A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances where a solute is dissolved in a solvent. The concentration of a solution refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solvent. Solutions can be dilute, containing a small amount of solute, or concentrated, containing a large amount of solute. Soft drinks are considered solutions but contain many unhealthy additives like sugar, artificial sweeteners, caffeine, carbon dioxide, preservatives, artificial flavors, colorings, and sodium. Long term consumption of soft drinks can increase risks of diseases, cancer, and other health issues.

1. THOSHINA THOMAS
KEYI SAHIB TRAINING COLLEGE
TALIPARAMBA

2. A solution is a
homogeneous mixture
composed of two or
more substance.In
such a mixture a
solute is a substance
dissolved in another
substance known as
solvent.

3. CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION
• It refers to the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed
amount of solvent.
•A solution containing a small amount of solute is
known as dilute solution
•A solution containing large amount of solute is
known as concentrated solution.

6. MIXTURES
• All solutions are mixtures.
•Mixtures are of two types ;
A)Homogeneous Mixture
A mixture which has uniform composition and
properties throughout. For example, air is ahomogeneous
mixture of gases. A teaspoonful of table salt stirred into a
glass of water also makes a homogeneous mixture.
B)Heterogeneous Mixture
A heterogeneous mixture is simply any mixture that
is not uniform in composition – it's a non-uniform mixture of
smaller constituent parts. Using various means, the parts in
the mixture can be separated from one another.
Eg:Cereal in milk is anexample of a heterogeneous mixture.
Soil is another example. Soil has pebbles, plant matter and
sand in it.

8. TRUE SOLUTION
A true solution is a homogeneous solution in which the solute
particles have diameters less than 10-7cm. i.e., the solute
particles are of molecular dimensions. The particles are
invisible even under powerful microscopes. For example,
sodium chloride in water is a true solution.
COLLOID
A colloid is a solution that has particles ranging between 1 and
1000 nanometers in diameter, yet are still able to remain evenly
distributed throughout the solution. These are also known
as colloidal dispersions because the substances remain
dispersed and do not settle to the bottom of the container.
SUSPENSION
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which solute-like
particles settle out of a solvent-like phase some time after their
introduction.
We apply the word 'suspension' when particles are big enough
to eventually settle. We use the terms 'solute-like' and 'solvent-
like,' because we are dealing with a heterogeneous mixture,
while the terms solute and solvent refer to solutions, which
are homogeneous.

15. SOFT DRINKS
•Soft drinks” is a term used for beverages that don’t contain
alcohol (“hard” liquor). If you really know what the contents
of soft drinks are, you would not think it is “soft”. It is really
“hard” on your health.
•Soft drinks have become so much a part of
modern living, especially in major cities around the
world. It particularly appeals to the younger
generation who drinks soft drinks in place of
water.
•Soft drinks advertisements target young people
who are oblivious to the harm these drinks can do
to their bodies. No wonder the people love
drinking soft drinks too–they give the refreshing
feeling and seem to quench thirsts on a blistering
hot day. Vending machines are making the
“killing” easier.

16. soft drinks contain:
•SUGAR
•A majority of soft drinks contain large amounts of
refined sugar content of up to 15 teaspoons each in a
325 ml can. One can a day gives you more sugar than
is necessary for your body.
•Sugar erodes teeth, increases your
risks of diabetes, heart disease,
indigestion and skin problems. As
sugar enters the bloodstream and
increases the sugar level rapidly, it
causes a dependency situation
whereby the body craves for a
constant flow of sugar to maintain
its levels. This keeps you craving for
more, creating a vicious cycle that
gets you hooked.

17. ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS
Soft drinks disguised as “diet soda” or “tonic water” contain
calorie-reduced sweeteners such as aspartame, acesulfame-K,
saccharin or sucralose.
Aspartame is 200 times sweeter than sugar, so very little is used
to sweeten the soft drink. It does enhance the taste of the drink but
it also cause numerous adverse side-effects. Common complaints
include migraine, memory loss, emotional disorders, blurred vision,
ringing in the ears, heart palpitations and shortness of breath.
Acesulfame-K (Ace-K)is 100-200 times sweeter than sugar,
with a slight bitter after-taste. Initial tests have indicated that this
substance may be carcinogenic. Even though thorough tests are still
incomplete, there are reasons to be careful not to ingest this
compound as tests on lab animals have shown rapid increase in
cancerous tumors.
Saccharin is a non-nutritive sweetener which is 300 times
sweeter than sugar. It has been proven to cause bladder cancer and
is banned in Canada, New Zealand and several European countries.
Saccharin is found to be present in Pepsi Diet, Diet Coke and Diet
Sarsi.

18. CAFFEINE
Caffeine is an addictive drug that enhances the soda
flavor. It artificially stimulates the nervous system
and increases the heart rate. When consumed, it may
temporarily arouse the intellect and diminish fatigue.
Over-stimulation depletes the body of vital energy as
it struggles to deal with the toxin that enters the
bloodstream. Excessive caffeine consumption is
linked to cancers of the bladder and stomach, raised
blood pressure and aggravating diabetes symptoms.
Worst of all, it may even contribute to birth defects in
babies.
Drinking soft drinks after a physical workout can
cause calcium and potassium loss which in turn can
cause sore muscles and delayed recovery time after
exercise.

19. CARBON DIOXIDE
Carbonated drinks are made by injecting
carbon dioxide into the water under pressure. The
more carbon dioxide injected, the lower the pH, the
more acidic it gets, the more fizzy it is.
We all know that carbon dioxide is a waste
product exhaled by human. We don’t need carbon
dioxide, so why are we taking it by drinking soft
drinks? Too much carbon dioxide kills healthy cells.
Dead cells cause an acidic environment. As
mentioned above, in an acidic environment, some
cells may survive by becoming abnormal
malignant cells.

20. PRESERVATIVES
Preservatives are added into soft drinks to prevent
spoilage, and to prolong shelf life. Storage
conditions and time can affect the taste and flavor,
and these preservatives help to preserve that.
The labels may list these as “permitted
preservatives” but the exceeded amount can cause
untold number of health problems.
Sodium benzoate (a.k.a. benzoic acid) is present in
most soft drinks. This chemical is known to cause
asthma, rashes and hyperactivity.
Sulphur dioxide is also used in some soft drinks to
preserve the color of say, carbonated lemon juice
from turning brown. This chemical is used for
industrial bleaching. It is so toxic that repeated
exposures to it can cause fainting spells, skin
eruptions, swelling, tightening of the chest, shock,
coma and even death.

21. ARTIFICIAL FLAVORINGS AND
COLORINGS
Artificial flavorings are commonly used in making
soft drinks to give each flavor its distinctive taste. These
have adverse effect on hyperactive children and must be
eliminated from their diet.
Tartrazine is an orange-yellowish drink coloring that is
banned in Norway and Finland. It can cause allergic
reactions like skin rashes, swelling, excessive mucus and
bloodshot eyes.
Carmoisine is a reddish drink coloring that is banned in
the US and Canada. It can cause allergic reactions, food
poisoning and even cancer.
Brilliant Blue is another cancer-causing agent that is now
banned in many developed countries. Sadly, it is still being
used in my country to produce soft drinks. This chemical
can cause chromosomal damage and allergic reactions.

22. SODIUM
Most soft drinks contain some inorganic
sodium. Sodium is used as an
emulsifying, stabilizing and thickening
agent to ensure that the contents of the
drinks are kept evenly distributed.
Excessive consumption of inorganic
sodium thickens and stiffens arteries,
leading to stroke, cardiac failure, high
blood pressure and many other
diseases.