This document summarizes a study that prepared nimesulide-loaded cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate nanoparticles using the salting out technique. The effect of drug concentration and polymer concentration on nanoparticle size, shape, and uniformity was investigated. Increasing the polymer concentration decreased nanoparticle size and improved uniformity. Drug concentration did not affect size. Nanoparticles were characterized using SEM, zeta potential analysis, and photon correlation spectroscopy. The mean nanoparticle size was 548.2 nm with a zeta potential of -19.8 mV, indicating stability.
Study of magnetic and structural and optical properties of Zn doped Fe3O4 nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes synthesizing of magnetic nanocomposite with co-precipitation
method.
Materials and Methods:
Magnetic ZnxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles with 0-14% zinc doping (x=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125) were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method. The prepared zinc-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Results:
results obtained from X-ray diffraction pattern have revealed the formation of single phase nanoparticles with cubic inverse spinal structures which size varies from 11.13 to 12.81 nm. The prepared nanoparticles have also possessed superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and high level of saturation magnetization with the maximum level of 74.60 emu/g for x=0.075. Ms changing in pure magnetite nanoparticles after impurities addition were explained based on two factors of “particles size” and “exchange interactions”. Optical studies results revealed that band gaps in all Zn-doped NPs are higher than pure Fe3O4. As doping percent increases, band gap value decreases from 1.26 eV to 0.43 eV.
Conclusion:
These magnetic nanocomposite structures since having superparamagnetic property
offer a high potential for biosensing and biomedical application.
Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (particle by particle technique)Anson Ho
NanoSight visualizes, measures and characterizes virtually all nanoparticles. Pls contact A&P Instrument Co.Ltd in Hong Kong for detail. Email: anson@anp.com.hk
Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm.
Nanoparticles are made of a macromolecular material which can be of synthetic or natural origin.
Study of magnetic and structural and optical properties of Zn doped Fe3O4 nan...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):
This paper describes synthesizing of magnetic nanocomposite with co-precipitation
method.
Materials and Methods:
Magnetic ZnxFe3-xO4 nanoparticles with 0-14% zinc doping (x=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1 and 0.125) were successfully synthesized by co-precipitation method. The prepared zinc-doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Results:
results obtained from X-ray diffraction pattern have revealed the formation of single phase nanoparticles with cubic inverse spinal structures which size varies from 11.13 to 12.81 nm. The prepared nanoparticles have also possessed superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and high level of saturation magnetization with the maximum level of 74.60 emu/g for x=0.075. Ms changing in pure magnetite nanoparticles after impurities addition were explained based on two factors of “particles size” and “exchange interactions”. Optical studies results revealed that band gaps in all Zn-doped NPs are higher than pure Fe3O4. As doping percent increases, band gap value decreases from 1.26 eV to 0.43 eV.
Conclusion:
These magnetic nanocomposite structures since having superparamagnetic property
offer a high potential for biosensing and biomedical application.
Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (particle by particle technique)Anson Ho
NanoSight visualizes, measures and characterizes virtually all nanoparticles. Pls contact A&P Instrument Co.Ltd in Hong Kong for detail. Email: anson@anp.com.hk
Nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from 10 to 1000 nm.
Nanoparticles are made of a macromolecular material which can be of synthetic or natural origin.
Nanoscale IR spectroscopy (AFM-IR Spectroscopy)bungasirisha
Nanoscale IR spectroscopy or AFM-IR spectroscopy is type of hyphenated techniques in the field of analytical chemistry where it is useful for both chemical and structural analysis of the compound with resolution at Nano level. It combines the advantages of the microscope with spectral characteristics of IR spectroscopy. We can Correlate microscopy with spectroscopy and can interpret the data to FTIR also.
Nanoscale IR spectroscopy (AFM-IR Spectroscopy)bungasirisha
Nanoscale IR spectroscopy or AFM-IR spectroscopy is type of hyphenated techniques in the field of analytical chemistry where it is useful for both chemical and structural analysis of the compound with resolution at Nano level. It combines the advantages of the microscope with spectral characteristics of IR spectroscopy. We can Correlate microscopy with spectroscopy and can interpret the data to FTIR also.
Characterization methods - Nanoscience and nanotechnologiesNANOYOU
An introduction to characterization methods.
This chapter is part of the NANOYOU training kit for teachers.
For more resources on nanotechnologies visit: www.nanoyou.eu
Preparation of protein-loaded PLGA-PVP blend nanoparticles by nanoprecipitati...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Despite of wide range applications of polymeric nanoparticles in protein delivery, there are some problems for the field of protein entrapment, initial burst and controlled release profile.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, we investigated the influence of some changes in PLGA nanoparticles formulation to improve the initial and controlled release profile. Selected parameters were: pluronic F127, polysorbate 80 as surfactant, pH of inner aqueous phase, L/G ratio of PLGA polymer, volume of inner aqueous phase and addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone as an excipient. FITC-HSA was used as a model hydrophilic drug. The nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation.
Results:
Initial release of FITC-HSA from PLGA-tween 80 nanoparticles (opt-4, 61%) was faster than control (PLGA-pluronic) after 2.30 h of incubation. Results showed that decrease in pH of inner aqueous phase to pI of protein can decrease IBR but the release profile of protein is the same as control. Release profile with three phases including a) initial burst b) plateau and c) final release phase was observed when we changed volume of inner aqueous phase and L/G ratio in formulation. Co-entrapment of HSA with PVP and pluronic reduced the IBR and controlled release profile in opt-19. Encapsulation efficiency was more than 97% and nanoparticles size and zeta potentials were mono-modal and -18.99 mV, respectively.
Conclusion:
In this research, we optimized a process for preparation of PLGA-PVP-pluronic nanoparticles of diameter less than 300 nm using nanoprecipitation method. This formulation showed a decreased initial burst and long lasting controlled release profile for FITC-HSA as a model drug for proteins.
With the increasing researches in the field of nanotechnology, various nanoparticles have become a source of interest among the nano technologists because of their great properties, like the optical properties of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles are amazing and also easy to synthesize, but to make sure its quality it is equally essential to make out characterize it, this file will do the same in a lucid way!!
Está es la primera parte de una serie de presentaciones sobre ARRITMIAS, posteriormente subiré las demás arritmias activas y luego las pasivas. Espero que les sirvan.
Dejen sus comentarios !!
A PHARMACEUTICAL NANOSUSPENSION IS DEFINED AS: “Very finely dispers solid drug particles in an aqueous vehicale for either oral and topical use or parenteral and pulmonary administration.
nanoparticle is part of novel drug delivery system. in this presentation we will study about the concept of nanoparticle, classification of nanoparticle, method of preparation, advantages & disadvantages with marketed formulation.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Molecular docking studies of abelmoschus esculentus for anti diabetics and a...Jing Zang
Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) or bhendi also known as ladies finger is an important vegetable crop in India, and African regions. Abelmoscus esculentus having the medicinal property of anti inflammatory , anti diabetics, anti oxidant activities . In this studies we are going to analysis the anti diabetics and anti inflammatory property of Abelmoscus esculentus by using molecular docking studies. Diabetics is a major cause of death and the number of new cases, as well as the number of individuals living with Diabetics, is expanding continuously. Now a days It is one of the most common diseases in the worldwide .Foot ulceration remains a major health problem for diabetic patients and has a major impact on the cost of diabetes treatment. One major complication of diabetes is foot ulceration, which occurs in as many as 15–25% of type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients over their lifetimes. The phytochemicals of Abelmoscus esculentus are analysed and optimized with the Arguslab to investigate the interactions between the target compounds and the amino acid residues of the Mafa and Mmp9. All the compound have shown binding pose between from – 3.25 to -7.95 and -7.95 into -11.40 out of ten compound . [E,E] Farenesal with Mafa protein and gossypol with Mmp9 protein show best ligand energy -10.55 and -8.88 Kcal/mol with 1 and 1 hydrogen bond of distance is 3.0 and 2.3 respectively .
Molecular docking studies of gloriosa superba for anti cancer and anti tuberc...Jing Zang
Gloriosa superba is a medicinal plant generally found in western parts of Tamilnadu and kerala in India. Gloriosa superba having the medicinal property of anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti Tuberculosis and mutagenic activities. In this studies we are going to analysis the anti cancer and anti tuberculosis property of Gloriosa superba by using molecular docking studies. Cancer is a major cause of death and the number of new cases, as well as the number of individuals living with cancer, is expanding continuously. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide . Tuberculosis is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria , usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. The phytochemicals of Gloriosa superba are analysed and optimized with the Arguslab to investigate the interactions between the target compounds and the amino acid residues of the E7 and DAHP. All the compound have shown binding pose between from – 3.25 to -7.95 and -7.95 into -11.40 out of ten compound .Chrysophanic acid with E7 protein and Colchicine with DAHP protein show best ligand energy -9.52049 and -7.47679Kcal/mol with 1 and 3 hydrogen bond of distance is 2.3 and 2.2,2.9 and 3.2 respectively .
A systemic review on antibiotic use evaluation in paediatricsJing Zang
Drug utilization is the marketing, distribution, prescription, and use of drug in a society, with special emphasis on the resulting medical, social and economic consequences. Antibiotics are valuable discoveries of modern medicine and their definitive and or appropriate use has led to a decline in the morbidity and mortality associated with various infectious diseaseswhile inappropriate use of antibiotics can increase morbidity, mortality, patient cost and bacterial antibiotic resistance.Antimicrobial agents are among the most commonly prescribed drug in Paediatrics. Because of an overall rise in health care costs, lack of uniformity in drug prescribing and the emergence of antibiotic resistance, monitoring and control of antibiotic use are of growing concern and strict antibiotic policies should be warranted. The caution use for antimicrobial agents is very important as their unavailability or resistance can be life threatening. Irrational drug use is a common practice in developing countries. In India, clinician often prescribe three or four drugs to treat the most trivial conditions for the sake of satisfying the patients need to receive drugs or the drug sellers need for profit. Thus drug use evaluation studies are required for all drugs in general and particularly for antibiotics.
A review on medicinal properties of Camel milkJing Zang
Many research findings proved that Camel milk is closer to human milk than any other milk. It is often easily digested by lactose-intolerant individuals. It is rich in healthy vitamins and minerals, especially B vitamins, vitamin C and iron. The lactoferrin in camel milk has antibacterial, antiviral and anti-tumor properties. It contains disease-fighting immunoglobulins which are small in size, allowing penetration of antigens and boosting the effectiveness of the immune system. It is a rich source of insulin and also it containing approximately 52 units of insulin in each liter of camel milk, making it a great treatment option for Type 1 or Type 2 diabetics as well as Gestational Diabetes. This review focused on the medicinal properties of camel milk which will be more useful to generate value added products formation from camel milk.
Formulation and Evaluation of Solid dispersion for Dissolution Enhancement of...Jing Zang
Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker antihypertensive drug, is a poorly water soluble drug and belongs to BCS class II. The objective of the research work was to formulate and optimize solid dispersions (SDs) of a poorly water soluble drug, nifedipine, with sodium starch glycollate, croscarmellose sodium, eudragit E-100. Solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation techniques in different weight ratios of polymers. The results indicated that homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions during the preparation methods employed governed the internal structures of the polymer matrices while retaining the drug in an amorphous form. The physical mixtures and solid dispersions were subjected to drug content and dissolution test. The best formulation, nifedipine with croscarmellose sodium in 1:7 ratio, among all was further adsorbed on neusilin US2 to form ternary mixture. The increased dissolution was achieved by more than 70percent and 30percent comparatively to the nifedipine API and marketed product respectively. The tablet dosage form prepared from ternary mixture was stable at stressed conditions 40±2°C and 75±5% RH. The release kinetics of drug from formulation and marketed product follows peppas model. The similar factor f2 was within limit for the product at stressed conditions with the product at room temperature at the same time.
Glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic extract of RauwolfiaJing Zang
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phytochemistry, acute toxicity and glucose lowering potential of hydromethanolic roots extract (HMREt) of Rauwolfia serpentina. The qualitative analysis of HMREt showed the presence of many important phyto-constituents except anthraquinones, carbohydrates and saponins whereas quantitatively it found rich in total phenols. In acute toxicity study, orally administrated HMREt from 5-250 mg/ kg was observed safe and non-sedative while its doses from 500-2500 mg/kg were found sedative and induced mortalities (17-100%) within 4 hours of administration. The median lethal dose (LD50) of same extract was calculated as 1412.54 mg / kg (log LD50 = 3.15 mg/ kg) from log doses verses probit graph. The HMREt in doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg induced significant percent decrease in blood glucose level at 30, 60 and 120 minutes in normo-hyperglycemic test mice as compared to control and negative control groups (p<0.05). The results concluded that HMREt has glucose lowering potential either by developing glucose tolerance or by pancreatic action in normo-hyperglycemic mice.
Nutritive and Anti-nutritive composition of Wild grown Canavalia gladiata seedsJing Zang
The wild Canavalia gladiata seeds were widely distributed in Nupeland, North Central Nigeria. It was obtained and processed by decoating, sun drying and grinding into powder. Using petroleum ether (40-60oC), the fats was extracted, the protein content, ash content, crude fibre, moisture, carbohydrate with respective values of 3.60±0.14, 11.1±0.83, 4.25±0.11, 3.39±0.27, 5.85±0.47 and 72.3±0.08 % as well as the mineral contents were determined using standard methods. The mineral composition determined from the C. gladiata seeds shows higher values of potassium, zinc, iron and calcium 25.15±0.03, 25.89±0.27, 18.3±0.14 and 17.25±0.49 mg/100 g respectively. This seed analyzed contains low yield of anti-nutritional contents which suggested that, it could be safe for human consumption since it fell below the lethal dose limit. The sample contains reasonable amount of essential and non-essential amino acids with yield varying between 48 and 52%. The presence of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids in the C. gladiata was 96 and 4% respectively. The higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acid present makes this seed desirable for consumption by the person with heart diseases. In addition, from the data obtained this oil becomes attractive options for commercial purposes since it is suitable for the manufacture of soaps, lubricating oil, candles as well as pharmaceutical industries.
Pharmacovigilance in South Africa: Undocumented undergraduate training and pr...Jing Zang
Pharmacovigilance is a clinical discipline that is gaining more and more attention worldwide and in Africa. The rolling out of large scale programs on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria has heightened the need to step up efforts to have pharmacovigilance concepts to be operationalized in clinical practice. A quick search in PubMed and Google Scholar and a review of available literature was conducted in order to establish whether medical, nursing and pharmacy undergraduate students are taught pharmacovigilance concepts and skills for effective practice. It seems that there is a paucity of data on the undergraduate training in pharmacovigilance in South Africa. It may be that there might be inadequate training on pharmacovigilance during undergraduate training of medical, nursing and pharmacy students in South Africa. More studies are needed to document the views and experiences of South African students and healthcare professionals on training and practice of pharmacovigilance.
Black Seed (Nigella sativa) Possess Bioactive Compounds Act as Anti-Helicobac...Jing Zang
ABSTRACT
Gastrointestinal associated problems are physiological processes effects almost every individual at some stage of their life. Among the various plants studied previously Nigella sativa possess numerous therapeutic properties including its anti-ulcer potential. This seed carries significant anti-ulcer properties arbitrated by antimicrobial activities specifically against gastric damage induced by Helicobacter pylori. Evidence is available supporting the utilization of NS and its bioactive components in a daily diet for health improvement. This review is envisioned to emphasis on the curative role of NS and to provide an evidence for being a functional food to protect from a range of malaises. An attempt is also made to emphasize aspects that need further investigations for it to be use in clinics in future.
In vitro enzyme inhibition studies on new sulfonamide derivatives of 4-tosyl ...Jing Zang
Sulfonamides are considered to be pharmaceutically important class of compounds. In the present work, N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-4-toluenesulfonamide (3) was synthesized by the reaction of 2,4-dimethylaniline (1) and 4-tosyl chloride (2; 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride) using 10% aqueous Na2CO3 solution as reaction medium. At the second step, the synthesized molecule 3 was made to react with different alkyl/aralkyl halides (4a-o) to yield the target compounds, 5a-o, using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as reaction medium and lithium hydride as an activator. The synthesis of all the compounds was verified by spectral techniques using IR, 1H-NMR and EIMS; and further examined for their anti-enzymatic activities. The synthesized compound 5f represented a suitable inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase and lipoxygenase enzymes.
In vitro sun screening activity of Sri Lankan orthodox black tea (Camellia Si...Jing Zang
Currently, there is demand for the development of herbal sunscreen formulations to suppress harmful effects of UV rays. In this regard, this study, was conducted to investigate the sun screen potential of Sri Lankan Orthodox black tea (made from buds and top most leaves of Camellia sinensis L plant) using three grades (Dust No:1, Broken Orange Pekoe and Orange Pekoe) using UV spectroscopic technique and Mansur equation. Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value was determined using 20% aqueous extracts (Black tea brews). The results revealed that all three tea samples had markedly high absorbance values (1.4 to 4.2) at 290-320 nm range and SPF values above 15 which are considered as the threshold value for good sunscreen. The SPF value of Dust No:1, B.O.P.F and O.P were respectively 36, 23 and 22. This is a novel finding for Sri Lankan black tea. It is concluded that Sri Lankan black tea, especially, Dust No: 1 can function as an efficient sunscreen agent and has great promise to be developed as cheap, safe and effective topical botanical sunscreen acting via multiple mechanisms (considering its other reported bioactivities).
HPTLC determination of carotenoid profile in the leaf and bark samples of lor...Jing Zang
Influence of host plants on the carotenoid profile of Loranthus longiflorus leaf and bark samples collected from Casuarina equisetifolia and Ficus religiosa host trees were determined by HPTLC method. The methanol extract of L. longiflorus leaf samples obtained from C. equisetifolia host trees showed 9 compounds while it was 8 compounds in the leaf samples collected from F. religiosa host tree. Among the compounds, 5 and 3 compound in each sample, respectively, was identified as carotinoids while the others were unknown. Four compounds from each leaf samples collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 4- 6 & 8) and F. religiosa (peak no. 1-3 & 6) host trees showed similar Rf values (0.15, 0.19, 0.23 & 0.53, respectively). Similarly, the methanol extract of L. longiflorus bark sample collected from C. equisetifolia and F. religiosa host trees contained 8 compounds each. Of these compounds only 3 from each sample was identified as carotenoids whereas others were unknown and none of these compounds showed any similar Rf values. One compound from leaf and park samples of L. longiflorus collected from C. equisetifolia (peak no. 6 & 4) and F. religiosa (peak no. 4 & 3) showed similar Rf values (0.23 & 0.26), respectively.
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
PREVAILENCE OF MIGRIANE IN A LOW INCOME COMMUNITY OF KARACHIJing Zang
Migraine is the most common problem affecting large population, with prevalence frequency 10-12 %. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of migraine in a low income community in Karachi from June-Oct, 2013. Three hundred and seven participants were involved in this study. For this purpose cross-sectional community based questionnaire was designed in accordance with the diagnostic criteria given by International Headache Society. Data collection was carried out by personal visit to patients and through clinics. It was observed that females (65.5%) are more affected from migraine then male. 32.9% housewives reported that they are suffering from migraine. This medical problem is common among youngsters (38.1%) than old citizens. Employees working in different organizations (39.7%), were found to be mostly affected from migraine then self employed persons. Majority of the migraine patients (41%) reported that they are suffering from common symptoms including: photophobia, phonophobia, nausea, vomiting etc. Dietary habits of individuals were found to be closely associated with migraine such as use of caffeine, chocolate are prominent; and their use is common among 75% patients cumulatively. It was evaluated that certain disease conditions i.e. stress (33.6%), depression (22.1%) and anxiety (18.9%) are more common among sufferers of migraine.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Preparation and characterization of nimesulide loaded cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate nanoparticles by salting out technique
1. Corresponding Author Address:
Krishna sailajaA, Research scholar, Pharmacy Department, University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra
Pradesh, India 500 007 E-mail: shailaja1234@rediffmail.com
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
ISSN (Print): 2321-3310; ISSN (Online): 2321-3086
Published by Atom and Cell Publishers @ All Rights Reserved
Available online at: http://www.wjpsonline.com/
Research Article
Preparation and characterization of nimesulide loaded cellulose acetate hydrogen
phthalate nanoparticles by salting out technique
Krishna sailaja A1
, Amareshwar P2
and Jayaprakash D3
1
Research scholar, Pharmacy Department, University College of Technology, Osmania
University, 2
Professor, University College of Technology, Osmania University, 3
Professor,
Board of Studies Chairman, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India 500 007
Received: 11-04-2013 / Revised: 02-05-2013 / Accepted: 02-05-2013
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to prepare nimesulide loaded cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate nanoparticles by
salting out technique. In this study Cellulose acetate Hydrogen phthalate was taken as polymer. Nimesulide was
selected as a model drug. This technique is suitable for drugs and polymers that are soluble in polar solvents
such as acetone or ethanol. The effect of drug concentration and polymer concentration on nanoparticle size,
shape, uniform size distribution and stability was studied. Nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size,
zetapotential and particle size distribution. Size of the particle was measured by SEM.(Scanning electron
microscope).Surface charge and stability of the resultant nanoparticles was determined by Zetasizer. Particle
size distribution was determined by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) with a Malvern Zetasizer Nano-ZS.
The cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate concentration and nimesulide concentration was varied from 5mg/ml
to 10 mg/ml. The effect of drug and polymer concentrations on nanoparticle size, shape, particle size
distribution was studied. Increased drug concentration has no impact on the particle size. The size of the particle
was found to be decreased with increased polymer concentration. Increased polymer concentration has resulted
in uniform particle size distribution. Higher the polymer concentrations and lower the drug concentrations
resulted in uniform particle size distribution.
Key words: Cellulose acetate Hydrogen Phthalate, Nimesulide, Zetapotential Scanning electron Microscope,
Photon correlation spectroscopy, Zetasizer
INTRODUCTION
Nanoparticles are sub nanosized colloidal
structures made up of synthetic and semisynthetic
polymers. Several methods exist for the preparation
of nanoparticles from biodegradable polymers
[1,2].These include: emulsification solvent
evaporation, monomer emulsion polymerization,
salting out, and nanoprecipitation [3,4]. Depending
on the preparation method drugs or antigens can
either be entrapped in the polymer matrix,
encapsulated in a liquid core, surrounded by a
shell-like polymer membrane, or bound to the
particle surface by adsorption [5,6]. For drug
loading of nanoparticles, three major strategies can
be employed: (1) covalent attachment of the drug
to the particle surface or to the polymer prior to
preparation, (2) adsorption of the drug to a
preformed carrier system, and (3) incorporation of
the drug into the particle matrix during particle
preparation [7,8].
Nanoparticle preparation using polymer
precipitation methods: In these hydrophobic
polymer and a hydrophobic drug is dissolved in a
organic solvent followed by its dispersion in a
continuous aqueous phase in which polymer is
insoluble. The external phase also contains
stabilizer. Depending upon solvent miscibility
techniques they are designated as solvent
extraction/evaporation method [9,10].
The polymer precipitation occurs as consequence
of the solvent extraction/evaporation at which can
be brought by
a) Increasing the solubility of the organic solvent in
the external medium by adding an alcohol (i.e
isopropronolol)
2. Sailaja et al., World J Pharm Sci 2013; 1(1): 21-27
22
b) By incorporating additional amount of water into
the ultra emulsion
c) By evaporation of organic solvent at room
temperature or at accelerated temperature or by
using vaccum. [11,12].
d) Using an organic solvent that is completely
soluble in the continuous aqueous phase-
nanoprecipitation [13].
Salting out: It is one of the most commonly
adopted methods to prepare nanoparticles. The
method involves the incorporation of saturated
aqueous solution of polyvinylalcohol into an
acetone solution of polymer under magnetic
stirring to form an o/w emulsion [14,15]. The
process differs from nanoprecipitation technique as
in the latter the polymeric solution is completely
miscible with the external aqueous medium. But in
salting out technique, the miscibility of both phases
is prevented by the saturation of external aqueous
phase with PVA [16,17].The precipitation of
polymer occurs when sufficient amount of water is
added to external phase to allow complete diffusion
of acetone from internal phase into aqueous phase.
This technique is suitable for drugs and polymers
that are soluble in polar solvents such as acetone or
ethanol. [18,19]
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials: Cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate
Supplied by SD-Fine chemicals, Acetone Supplied
by SD-Fine chemicals, Polyvinylalcohol supplied
by Hi-Chem laboratories, Nimesulide Supplied by
sigma laboratories and Magnesium chloride
Supplied by SD-Fine chemicals
Methodology: Cellulose acetate Hydrogen
phthalate polymer and nimesulide were dissolved
in acetone. Polyvinylalcohol was dissolved in
aqueous phase. Magnesium chloride was added to
aqueous phase. The aqueous phase was added to
organic phase under magnetic stirring at 700 rpm.
Stirring was continued for 8 hrs. Finally water was
added to precipitate nanoparticles. The emulsion
was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 30 minutes.
Finally the particles were dried at room
temperature. Experiments were performed by
changing the Drug concentration and keeping all
the remaining parameters constant. The same
experiment was repeated by changing the polymer
concentration and keeping the remaining
parameters constant [14]. The effect of drug
concentration and polymer concentration on
nanoparticle size, shape, particles distribution was
studied.
RESULTS
Determining the size of nanoparticles: Size of
nimesulide loaded CAHP nanoparticles was
determined by scanning electron microscope. In
order to perform the SEM observation, nanoparticle
suspension was fist diluted with ultrapure water
(1/5), and then a drop of the diluted nanoparticle
suspension was then directly deposited on a
polished aluminum sample holder. Samples were
dried in vacuum. The morphology of nanoparticles
was observed at 15 kV using a scanning electron
microscope (SEM; S-3700 N, Hitachi, Japan).
Particle Size Analysis: Mean particle size of the
nanoparticles was determined by Photon
Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) with a Malvern
Zetasizer Nano-ZS (Malvern Instruments, Malvern,
UK). Measurements were realized in triplicate at a
90º angle at 25ºC under suitable dilution
conditions. Particle size distribution was expressed
as mean diameter (nm) ± standard deviation and
polydispersity index. Mean particle size was found
to be 548.2 nm.
DISCUSSION
In this study, nimesulide was encapsulated into
cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate nanoparticles
via salting out method. Here the effect of polymer
(cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate)
concentration on the particle size was studied. The
cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate concentration
was varied from 5mg/ml to 10 mg/ml. At 5 mg/ml
concentration the particle size varied from 100nm
to 200nm.When the concentration of cellulose
acetate hydrogen phthalate has increased from 5
mg/ml to 10 mg/ml the particles were distributed in
between 100-120nm. Then the effect of
Drug(Nimesulide) concentration on the particle
size was studied. The nimesulide concentration was
varied from 5 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml. At 5 mg/ml
concentration the particles were very tightly packed
and distributed in between 100-200 nm. When the
concentration of nimesulide has increased from 5
mg/ml to 10 mg/ml there was no difference in the
particles size distribution. Particles were distributed
in between 100 to 200 nm. Increased drug
concentration has no impact on particle size.
Finally particles were uniformly distributed at 10
mg/ml polymer and 5 mg/ml drug concentration.
Mean particle size of the nanoparticles was
determined by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy
(PCS) with a Malvern Zetasizer. Mean particle size
was found to be 548.2 nm. Zeta potential of
nanoparticle dispersions was measured in mV by
Malvern Zetasizer. Zetapotential of the nimesulide
loaded Cellulose acetate hydrogen phthalate
nanoparticles was found to be -19.8 mV indicating
good stability.
CONCLUSIONS
Here the effect of drug, polymer concentrations on
the particle size distribution was studied. Increased
3. Sailaja et al., World J Pharm Sci 2013; 1(1): 21-27
23
drug concentration has no impact on the particle
size. The size of the particle was found to be
decreased with increased polymer
concentration.Increased polymer concentration has
resulted in uniform particle size distribution.
Higher the polymer concentrations and lower the
drug concentrations results in uniform particle size
distribution. From the zetapotential report the
resultant nanoparticles were found to be
stable.Mean size of the particle was found to be
548.2 nm. Further study can be done on entrapment
efficiency and drug release from polymeric
nanoparticles.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work has been financially supported by UGC (
University Grants commission, New Delhi).
Figure 1: SEM images of Nimesulide loaded Cellulose acetate Hydrogen Phthalate nanoparticles (5mg CAHP,5
mgNM )
Figure 2: SEM images of Nimesulide loadedCellulose acetate Hydrogen Phthalate nanoparticles ( 5 mg,
CAHP,5 mg NM)
4. Sailaja et al., World J Pharm Sci 2013; 1(1): 21-27
24
Figure 3: SEM images of Nimesulide loaded Cellulose acetate Hydrogen Phthalate nanoparticles (5 mg CAHP,
10 mg NM)
Figure 4: SEM images of Nimesulide loaded Cellulose acetate Hydrogen Phthalate nanoparticles (5 mg
CAHP,10 mg NM)
5. Sailaja et al., World J Pharm Sci 2013; 1(1): 21-27
25
Figure 5: SEM images of Nimesulide loaded Cellulose acetate Hydrogen Phthalate nanoparticles (10 mg
CAHP,5 mg NM)
Figure 6: SEM images of Nimesulide loaded Cellulose acetate Hydrogen Phthalate nanoparticles (10 mg
CAHP,5 mg NM)
6. Sailaja et al., World J Pharm Sci 2013; 1(1): 21-27
26
Figure 7: Size distribution by intensity
Figure 8: Zeta potential report
7. Sailaja et al., World J Pharm Sci 2013; 1(1): 21-27
27
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