2O) through phosphoric acid treatment. Tin dioxide has applications in areas like semiconductors, solar cells, batteries, and photocatalysis. The researchers prepared phosphorus-containing SnO2 samples using different phosphoric acid concentrations and characterized their structural and surface properties using techniques like thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and UV-vis spectroscopy. The phosphoric acid treatment was found to increase the thermal stability of SnO2 by controlling phosphate coverage on the tin oxide hydrate particles and reducing sintering at higher temperatures. Samples with low phosphate content modification of SnO2 exhibited
Formulation and characterization of epigallocatechin gallate nanoparticlesRamkumar Ponnuraj
This document describes the formulation and characterization of Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) nanoparticles. EGCG was encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles using ionic gelation with sodium tripolyphosphate to improve its bioavailability. Different ratios of EGCG to chitosan were tested, and a 1:0.5 ratio showed the highest drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. The resulting nanoparticles were spherical with a size range of 198-385 nm. In vitro drug release and characterization studies demonstrated the nanoparticles were a promising delivery system for EGCG with improved absorption.
With the increasing researches in the field of nanotechnology, various nanoparticles have become a source of interest among the nano technologists because of their great properties, like the optical properties of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles are amazing and also easy to synthesize, but to make sure its quality it is equally essential to make out characterize it, this file will do the same in a lucid way!!
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of lithium substituted copper-manganese ferrite nanoparticles. Four samples of lithium ferrite nanoparticles with varying lithium content were prepared using an auto-combustion technique. Magnetic characterization using vibrating sample magnetometry showed that magnetization increased from 5.08 emu/g to 45.35 emu/g with increasing lithium content. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that grain size also increased from 96 nm to 112 nm with higher lithium substitution levels. In conclusion, lithium substituted copper-manganese ferrite nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and exhibited ferromagnetic behavior and tunable properties based on the lithium content.
Preparation and characterization of nimesulide loaded cellulose acetate hydro...Jing Zang
This document summarizes a study that prepared nimesulide-loaded cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate nanoparticles using the salting out technique. The effect of drug concentration and polymer concentration on nanoparticle size, shape, and uniformity was investigated. Increasing the polymer concentration decreased nanoparticle size and improved uniformity. Drug concentration did not affect size. Nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, zeta potential analysis, and photon correlation spectroscopy. The mean nanoparticle size was 548.2 nm with a zeta potential of -19.8 mV, indicating stability.
The document discusses the ball mill, which is a type of grinder used to grind materials into fine powder. It works on the principle of impact and attrition, where balls drop from near the top of the shell as it rotates to grind materials placed inside. A ball mill consists of a hollow cylindrical shell that rotates about its axis, with balls occupying 30-50% of the volume to facilitate grinding as the shell rotates. Applications of ball mills include grinding metallic powders, carbon, coal, cement, fertilizers and other materials.
This document discusses various applications of nanoparticles in fields like medicine, industries, and diagnostics. It mentions that silver nanoparticles have broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiviral properties and are used in cosmetics, food packaging, and disinfectants. It also explores uses of silicon, nickel, gold, and magnetic nanoparticles for applications like cancer therapy, stem cell tracking, protein purification, and electrochemical biosensing. The conclusion recognizes nanotechnology as a major area of research with implications across many dimensions and fields.
The document discusses experiments conducted to improve the efficiency of a ball mill. It outlines the objectives, which were to analyze the existing grinding system, optimize factors affecting efficiency, and generate a standard operating procedure. Experimental results showed that optimizing operating speed to 25 rpm, fill level to 80.6%, media size to 75mm, and adding a grinding aid reduced grinding time from 10-11 hours to 5 hours. Using a jaw or roll crusher to pre-crush feed materials before grinding also decreased grinding time. Based on the results, it was recommended to implement these optimized parameters and use cumi media in the ball mill.
Nanotechnology Final.007 Mr. Avanish Agarwal & Makesh IyerAvanish Agarwal
Nanotechnology involves manipulating materials at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nanometers. It has the potential for wide-ranging applications in medicine, electronics, and energy production. Specifically, nanotechnology is making progress in developing new cancer treatments using magnetic nanoparticles or nanorobots to target cancer cells. As nanotechnology continues to shrink device sizes, it will have a large impact on areas like computing, medical imaging, and other aspects of human life in the coming years.
Synthetic antibacterial agent assisted synthesis of gold nanoparticles chara...Expand_Lives
In this study, we report synthesis of water-soluble gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs), having an average
diameter of ca. 20 nm, using ciprofloxacin (CF) as a reducing/stabilizing agent. The synthesized
Au-NPs have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDX, TEM, UV–visible
spectroscopy (UV–vis), X-ray diffraction and cyclic voltammetry. TEM and SEM combined with EDX
analysis confirmed that spherical-shaped Au-NPs were formed. UV–vis spectra of the Au-NPs showed
two absorption bands corresponding to the capping agent ciprofloxacin and surface plasmon absorption
bands at 274 and 527 nm, respectively. The synthesized Au-NPs are used to modify a glassy carbon
electrode (GCE) and its electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties are investigated. The Au-NPs
modified electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of methanol at
+0.33 V in alkaline solution, which was not observed on the unmodified GCE. Further, electrocatalytic
reduction of oxygen was also studied using the Au-NPs modified electrode at lower potential. Here, CF
was used as a reducing agent for the preparation of Au-NPs dispersion. This Au-NPs dispersion is highly
stable, and can be stored for more than three months in air at room temperature.
Synthesis & Characterization of Fluorescent Silver Nanoparticles stabilized b...IJERA Editor
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was achieved by a simple green procedure using Tinospora Cordifolia leaf extract as stabilizer/reducing agents. Ag-NPs in the size range of 2–19 nm is obtained by the treatment of aqueous silver ions with leaf extracts of Tinospora Cordifolia. This eco-friendly approach is simple, amenable for large scale commercial production and technical applications. Further, photoluminiscence studies of these Ag-NPs were recorded & suggested that the present particles were suitable for fluorescence emitting probes. These red emitting Ag-NPs exhibited distinct fluorescence properties (both emission and stokeshift).
Preparation of Au-Ag composite Nanoparticles by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Wate...IOSRJAC
In this work, a colloidal suspension aqueous solution of Au/Ag composite nanoparticles by pulsed laser ablation method was obtained. Q-switched Nd:YAG, λ=1064nm, 532nm10 ns pulse duration and E=100- 900 mJ and by using pure Ag and Au metal plates immersed in pure water. The optical extinction spectra have been obtained in the Plasmon resonance region. The results are supported by X-ray data and transmission electron microscopy. UV-VIS absorption spectra of produced solution show a sharp peak around 400 nm, 525nm indicating the produced Ag and Au nanoparticles respectively with a narrow size ranging from (5 to 45) nm for Ag NPs, (8-55)nm for Au NPs and (10-170)nm for Au/Ag composite NPs with almost spherical shape Xray data indicate the fcc (face-centered cubic) structure.This work presents the effect of number of pulses on the properties of the prepared Au, Ag and Au-Ag alloy NPs, also included a study of the biomedical effects of Au, Ag, Au-Ag alloy NPs on the activity of Alkaline Phosphatase enzyme in human blood.
Postfunctional approach to prepare second order nonlinear optical polyphophaz...NEWLINE Marketing
This document describes a new synthetic strategy for preparing polyphosphazene polymers with second-order nonlinear optical properties. The strategy involves first producing polyphosphazenes containing aniline or indole side chains, then performing a post-azo coupling reaction to attach sulfonyl-based chromophores to the side chains, yielding polymers P3, P4, and P5. These polymers exhibit good solubility and thermal stability, with absorption maxima blue-shifted compared to similar chromophores containing nitro groups. Poled films of P3 and P4 showed second-order nonlinear optical coefficients of 27 and 18 pm/V, respectively.
Alkali P-Nitrophenolates for Short Wavelength Laser GenerationEditor IJCATR
Single crystals of alkali p-Nitrophenolates namely sodium p-nitrophenolate dihydrate (SPNP), potassium p- nitrophenolate
monohydrate (PPNP) and lithium p-nitrophenolate trihydrate (LPNP) using Group I elements (Na, K, Li) and p-nitrophenols were grown
by solvent evaporation method. Single crystal XRD analysis shows that SPNP and LPNP crystallize in noncentrosymmetric space group
while PPNP is centrosymmetric. Using Autox software, all the peaks in the recorded powder XRD spectrum of the samples were identified
and indexed. The FT – IR spectra of the sample reveals the characteristic vibrations of the functional groups present in alkalinitrophenolates.
A weak absorption band around the region 1589–1641 cm-1 confirms the presence of the phenolic ring. A broad
intermolecular hydrogen bonded OH stretching at 3325 cm-1 of p- nitrophenol is shifted which shows the increase in the polarizable nature
of p–nitrophenol and thus easily forms a metal (sodium/ potassium/ lithium) coordination compound. UV-Vis spectrum shows that all the
crystals are transparent above 400 nm and has a wide optical window in the visible region. Intense absorption peak in the UV region may
be due to the colored nature of the compound. Addition of metal ion (sodium/potassium) modifies the optical transparency of the original
molecule (p-nitro phenol) and consequently introduces a bath chromic shift of 90/40 nm in the crystal transparency of the samples. Kurtz
powder technique result shows that the relative SHG efficiency of SPNP and LPNP was nearly 5 and 9.25 times of KDP.
Christopher Huckle studied the effects of cysteine content in proteins bound to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for biochemical sensing applications. AuNPs were synthesized via citrate reduction and capped with either papain or bovine serum albumin (BSA), which have differing cysteine contents. The protein-bound AuNPs were tested for detection of copper and mercury ions and compared to uncapped AuNPs. The results showed that uncapped AuNPs had more intense color changes, lower detection limits, and greater stability than protein-bound AuNPs. However, protein capping could improve AuNP uptake and targeting in biological applications like drug delivery.
Anion Recognition by a Mettaloporphyrin HostChaz Cardenas
This document summarizes a study on synthesizing a meso-functionalized porphyrin receptor to selectively bind trigonal planar anions. The receptor was created by attaching a sulfonamide group to a porphyrin ring. Binding affinity for different anion geometries was analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results showed greater affinity for trigonal planar and spherical anions, consistent with the pre-organized shape of the receptor. The synthesis involved multiple steps of attaching functional groups via chemical reactions. Binding constants were calculated from spectral data to quantify anion binding.
Green synthesis of well dispersed nanoparticles using leaf extract of medicin...tshankar20134
Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles was achieved using an extract of the medicinal plant Adhatoda vasica.
The nanoparticles formed were predominantly spherical and monodisperse, with sizes ranging from 22 to 47 nm as determined through transmission electron microscopy analysis. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction data confirmed the formation and crystalline nature of the gold nanoparticles. Functional groups present in the plant extract, such as hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, were found to play a role in both the reduction of gold ions and stabilization of the resulting nanoparticles. This green synthesis method using A. vasica extract could provide a means of producing biocompatible gold nanoparticles for applications such as drug delivery.
This document summarizes research characterizing nano-Ag/PVP composites synthesized via ultra-violet irradiation. Nano-silver/polyvinylpyrrolidone composites were prepared by reducing silver nitrate and polymerizing N-vinyl pyrrolidone simultaneously under UV light, without additional reagents. Characterization using FT-IR, XRD, TEM and XPS showed that spherical silver nanoparticles around 5 nm were homogenously dispersed in the PVP polymer matrix. Spectroscopy indicated interactions between nano silver and carbonyl oxygen as well as nitrogen groups in PVP through pi-conjugation effects.
This study investigated the dissolution behavior of various uranyl phosphates under conditions that allow for the formation of uranyl peroxide nanoclusters. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to detect the presence and stability of nanoclusters over time, while inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analyzed final uranium concentrations to determine the effect of cations on uranium release. The maximum uranium release occurred at pH 10+ and a 1.00M peroxide concentration, reaching concentrations over 8,000 ppm. Nanoclusters were detected by ESI-MS starting around pH 9 and were stable over a week.
Solubility Studies and Growth of 4-aminobenzophenone Single Crystal: a Potent...Editor IJCATR
This document discusses the solubility and growth of 4-aminobenzophenone (4-ABP) single crystals, which are a potential organic nonlinear optical material. The solubility of 4-ABP was studied in various solvents, and it was found to have the highest solubility in ethyl acetate and moderate solubility in ethanol. Single crystals of 4-ABP were grown by solution growth using ethanol as the solvent. The structural and optical properties of the grown crystals were characterized. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystals had a monoclinic structure, and optical transmission studies showed the crystals had about 70% transparency in the visible and near-infrared regions.
This document discusses the solubility and growth of 4-aminobenzophenone (4-ABP) single crystals, which are a potential organic nonlinear optical material. The solubility of 4-ABP was studied in various solvents, and it was found to have the highest solubility in ethyl acetate and moderate solubility in ethanol. Single crystals of 4-ABP were grown by solution growth using ethanol as the solvent. The structural and optical properties of the grown crystals were characterized. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the crystals had a monoclinic structure, and optical transmission studies showed the crystals had about 70% transparency in the visible and near-infrared regions.
This document describes a study on using different forms of polyaniline (PANI) - Emeraldine Base PANI (EB-PANI), Emeraldine Salt PANI (ES-PANI), and Leuco Emeraldine Base PANI (LEB-PANI) - as sensing materials for detecting dissolved oxygen levels in solutions. The PANI forms were characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and their oxygen sensitivity was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry. The cyclic voltammetry measurements showed variations in current corresponding to different oxygen concentrations, indicating the potential of using PANI-coated electrodes as dissolved oxygen sensors. In particular, results showed LEB-PANI may be suitable for detecting low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in
Current Methods for Synthesis of Gold NanoparticlesRichardJGray
The document discusses various methods for synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), including chemical, physical, and biological methods. The chemical Turkevich method produces moderately monodisperse spherical AuNPs of 10-20 nm using sodium citrate. The Brust method produces 2-6 nm AuNPs in organic liquids using tetraoctylammonium bromide and sodium borohydride. The seeded growth method is used to produce other shapes by adding seed particles to a metal salt solution and reducing agent. Physical methods like γ-irradiation and UV irradiation allow controlling size and shape. Biological methods using microbes, plants, enzymes are eco-friendly and produce intracellular or extracellular AuNPs.
This document discusses the synthesis and characterization of various metal nanoparticles (NPs) using green chemistry approaches. Key points:
1) Metal NPs such as gold, silver, copper and zinc can be synthesized using plant extracts as both reducing and capping agents in a simple, cost-effective and environmentally friendly way.
2) The NPs are characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. UV-vis analysis shows surface plasmon resonance bands indicating NP formation while XRD confirms crystalline structure and allows for size calculation.
3) The synthesized NPs find various applications in areas such as catalysis, antibacterial products, solar cells and more, demonstrating the importance of
Formulation Of Acalypha Wilkesiana Muell. Arg. Ethanol Leaf Extract into Crea...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document summarizes research on the synthesis and characterization of a new nonlinear organic single crystal called urea L-asparagine. Key findings include:
1) Urea L-asparagine crystals were grown using a slow evaporation solution method and yielded bright, transparent crystals measuring 11 x 0.7 x 0.3 cm3.
2) Elemental analysis and powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline nature and stoichiometric composition of the compound.
3) Single crystal X-ray diffraction showed the crystal has an orthorhombic structure with space group P.
4) Optical and vibrational spectroscopy showed the crystal has good transmittance in the visible range
Is Nano Medicine And Nano Technology The Most Trending Thing Now?science journals
Nano medicine is nothing but application of Nano technologies as medicines. It may include application of non-material as biological devices or nano-electronic biosensors. Molecular nanotechnology as biological machines may have medical applications in future.
Synthesis of nanoparticles physical, chemical and biological meansPRIYABHATT26
The document discusses various physical, chemical, and biological methods for synthesizing nanoparticles. It provides case studies on the synthesis of nanoparticles including silver, gold, platinum, zinc oxide and more using methods such as polyol, microemulsion, thermal decomposition, electrochemical synthesis, plasma, microwave irradiation, pulsed laser, sonochemical reduction, gamma radiation, bacteria, fungi, and plants. The document compares top-down and bottom-up synthesis approaches and provides details on specific synthesis techniques for producing metallic nanoparticles using different organisms, reactions conditions, and applications.
Synthesis of 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver ...IJERA Editor
The present work deals with the formation, morphology and photophysical activity of the 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver nanoparticles via chemical reduction method. The method utilizes a simple chemical reaction of silver idodide and sodium borohydride. The advantages of this method are ease of preparation, convenience in use and especially, that the obtained silver nano particles are uniform in their shapes and sizes. This is important for fluorescence & bio-evolution measurements. Furthermore, UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy is employed to monitor the formation process of the nano particles and to determine the optimum conditions for the preparation of stable and highly fluorescence-active silver colloids. Specifically, we observed changes in the shapes of the silver nano particles during the formation. This may be helpful in understanding the growth of the nano particles and creates a new dimension in controlling the shapes of the nano particles.SEM, TEM and XRD studies are carried out. The suitability of ACA capped Ag-NPs as Biomarkers is also Tested by Fluorescence study.
Similar to Spectroscopic Characterization of Nanoparticles for Potential Drug Discovery (20)
This poster shows an HPLC method which builds on the well-established potency method using the Shimadzu Cannabis Analyzer for Potency™, a comprehensive and fast determination of 21 cannabinoids in only 15 minutes (including the wash-step). Cannabinoid profiles for commercially available dry hemp and finished tinctures are presented.
It is widely known that toxic metals can be found in some foods because they are naturally present in the Earth’s crust and can be released as pollutants into the water and soil used to grow food and through the food manufacturing and packaging processes. Exposure to these metals at an early age has been linked to developmental problems, behavior issues, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The levels of toxic metals in baby foods are therefore more of a concern and require strict safety controls from raw materials to finished products. In this work, we explore and discuss the applicability of the Shimadzu inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (Shimadzu ICPMS-2030) to the quantification of As, Cd, Hg and Pb in selected baby foods at this very low limit ranges.
Many people pursue ideas of “efficiency” as an ideal for daily life; the same can be true in the HPLC laboratory. In this work, we demonstrate the efficiency, throughput, and reliability of a dual injection system for finished pharmaceutical products and in-process active pharmaceutical ingredients
In this study, analysis of DRO and ORO (C10-C40) were performed using a Shimadzu GC-FID equipped with fast temperature programmable (FTP) column that aim to significantly reduce the run time for this analysis.
Current sample preparation techniques for PFAS analysis are laborious and not easily automated. In this study, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was evaluated as an alternative sample preparation technique for the extraction of eighteen PFAS compounds from fish tissue, as a preconcentration step prior to their analysis by LC-MS/MS.
Infrared microscopy, also referred to as FTIR microscopy, is ideal for identification of trace evidence in forensics and characterizing small particles in wide varieties of other fields. Combining the accurate material and chemical identification of FTIR spectroscopy with the ability to focus directly on micro-sized particles, makes this an indispensable technique. This presentation provides a couple of examples related to drug analysis and identification of explosives.
This presentation reports on the development of a GC FID method to accurately quantify ethanol and IPA concentrations in two hand sanitizer samples. By using nitrogen as the carrier gas, this method is cost-effective and ensures the product compliance with CDC and USP guidelines and regulations.
The presence of Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS) in drinking water is being thoroughly studied due to the persistence of these compounds in the environment and their potential health effects. However, there is limited knowledge about the occurrence of these chemicals in bottled water, despite the increasing concerns about PFAS in the food supply. This poster shows results from a fast and simple direct injection method similar to draft EPA method 8237, using the Shimadzu triple quad LCMS-8050 to analyze seven commercially available samples of bottled water for 24 PFAS.
This document summarizes the use of ion chromatography with electrolytically regenerated suppression for water analysis according to EPA Methods 300.0 and 300.1. It describes how a Shimadzu ion chromatography system was used to separate common anions like fluoride, chloride, nitrite, bromide, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate, as well as inorganic disinfection byproducts like chlorite, bromate, and chlorate. The system achieved excellent reproducibility and detection limits in the low ppb range using suppression to reduce background conductivity. Three methods were evaluated to determine the regulated anions.
Multi-layered materials are commonly used in various industries and may alter the mechanical, acoustic and optical properties of materials. Identifying the chemical composition of different layers by studying the cross section of a multi-layered film is important in research and development of composite materials. This presentation showcases the use of an FTIR microscope to acquire high-resolution data of the cross section of composite films. Analysis of the FTIR spectra helps to understand the formulation of different layers of polymer film.
Regardless of the source, assessing a crude oil or a fuel for unwanted or intentionally added elemental constituents is a critical part of a quality control protocol. This poster showcases the effectiveness of the ICPE-9820 for the analysis of three petrochemical samples according to ASTM D7111.
This document describes the development of a method to analyze 10 common seized drugs using a single quadrupole mass spectrometer. A LC-MS method was optimized to separate and detect the drugs simultaneously using selected ion monitoring and in-source collision-induced dissociation for identification. Linear calibration curves were obtained for each drug from 0.1-1 μg/mL. The method demonstrated reproducibility and accuracy for rapid screening of multiple drugs.
The growth of, and the confidence in, hemp products will require applicable testing to ensure product quality and safety. Chromatography technology will play a large role in this as the technique is used for potency testing. This study optimizes a quantitative chromatographic determination of 15 cannabinoids using the Shimadzu Hemp Analyzer.
This document evaluates the use of hydrogen (H2) carrier gas as an alternative to helium for the analysis of haloacetic acids (HAAs) according to EPA Method 552.3. Chromatograms of HAA standards using H2 were nearly identical to those using helium. Calibration curves for HAAs using H2 had coefficients of determination over 0.995. Accuracy and repeatability results using H2 met EPA requirements. Using H2 instead of helium reduces analysis costs by 2.69 to 6.15 times depending on gas purity, making H2 a suitable alternative carrier gas.
This document describes two UHPLC-PDA methods for analyzing vitamin E (tocopherol) isomers in e-liquid samples. A 10-minute gradient method separates e-liquid matrix, nicotine, cannabinoids, and three vitamin E isomers. A faster 5-minute isocratic method resolves only the vitamin E isomers. Calibration curves for the vitamin E isomers show good linearity (R2 > 0.999) over concentrations of 1-100 ppm. The methods were applied to analyze six e-liquid samples but did not detect any vitamin E. Coconut oil used in one sample was found to contain interfering compounds at lower detection wavelengths.
The hazardous impact of microplastics in aquatic environments calls for more scientific research to understand their occurrence, effects and mitigation strategies. This work describes the analysis of primary and secondary microplastics using FTIR and FTIR microscopy techniques.
Analysis for and quantification of sulfur in crude oil, natural gas, petrochemicals, and industrial chemicals is critical to ensuring quality, process control, and safety for refinery, processors, and users. Understanding the speciation and concentration of sulfur compounds is vital in the hydrocarbon processing industry. Gas chromatography with sulfur chemiluminescence detection (GC-SCD) is one of the most powerful tools for sulfur analysis of hydrocarbons. This poster showcases the use of a new SCD for analysis according to various ASTM methods.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed extractables and leachables from common food storage products using liquid chromatography high-accuracy mass spectrometry. Plastic bags, plastic cups, and aluminum foil were extracted using various solvents. A quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer identified potential extractable and leachable ions. Nineteen ions were tentatively identified based on accurate mass. Some compounds like docosanamide and erucamide were detected in plastic bags, while others like Irganox 1010/1310 were only in plastic cups or Octadecyl-m-t-butyl-p-hydroxyphenylpropionate only in aluminum foil. The identities were investigated using formula prediction and comparison
Multiple Federal and State Agencies (e.g. EPA, DOD, DEQs and DEPs) in the United States as well as international organizations (e.g. ASTM) are quickly publishing new analytical methodologies for PFAS monitoring and establishing more stringent limits. Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry-based detection is established as the most suitable technology for meeting the requirements from official methods released up to date for monitoring PFAS. A comparison of instruments’ performance was conducted in this work.
Using a custom script and robotic autosampler with syringe swap capability, a protocol was developed to automatically prepare calibration and check standards, perform internal standard addition, and perform headspace (HS) injections into a GCMS. This study presents the quantitative accuracy and reproducibility results of four analytes tested using GCMS in combination with the AOC-6000 multifunction robotic autosampler.
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark UniverseSérgio Sacani
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...Sérgio Sacani
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdfSelcen Ozturkcan
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
PPT on Alternate Wetting and Drying presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...Sérgio Sacani
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
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) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
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Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
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counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...Travis Hills MN
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Nanoparticles for Potential Drug Discovery
1. 1 / 41
Spectroscopic Characterization of Nanoparticles for
Potential Drug Discovery
C. Mark Talbott, Ph.D.
Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Columbia, MD., USA
2. 2 / 41
Gold Nanoparticles
Nanoscience/nanotechnology has emerged as one of the
fastest growing fields of science this decade.1
Various nanoparticles, including carbon nanotubes,
quantum dots, and gold nanoparticles, have been
extensively studied for biomedical applications.
Of particular interest are the improvement in efficacy and
reduction in toxicity that have been demonstrated with
these nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems.2
3. 3 / 41
Gold Nanoparticles
The inertness and biocompatibility of gold nanoparticles
(Au-NPs) make them very promising for specific
applications such as medical imaging, drug delivery,
gene delivery, and molecular sensing.3
Large gold crystal 400X Hoffman modulation
4. 4 / 41
In each of these applications, the particle size and shape
of Au-NPs are critical.
The distinct absorption peak from the surface plasmon
absorption of the gold nanoparticles is located between
510 and 530 nm.
The surface plasmon is a collective excitation of electrons
at the interface between the conductor and insulator.4
Absorption of light by the surface plasmon of Au-NPs
accounts for the colorful appearance of these solutions,
which in turn is a direct characteristic of their size and
aggregation.
Gold Nanoparticles
5. 5 / 41
Gold nanoparticles ranging in size from 15 to 100 nm are
readily available and can be easily synthesized.
In a simple preparation scheme, gold nanoparticles can be
stabilized by the citrate ion and further functionalized by
a wide array of compounds. This scheme allows for the
easy preparation of chemistries between the Au-NPs
and other compounds of interest.
Gold Nanoparticles
6. 6 / 41
In this study, Au-NPs were prepared from the citrate
reduction of AuCl3, and Au-NP size and refractive index
were evaluated using UV-Vis and laser diffraction particle
size instrumentation.
The Au-NPs were then mixed with various organic
compounds, and the complexes formed were further
evaluated spectroscopically.
The remainder of this presentation will be a report
of the results of these evaluations.
Gold Nanoparticles
7. 7 / 41
Experimental
Preparation of gold nanoparticles
Gold nanoparticles were synthesized and stabilized
by the citrate reduction of a 0.001 molar chloroauric
acid solution.
Newly synthesized gold nanoparticles
demonstrating a deep crimson color
8. 8 / 41
Preparation of gold nanoparticles
Gold nanoparticles were synthesized using various
molar ratios of citrate in order to investigate particle
size control in the synthesis.
Completion of the reduction reaction could be readily
evaluated by polarized optical microscopy.
Experimental
9. 9 / 41
Preparation of gold nanoparticles
Particle size of the synthesized Au-NPs was evaluated
by monitoring the Au-NP visible absorption band using
a Shimadzu UV-2600 UV-Vis spectrophotometer and a
2-mm quartz cell.
Synthesized Au-NP (after agglomeration)
800X Hoffman modulation
Experimental
10. 10 / 41
Preparation of gold nanoparticles
The particle size was confirmed by laser diffraction
particle size analysis using a Shimadzu SALD-7101
particle size analyzer.
The refractive index of the Au-NPs was estimated by
the Becke line method of optical microscopy and
confirmed by the SALD-7101 particle size software.
Shimadzu SALD-7101 laser
diffraction particle size analyzer
Experimental
11. 11 / 41
Preparation of gold nanoparticle organic complexes
Gold nanoparticle organic complexes were prepared
by mixing the citrate-stabilized Au-NPs with various
organic compounds of interest, followed by vortexing.
To assure Au-NP size uniformity, freshly prepared Au-NPs
were used.
Organic compounds used were lysozyme, casein,
prednisone, protein, phosphatidyl choline, and Igg.
Experimental
12. 12 / 41
Spectral Analysis
UV-Vis spectra of the neat organic solutions and Au-NP
complexes were acquired as transmission spectra through
a quartz cuvette with a 2-mm path length.
Dilution of the complex mixtures was not necessary.
2-mm path length quartz cuvette
Experimental
13. 13 / 41
Spectral Analysis
FTIR transmission spectra of the organic neat and complex
Au-NP solutions were acquired by placing 30 µL of the
Au-NP solution on a section of IR-transparent silicon wafer.
The silicon wafer was placed on the surface of a warm
hot plate (approximately 130 degrees Celsius) to
allow evaporation.
They were then placed in the FTIR and scanned
either by transmission or diffuse reflectance.
Experimental
14. 14 / 41
Results/Discussion
Size Analysis – Spectroscopy
Gold NP visible absorption directly related to nanoparticle size 6,7
15. 15 / 41
Size Analysis – Spectroscopy
Addition of citrate to the chloroauric acid solution in molar ratios of 0.17 to 1.4
acts to stabilize various nanoparticle sizes. The Au-NP absorption band moves
from 577 nm to 523 nm, suggesting an initial Au-NP size of 100 nm and a final
Au-NP size of 20 nm at the 1.4:1 citrate to gold molar ratio.
Results/Discussion
16. 16 / 41
All further studies were focused on the 1.4:1 citrate to gold molar
ratio with a target Au-NP size of approximately 20 nm.
Size Analysis – Spectroscopy
Results/Discussion
17. 17 / 41
Particles size measurements using a Shimadzu SALD-7101 provided Au-NP
particles size measurement of 15 nm (+/- 23) and suggested a refractive
index of 1.70. The refractive index of the agglomerated Au-NPs via the
Becke line method also suggest an RI of between 1.648 and 1.709.
Becke line into the Au-NP with
RI of 1.648 and into RI solution
with RI of 1.709
RI = 1.648 RI = 1.709
Refractive Index Analysis – Spectroscopy
Results/Discussion
18. 18 / 41
UV-Vis Analysis of Au-NP Complexes – Conjugate Formation
UV-Vis spectra of the conjugated Au-NP complexes show the change in the
Au-NP absorption as different complexes are formed.
The big question: Did a conjugated complex form?
UV-Vis spectra for Au-NP
conjugated with organics to
form Au-NP complexes:
Cyan Igg
Magenta Phosphatidyl choline
Blue Protein
Red Au-NP
Grey Casein
Green Prednisone
Results/Discussion
19. 19 / 41
UV-Vis Analysis of Au-NP Complexes – Verification of Crystal Formation
Further confirmation of conjugation was the change in crystal form of the final
conjugated complex.
Au-NP 400X Pol-tint Casein 400X Pol-tint Casein-Au-NP 400X Pol
Igg 400X Pol-tint Igg-Au-NP 400X Pol
Results/Discussion
20. 20 / 41
UV-Vis Analysis of Au-NP Complexes – Verification of Crystal Formation
Again, confirmation of conjugation was the change in crystal form of the final
conjugated complex.
Au-NP 400X Pol-tint Lysozyme 400X Pol-tint Lysozyme-Au-NP 400X Pol-tint
Phosphatidyl choline 400X Phosphatidyl choline-Au-Np
Pol-tint 400X Pol-tint
Results/Discussion
21. 21 / 41
UV-Vis Analysis of Au-NP Complexes – Verification of Crystal Formation
In all complex formations, the significant changes in crystal form and anisotropy
strongly support the formation of a Au-NP conjugate complex.
Au-NP 400X Pol-tint Prednisone 400X HF-PACO Prednisone-AuNP 400X Pol-tint
Protein 400X HF-PACO Protein 400X POL-tint
Results/Discussion
22. 22 / 41
UV-Vis Analysis of Au-NP Complexes – Optimization
The microscopic crystal study suggests that the differences observed in the
UV-Vis spectra for the conjugate complex formations are real and may
provide a method to easily monitor and characterize complex chemistry.
UV-Vis spectra for Au-NP
conjugated with organics to
form Au-NP complexes:
Cyan Igg
Magenta Phosphatidyl choline
Blue Protein
Red Au-NP
Grey Casein
Green Prednisone
Results/Discussion
23. 23 / 41
UV-Vis Analysis of Au-NP Complexes – Optimization
In this quick study, Au-NP formed conjugated complexes were not optimized
for any given complex. Optimization would consist of adjusting the Au-NP
size and buffer (pH) for the desired task at hand. UV-Vis analysis is again
suggested as an excellent method for monitoring and optimizing Au-NP
and Au-NP conjugated complexes.
UV-Vis spectra for Au-NP
conjugated with organics to
form Au-NP complexes:
Cyan Igg
Magenta Phosphatidyl choline
Blue Protein
Red Au-NP
Grey Casein
Green Prednisone
Results/Discussion
24. 24 / 41
UV-Vis Analysis of Au-NP Complexes – Stability
UV-Vis spectra of Au-NP complexes immediately after synthesis and several
days after formation, showing the stability of the conjugated complex.
Blue/cyan
Protein complex
Green/light green
Igg complex
Magenta/pink
Phosphatidyl choline
complex
Results/Discussion
25. 25 / 41
FTIR Analysis of Au-NP Complexes
FTIR spectra of the gold nanoparticles (black) and sodium citrate (red).
The Au-NP spectrum shows four distinct absorption bands at 1734, 1599, 1448,
and 1245 cm-1.
Results/Discussion
26. 26 / 41
FTIR Analysis of Au-NP Complexes
The four characteristic absorption bands of the Au-NP can be readily seen in
all of the conjugated complexes. The Au-NP absorption bands either show as
distinct absorption bands in the conjugated complex or can be observed in the
shoulders of other complex characteristic absorption bands.
4
Red Au-NP
Light green Igg
Orange Protein
Dark green Prednisone
Magenta Phosphatidyl Choline
Black Casein
Blue Lysozyme
321
Results/Discussion
27. 27 / 41
The characteristic Au-NP absorption bands do not shift with conjugation.
This suggests that the conjugate formation does not involve significant
changes to the molecular bonding of the Au-NPs.
4321
Red Au-NP
Light green Igg
Orange Protein
Dark green Prednisone
Magenta Phosphatidyl Choline
Black Casein
Blue Lysozyme
FTIR Analysis of Au-NP Complexes
Results/Discussion
28. 28 / 41
FTIR spectra of the protein, lysozyme, and Igg conjugated complexes show
the characteristic amide I and amide II bands at 1665 and 1534 cm-1.
Amide I
Amide II
Red Au-NP
Light green Igg
Orange Protein
Dark green Prednisone
Magenta Phosphatidyl Choline
Black Casein
Blue Lysozyme
FTIR Analysis of Au-NP Complexes
Results/Discussion
29. 29 / 41
Protein and Protein-Au-NP (red)Igg and Igg-Au-NP (red)
Lysozyme and Lysozyme-Au-NP (red)
These amide absorption bands do not
show shifts from their non-conjugated
spectra, suggesting that the amide
moieties (C=O and N-H) do not take
part in formation of the Au-NPs’
conjugated complexes.
FTIR Analysis of Au-NP Complexes
Results/Discussion
30. 30 / 41
Protein and Protein-Au-NP (red)Igg and Igg-Au-NP (red)
Lysozyme and Lysozyme-Au-NP (red)
This also suggests that any
inter- or intra-molecular H-bonding that
these functionalities may be involved
in is not affected by complexation
with the Au-NPs.
FTIR Analysis of Au-NP Complexes
Results/Discussion
31. 31 / 41
Protein and Protein-Au-NP (red)Igg and Igg-Au-NP (red)
Lysozyme and Lysozyme-Au-NP (red)
No significant band shape or wavenumber
shift is observed in the OH absorptions of
these compounds either before or after
Au-NP complex formation, suggesting that
the OH moieties do not play a role in
conjugate complex formation. H-bonding
does not appear to be a part of the complex
formation.
FTIR Analysis of Au-NP Complexes
Results/Discussion
32. 32 / 41
Phosphatidyl choline & PC-Au-NP (red) Prednisone and Pred-Au-NP (red)
The phosphatidyl choline and prednisone spectra do show significant changes in
the OH absorption bands before and after Au-NP complex formation, suggesting
that the OH functionalities and/or H-bonding associated with the OH
functionalities of those molecules may either be disrupted with complex
formation or may take an active part in the complex formation itself. Shifts and
changes in the C=O absorption band also suggest possible H-bonding changes
with complex formation.
FTIR Analysis of Au-NP Complexes
Results/Discussion
33. 33 / 41
FTIR spectra of all conjugated complexes show a unique absorption band between
1428 and 1314 cm-1 that is not found in the non-conjugated organic spectra.
This absorption band is composed of two underlying peaks at 1401 cm-1 and
1362 cm-1.
1362 cm-1
1401 cm-1
FTIR Analysis of Au-NP Complexes
Red Au-NP
Light green Igg
Orange Protein
Dark green Prednisone
Magenta Phosphatidyl Choline
Black Casein
Blue Lysozyme
Results/Discussion
34. 34 / 41
Was the citrate replaced?
The absence of several of the citrate absorption bands in the spectra of the
complexes further suggests that the citrate was replaced in the organic complexes.
Citrate (red)
Results/Discussion
35. 35 / 41
Conclusion
Importance of Spectroscopic Techniques
in Au-NP Research
The slides presented here have clearly shown the power
and advantages of using spectroscopic techniques
such as UV-Vis and FTIR to monitor and characterize
gold nanoparticles and gold nanoparticle conjugated systems.
UV-visible spectra of conjugated complexes gave
information on nanoparticle size and also offered a quick
method to aid in the optimization of particle size and
buffer pH in conjugate complex formation.
36. 36 / 41
Importance of Spectroscopic Techniques
in Au-NP Research
Acquired FTIR spectra readily showed the formation of the
conjugate complexes and further provide information
about bonding and structural characteristics of such systems.
Conclusion
37. 37 / 41
Importance of Spectroscopic Techniques
in Au-NP Research
Modern UV-Vis spectrophotometers, such as those used in
this study, offer wider spectral ranges up to 1400 nm and
lower stray light values, allowing for photometric ranges easily
extending to 8 Abs. These modern benches provide the
nanoparticle researcher opportunities to study conjugated
systems without the need for dilution.
In addition, modern spectrophotometers reaching into the NIR
provide the possibility of monitoring conjugated phenomenon
such as a NIR-trigger mechanism for conjugate release.
Conclusion
38. 38 / 41
Importance of Spectroscopic Techniques
in Au-NP Research
Newer FTIR systems easily offer rapid scanning with high
sensitivity, resolution, and signal-to-noise ratios providing
for the possibilities of monitoring nanoparticle reaction
kinetics.
Conclusion
39. 39 / 41
Investigations into nanoparticles have already impacted
advancements in current manufacturing, electronics,
photovoltaics, ophthalmics, and medicine, to name just a
few. Further advances are on the near horizon.
Modern analytical instrumentation will continue to
advance to provide the best tools for the researcher’s needs
and be the support structure that helps bring these
advances to fruition.
Conclusion
40. 40 / 41
Acknowledgements
This work was conducted at Shimadzu Scientific
Instruments in Columbia, Maryland, as part of an ongoing
effort to provide state-of-the-art scientific instrumentation that
readily meets the needs of current researchers.
This author acknowledges the efforts of the Shimadzu
staff in support of this goal.
Acknowledgements also go to Dr. Suja Sukuraman, Andrew
Shaff, and Dr. Robert Clifford.
41. 41 / 41
References
(1) Chen, PC; Gold Nanoparticles; Nanotechnology, Science an
Applications 2008, 1, 45.
(2) Cheng, Z.; Zaki, Ajlna; Tsourkas, A.; Multifunctional Nanoparticles:
Cost Versus Benefit of Adding Targeting and Imaging Capabilities,
Science, 2012, 338, pp. 903-910.
(3) De Jong, WH; Form, PJ,; Int. J. Nanomedicine 2008, 3(2), 133.
(4) Rayford, CE,; Nanoscape 2005, 2(3), 33.
(5) McFarland, CL; Haynes, CA; Mirkin, RP; Van Duyne, Godwin, HA,;
J. Chem. Educ. 2004, 81, 544A.
(6) Sukumaran, S; Talbott, CM,; Drug Discover & Development 2011,
http://www.dddmag.com/articles/2011/12/spectroscopic-view-
nanoparticles-biomedical-applications.
(7) Sigma Aldrich, http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/materials-science/
nanomaterials/gold-nanoparticles.html, retrieved November 13, 2012.
42. 42 / 41
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