It an overall view on two research papers. Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and microorganisms and the synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract

1. GREEN SYNTHESIS OF
NANO PARTICLES
BY AMINA KHAN
MS CHEMISTRY

2. OVERALL VIEW ON TWO
RESEARCH PAPERS
Biological synthesis of Nano particles from plants and
microorganisms
JOURNAL; Trends in Biotechnology Impact Factor; 13.578
PUBLISHERS; ELSEVIER
synthesis of metallic Nano particles using plant extract
JOURNAL; Biotechnology advances Impact Factor; 11.452
PUBLISHERS; ELSEVIER

3. NANOPARTICLES
Nanoparticles are particles which lie in dimensions
between 1-100 nm.
Nano derived from the Greek word Nanos which means
dwarf or extremely small
It can be used as a prefix for any unit to mean a billionth
of that unit.
For example, nanoseconds (billionth of a second),
nanometer (billionth of a meter), nanoliter (billionth of a
liter).

4. CONTINUE…
They consist of micro molecular materials in which the
active ingredients (drug or biologically active material) is
dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, adsorbed or attached.

5. METHODS FOR SYNTHESIS OF NANO
PARTICLES
NANOPARTICLES
SYNTHESIS
PHYSICAL
METHOD
CHEMICAL
METHOD
BIOLOGICAL
METHOD

6. CONTINUE…
Physical method; time and energy consuming, synthesis at
high temperature, and pressure.
Chemical method; simple, inexpensive, and low
temperature, use of toxic reducing and stabilizing agents
make it harmful.
Green method; Easy, efficient and eco-friendly. eliminates
the use of toxic chemicals, consume less energy and
produce safer products and by products.

7. GREEN SYNTHESIS

8. MAJOR LIMITATION OF
MICROBIAL SYNTHESIS
Microbial synthesis is of course readily scalable,
environmentally benign and compatible with the use of
the product for medical applications, but production of
microorganisms is often more expensive than the
production of plant extracts.

9. TECHNIQUES FOR SYNTHESIS
OF NANO PARTICLES
BOTTOM – UP
METHOD
TOP – DOWN
METHOD
NANO PARTICLES
SYNTHESIS
The methods
for making
nanoparticles
can generally
involve either
a “top down”
approach or a
“bottom up”
approach

10. BOTTOM UP TECHNIQUE
In bottom up synthesis, the nanoparticles are built from
smaller entities, for example by joining atoms, molecules
and smaller particles.
 In bottom up synthesis, the nanostructured building
blocks of the nanoparticles are formed first and then
assembled to produce the final particle.
The bottom up synthesis mostly relies on chemical and
biological methods of production.

11. TOP DOWN TECHNIQUE
In top-down synthesis, nanoparticles are produced by size
reduction from a suitable starting material.
 Size reduction is achieved by various physical and
chemical treatments.
Top down production methods introduce imperfections in
the surface structure of the product and this is a major
limitation because the surface chemistry and the other
physical properties of nanoparticles are highly dependent
on the surface structure.

13. PHYTONANOTECHNOLOGY
 Phytonanotechnology is actually the synthesis of Nano particles
using fresh plants or plant extracts.
 Plant derived nanoparticles produced by readily available plant
materials.
 The nontoxic nature of plants are suitable for fulfilling the high
demand for nanoparticles with applications in the biomedical and
environmental areas.
Recently, successfully synthesized gold and silver nanoparticles using
the leaf and root extract from the medicinal herbal plant Panax
ginseng.

14. CONTINUE…
Additionally, various plant parts, including leaves, fruits,
stems, roots, and their extracts, have been used for the
synthesis of metal nanoparticles.
It has been proposed that proteins, amino acids, organic
acid, vitamins, as well as secondary metabolites, such as
flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids,
heterocyclic compounds, and polysaccharides, have
significant roles in metal salt reduction and, furthermore,
act as capping and stabilizing agents for synthesized
nanoparticles.

15. CONTINUE…
For instance, the hydroxyl functional group from
polyphenols and the carbonyl group from proteins of
Corallina officinalis extract could assist in forming and
stabilizing gold nanoparticles.
Reports also suggest that different mechanisms for
synthesizing nanoparticles exist in different plant species.
Notably, dicot plants contain many secondary metabolites
that may be suitable for nanoparticle synthesis.

16. CONTINUE….
For instance, specific components, such as emodin, a purgative resin
with Quinone compounds that is present in xerophytes plants (plants
adapted to survive in deserts or environments with little water) are
responsible for silver nanoparticle synthesis.
Cyperoquinone, dietchequinone, and remirin in mesophytic plants
(terrestrial plants adapted to neither a particularly dry nor
particularly wet environment) are useful for metal nanoparticle
synthesis.
 Eugenol, the main terpenoid of Cinnamomum zeylanisum, was
found to have a principal role in the synthesis of gold and silver
nanoparticles.

18. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
 It refers to the extraction, screening and identification of the
medicinally active substances found in plants.
 Some of the bioactive substances that can be derived from plants
are flavonoids, alkaloids, carotenoids, tannin, antioxidants and
phenolic compounds.
Color changes or precipitation formation is the indication of
presence of these phytochemicals.

19. PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACT
FOR PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
Take Fresh plant.
 An ethanol extract of sample can be prepared by milling
50 gram of the desired part of plant in an electric blinder.
 Then mixed paste of plant with 200 ml ethanol in conical
flask by shaking it with hand and placed for three days or
by mixing it with magnetic stirrer.
Now filter the Ethanoic extract of plant.

20. CONTINUE…
Placed the filtrate on rotary evaporator at 60 degree
centigrade to remove ethanol.
The extract will be concentrated by placing it on water
bath at 75 degree centigrade.
 Now the sample is prepared for the phytochemical
screening.

21. rotary evaporator

22. TEST OF PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING
Test for flavonoids. To one milliliter of the crude stock extract, a
few drops of dilute sodium hydroxide was added. An intense
yellow color appeared in the plant crude extract, which became
colorless on the addition of a few drops of dilute acid which
indicates the presence of flavonoids.
Test for Terpenoids: About 0.5 g of plant extract in
separate test tube was taken with 2 ml of chloroform; 5 ml of
concentrated sulphuric acid was carefully added to form a layer and
observed for presence of reddish brown color interface to show
positive results for the presence of terpenoid.

23. CONTINUE…
TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES;
Benedict's solution is used to test for simple carbohydrates.
Benedict's solution is a blue colored liquid that contains
copper ions. When Benedict's solution and
simple carbohydrates are heated, the solution changes to
orange red/ brick red. This reaction is caused by the reducing
property of simple carbohydrates.

24. PREPARTION OF PLANT
EXTRACT FOR SYNTHESIS OF
NANO PARTICLES.
To prepare the plant extract take desired part (e.g leaves) of plant.
Wash it properly with tap water.
Now sterilized it by washing 2-3 times with de-ionized water.
Dry it now at room temperature.
Boil 40 gram of leaves with 200ml of de-ionized water for 20 mins
at 70-80 degree centigrade.

25. CONTINUE…
During boiling color of solution changes to greenish
yellow.
Cool the resulting extract at room temperature.
After that, the yellow colored extract must be filtered with
whatsmann filter paper no 1.
Now cover the filtrate with aluminum foil and stored it in
refrigerator for further use.

26. PLANT
SEED
GUM
LEAF
COIR
ROOT
PEEL
BARK
FRUIT

27. USE OF PLANT EXTRACT IN
NANO PARTICLE SYNTHESIS
In producing nanoparticles using plant extracts, the extract is simply
mixed with a solution of the metal salt at room temperature.
 The reaction is complete within minutes.
 Nanoparticles of silver, gold and many other metals have been
produced this way.
 The nature of the plant extract, its concentration, the concentration
of the metal salt, the pH, temperature and contact time are known to
affect the rate of production of the nanoparticles, their quantity and
other characteristics

29. CHARACTERIZATION OF
NANOPARTICLES
Nanoparticles are generally characterized by their size,
shape, surface area, and dispersity.
 A homogeneity of these properties is important in many
applications.
 The common techniques of characterizing nanoparticles
are as follows:
UV–visible spectrophotometry,
dynamic light scattering (DLS),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM),

30. CONTINUE…
Dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM),
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),
 X-ray diffraction (XRD)

31. UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY
The UV–visible spectroscopy is a commonly used techniques.
Light wavelengths in the 300–800 nm are generally used for
characterizing various metal nanoparticles in the size range of 2
to 100 nm. Spectrophotometric absorption measurements in the
wavelength ranges of 400–450 nm and 500–550 nm are used in
characterizing the silver and gold nanoparticles, respectively.

32. DYNAMIC LIGHT SCATTERING
(DLS)
The dynamic light scattering (DLS) is used to characterize
the surface charge and the size distribution of the particles
suspended in a liquid.

33. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Electron microscopy is another commonly used method of
characterization.
Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron
microscopy are used for morphological characterization at
the nanometer to micrometer scale.
The transmission electron microscopy has a 1000-fold
higher resolution compared with the scanning electron
microscopy

34. FTIR SPECTROSCOPY
FTIR spectroscopy is useful for characterizing the surface
chemistry.
 Organic functional groups (e.g. carbonyls, hydroxyls)
attached to the surface of nanoparticles and the other
surface chemical residues are detected using FTIR.

35. XRD
XRD is used for the phase identification and characterization
of the crystal structure of the nanoparticles.
 X-rays penetrate into the nanomaterial and the resulting
diffraction pattern is compared with standards to obtain
structural information.
 Elemental composition of metal nanoparticles is commonly
established using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)

36. APPLICATIONS OF NANO
PARTICLES
Nanoparticles synthesized by the various methods have been
used in diverse in vitro diagnostic applications.
Both gold and silver nanoparticles have been commonly found to
have broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against human and
animal pathogen.
Silver nanoparticles are already widely used as antimicrobial
agents in commercial medical and consumer products.

37. APPLICATIONS
The use of zinc oxide nanoparticles in antimicrobial food
packaging has been reported.
Several types of nanoparticles have been shown to reduce
the microbial loads in treated wastewater effluent.
Applications of nanoparticles are emerging in crop
protection and agriculture

39. NANOPARTICLES APPLICATIONS
SILVER ANTI-MICROBIAL, ANTI PROTOZOA,
ANTI-CANCER, ANTI-FUNGAL
GOLD ANTI-MICROBIAL
PALLADIUM ANTI-BACTERIAL
COPPER ANTI-BACTERIAL,ANTI-CANCER
SELENIUM ANTI-CANCER

40. ADVANTAGES OF
PHYTONANOTECHNOLOGY
Phytonanotechnology has provided new avenues for the
synthesis of nanoparticles and is an ecofriendly, simple,
rapid, stable, and cost-effective method.
Phytonanotechnology has advantages, including
biocompatibility, scalability, and the medical applicability
of synthesizing nanoparticles using the universal solvent,
water, as a reducing medium.