The document describes the design of a smart car system to reduce accident risks. The system uses ultrasonic sensors and an Arduino microcontroller to detect obstacles around the car. When an obstacle is detected, the microcontroller determines the closest distance and sends a signal to control a motor. The motor is able to steer the front of the car left or right to avoid the obstacle. An LED display on the car also notifies the driver of upcoming obstacles and allows the driver to take control if desired. The system aims to help avoid accidents when visibility is limited, such as in foggy conditions.
Toyota Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd is a joint venture between Toyota Motor Corporation and Kirloskar Group for manufacturing and selling Toyota vehicles in India. The document discusses Toyota's Fortuner SUV, including its specifications, prices, sales, competitors and Toyota's marketing strategies for the Fortuner such as promotions, dealer network, and supply chain. It provides sales data showing the Fortuner has a market share of around 5% in the SUV segment.
The document outlines a cab booking system project created by a team of 5 students under the guidance of Sreeranjan NSCI. The project uses Python and Tkinter for the GUI. It allows users to register, book cabs by entering pickup/drop off locations, view receipts, and more. Design documents include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams and activity diagrams. The system was implemented using Python and tested with sample test cases to check functionality. Results screens show examples of registration and booking pages. Future work may involve additional features.
The document summarizes an MCCD presentation on an electric car called the EFE-5. It describes the car's features, the growing electric vehicle market, and analyzes factors like target markets, growth scenarios, fuel distribution, economics of rising fuel costs, and reasons for alternative fuels. The presentation examines environmental damage from fossil fuels, global warming, oil spills, and argues for alternative fuels to address these issues. It provides cost estimates and examples of fuel distribution networks to support its analysis.
Automatic headlight dimmer a prototype for vehicleseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper explores the productivity attributes and their impacts in enhancing industrial productivity. The statistical analyses give us insights of the industrial scenario of the estate under consideration. Reliability and validity tests confirm the validity of the scale used. Correlation analysis identifies the relation and closeness among the variables and their intensity in improving the productivity. Chi-square is another test to hypotheses that gives the ideas about the relation and their influences in contributing productivity. Demographic gives the picture of the constitutes of the sample considered. Descriptive statistics high lights the respondents' perceptions about the industrial productivity. The SPSS software is used to analyse various phases of the study. The three points Likert scale is used to extract the impacts of the various attributes considered in this case. This paper indicates the improvement potentials to increase industrial productivity to compete highly competitiveness in the global arena. Key Words: Attribute, chi-square, descriptive, enhancing, industrial, productivity
The document discusses Digital Twin Spark Ignition (DTS-I) technology used in some 4-stroke petrol engines. DTS-I uses two spark plugs placed at opposite ends of the combustion chamber to more completely burn the air-fuel mixture. This leads to increased power, reduced emissions, and better starting compared to a conventional single spark plug engine. Some motorcycles that use DTS-I technology include models from Bajaj like the Pulsar 135, 150, 180, and 200.
bba minor project on tvs marketing strategiesKarandeep Singh
The document provides an overview of the two-wheeler industry in India. It discusses the evolution of the industry from its beginnings in 1955 up until the liberalization policies of the 1990s. It describes how the industry shifted from being tightly controlled by the state to becoming more competitive and open to new entrants. It also summarizes the key characteristics and market shares of the main segments (scooters, motorcycles, mopeds) and identifies the major players in the industry such as Hero Honda, Bajaj Auto, and TVS.
This document summarizes the development of an automatic windshield wiper system that adjusts wiper speed based on rain detection. Traditional wiper systems require the driver to manually adjust speed. The proposed system uses sensors to detect the amount of rain and a microcontroller to automatically control wiper speed. It discusses different sensor types considered, including optical and capacitive sensors, and outlines the design of a capacitive rain sensor system using a stable RC multivibrator circuit. The system is intended to minimize driver distraction and improve safety by automatically adjusting wiper speed during rain.
Toyota Kirloskar Motor Pvt. Ltd is a joint venture between Toyota Motor Corporation and Kirloskar Group for manufacturing and selling Toyota vehicles in India. The document discusses Toyota's Fortuner SUV, including its specifications, prices, sales, competitors and Toyota's marketing strategies for the Fortuner such as promotions, dealer network, and supply chain. It provides sales data showing the Fortuner has a market share of around 5% in the SUV segment.
The document outlines a cab booking system project created by a team of 5 students under the guidance of Sreeranjan NSCI. The project uses Python and Tkinter for the GUI. It allows users to register, book cabs by entering pickup/drop off locations, view receipts, and more. Design documents include use case diagrams, class diagrams, sequence diagrams and activity diagrams. The system was implemented using Python and tested with sample test cases to check functionality. Results screens show examples of registration and booking pages. Future work may involve additional features.
The document summarizes an MCCD presentation on an electric car called the EFE-5. It describes the car's features, the growing electric vehicle market, and analyzes factors like target markets, growth scenarios, fuel distribution, economics of rising fuel costs, and reasons for alternative fuels. The presentation examines environmental damage from fossil fuels, global warming, oil spills, and argues for alternative fuels to address these issues. It provides cost estimates and examples of fuel distribution networks to support its analysis.
Automatic headlight dimmer a prototype for vehicleseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper explores the productivity attributes and their impacts in enhancing industrial productivity. The statistical analyses give us insights of the industrial scenario of the estate under consideration. Reliability and validity tests confirm the validity of the scale used. Correlation analysis identifies the relation and closeness among the variables and their intensity in improving the productivity. Chi-square is another test to hypotheses that gives the ideas about the relation and their influences in contributing productivity. Demographic gives the picture of the constitutes of the sample considered. Descriptive statistics high lights the respondents' perceptions about the industrial productivity. The SPSS software is used to analyse various phases of the study. The three points Likert scale is used to extract the impacts of the various attributes considered in this case. This paper indicates the improvement potentials to increase industrial productivity to compete highly competitiveness in the global arena. Key Words: Attribute, chi-square, descriptive, enhancing, industrial, productivity
The document discusses Digital Twin Spark Ignition (DTS-I) technology used in some 4-stroke petrol engines. DTS-I uses two spark plugs placed at opposite ends of the combustion chamber to more completely burn the air-fuel mixture. This leads to increased power, reduced emissions, and better starting compared to a conventional single spark plug engine. Some motorcycles that use DTS-I technology include models from Bajaj like the Pulsar 135, 150, 180, and 200.
bba minor project on tvs marketing strategiesKarandeep Singh
The document provides an overview of the two-wheeler industry in India. It discusses the evolution of the industry from its beginnings in 1955 up until the liberalization policies of the 1990s. It describes how the industry shifted from being tightly controlled by the state to becoming more competitive and open to new entrants. It also summarizes the key characteristics and market shares of the main segments (scooters, motorcycles, mopeds) and identifies the major players in the industry such as Hero Honda, Bajaj Auto, and TVS.
This document summarizes the development of an automatic windshield wiper system that adjusts wiper speed based on rain detection. Traditional wiper systems require the driver to manually adjust speed. The proposed system uses sensors to detect the amount of rain and a microcontroller to automatically control wiper speed. It discusses different sensor types considered, including optical and capacitive sensors, and outlines the design of a capacitive rain sensor system using a stable RC multivibrator circuit. The system is intended to minimize driver distraction and improve safety by automatically adjusting wiper speed during rain.
Last Week’s session - “IoT – Connected Car – Technology Trends & Opportunities” covered a trending topic that promises to disrupt the transportation industry, as we know it. Here are the key Lounge47 takeaways:
1. Connected Cars are vehicles that use any from a range of communication technologies to communicate a) with the driver b) with other cars on the road (vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)) c) road infrastructure (vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)) and d) the “Cloud” 2. Status today? a) Only a fraction of future automated and connected vehicle technologies are available today b) Although individual aspects of the connected driving experience are established the integrated whole is not c) The public today only enjoys up to level 2 on a 5 level scale of 0 to full automation. Level 4 vehicles are however being tested 3. 2014 milestones: a) Google and Apple target the car dashboard with 'Android Auto' and 'Carplay' platforms b) Google makes autonomous cars real with its self driving car d) Automotive companies begin to take customer data protection seriously e) Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) technology gets the regulatory nod 4. Questions: Is the car the new Tech battleground? Will there be an Apple car? What business models will prevail? Are Uber-like companies preparing the market for the self-driving car? Would Self-driving cars make owning a car a thing of the past? 5. Benefits: a) Savings in terms of increased people productivity b) reduced gasoline usage due to efficient driving c) reduced road infrastructure maintenance d) Increased safety 6. Challenges: a) Developing a UI/UX that minimizes driver distraction b) Customer Data security c) In-car and remote cyber crime d) Liability – where does it sit? 7.Opportunities: a) In-car data that could serve consumers, drivers themselves, marketers, hardware manufactures, car companies and insurance companies b) Aftermarket solutions c) IoT products & solutions. 47b market today set to grow to 270b USD by 2020. Revenue potential per connected car estimated to be 1400 USD/vehicle/year 8. Opportunities in India: The Indian market will take time to mature. In the short-term: a) Parking Management b) Connected Infrastructure (e.g. smart cities) c) Insurance – Usage Based Insurance, driving pattern monitoring & support d) Radio Taxi Service – e.g. Ola, Uber e) Transportation as a Service – Personal mobility, Goods mobility f) Service Stations - cloud-based diagnostics & preventive care g) Battery technologies – Charging stations offer opportunities. In summary - realization of the Connected Car vision and the benefits it brings hinges not on the technology challenges but on whether it will win consumer acceptance and trust.
www.lounge47.in
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. It outlines that crude oil and petroleum products will become scarce, so alternative fuels are needed. E85 fuel is discussed, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document covers the ethanol production process and describes the benefits of higher octane rating, cooling effects, and lower emissions of alcohol fuels compared to gasoline. Both advantages like reduced emissions and disadvantages like lower energy content are summarized. The conclusion is that finding alternatives to fossil fuels like alcohol will be important as crude oil is depleted.
This document discusses self-driving cars, including what they are, how they work, potential advantages and disadvantages, and challenges. It defines a self-driving car as a vehicle that can travel from place to place without human interaction by using sensors to navigate autonomously. Some advantages mentioned are increased road capacity, faster reaction times leading to fewer accidents, and reduced pollution. Disadvantages include high costs, potential software failures, and issues with public acceptance. Challenges involve gaining trust from humans, ensuring computer security, addressing legal liability, and requiring regulation from transportation safety authorities.
The Wankel engine uses an eccentric rotary design instead of pistons, where the four-stroke cycle occurs inside an oval housing and triangle-shaped rotor. It functions as a variable-volume progressing-cavity system with three cavities repeating the cycle. Wankel engines are lighter, simpler, and have fewer moving parts than equivalent piston engines. They provide high reliability, smooth power delivery, and a high power-to-weight ratio, but consume more fuel and produce more unburnt hydrocarbons than four-stroke engines. Wankel engines are used in cars, motorcycles, and aircraft for their light weight, small size, and durability in all weather. Mazda has designed some of the best Wankel
New gl functionality_by_guntupalli_hari_krishna_Hari Krishna
SAP NUEVO LIBRO MAYOR,SAP NEW دفتر الأستاذ العام,SAP新总账,SAP neue Hauptbuch,एसएपी नई सामान्य खाता,எஸ்ஏபி புதிய பொது லெட்ஜர்,SAP NEW総勘定元帳,SAP의 새로운 원장,SAP General Ledger НОВЫЙ,SAP NUEVO LIBRO MAYOR,SAP NEW GENERAL LEDGER
Reva EV was India's first electric car, launched in 2001. It aimed to provide affordable electric transportation, targeting families, seniors and students. However, Reva EV significantly underestimated demand, selling only 300 cars over 3 years despite projecting 1500 sales in the first year. Key reasons for its failure included being overpriced compared to gasoline cars, limited design lacking comfort and space, high development costs, and government policies favoring other fuels over electric. For electric vehicles to succeed in India, factors like battery technology, charging infrastructure, service availability, and raising public awareness must be improved.
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It defines an HEV as a vehicle that combines a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric propulsion system. The document outlines the history of HEVs, including the Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid in 1901 and modern vehicles like the Toyota Prius and Honda Insight. It describes the different types of hybridization as mild, medium, or full and the types of HEVs as series, parallel, or series-parallel. The key parts of an HEV like the engine, battery, electric motor, controller, and generator are also explained. Advantages include fuel savings and reduced emissions and noise, while disadvantages include higher costs and slower performance compared to
Electric vehicles are means of transport that use electrical energy instead of gasoline or diesel. They can be powered by electricity from an external source or from an onboard battery that is sometimes charged by solar panels. EVs include cars, trucks, buses, boats, trains and other vehicles. They have low operating costs since they require less maintenance than gas vehicles and are more environmentally friendly by producing no tailpipe emissions. Tesla has been a leader in the EV industry since launching its first luxury electric car in 2013. Countries are promoting EVs to reduce pollution and dependence on imported oil while cutting emissions that cause climate change. India has a goal of significantly increasing EV use by 2030 for environmental and economic reasons.
Latest trends in automobiles seminar reportDeepak kango
The document discusses the latest trends in automobiles, focusing on hybrid vehicles. It describes how hybrid vehicles work using both gasoline and electric power sources. The electric motor provides supplementary power for acceleration and regenerates energy during braking to charge the battery. Popular hybrid models mentioned include the Toyota Prius, Lexus RX 400h, and Honda Accord hybrid. Hybrids offer better fuel economy and performance compared to gas-only vehicles but cost more upfront. The document also briefly discusses fully electric vehicles and their history, limitations in range/battery life, and potential as a future alternative fuel.
The document describes a proposed smart parking system that uses wireless sensor networks, embedded web servers, a central web server, and a mobile phone application to help drivers find available parking spaces. Wireless sensor nodes deployed in each parking spot detect occupancy and report it in real-time to embedded web servers. This data is then sent to a central web server which displays current availability and allows reservations via mobile apps. The system aims to more efficiently guide drivers to vacant spots and reduce traffic from drivers searching for parking.
The document describes an automated parking system project that aims to maximize parking utilization. It discusses reserving spots online, detecting vehicles with license plate readers, directing cars to empty spots, and processing payments. Functional requirements include registering customers, making reservations, identifying vehicles, and handling both registered and walk-in customers. Non-functional requirements address authorization, data validation, performance, and maintenance. Risks, effort estimation, testing procedures, and future enhancements are also outlined.
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have fewer moving parts for maintenance and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel).
Cities like London and Amsterdam are investing in electric vehicles, with over 1,000 charging points installed. Milan is considering following this trend through the e-moving project, which plans to install 31 charging points. The research analyzes Milan residents' attitudes toward the Renault Twizy electric vehicle and its potential profitability. A survey was conducted of 205 Milan residents, finding high concern for environmental issues like air pollution. Electric vehicles were seen as one solution, and the Twizy's small size makes it suitable for Milan's context.
This document describes a vehicle accident prevention system using an eye blink sensor. The system uses an infrared sensor to detect a driver's eye blinks and a microcontroller to process the sensor data. If no eye blinks are detected for a certain period, indicating potential drowsiness, the system will stop the vehicle and trigger an alarm. The system has a transmitter to send eye blink data via RF to a receiver unit in the vehicle which controls the motor and display. The goal is to reduce accidents caused by driver drowsiness or lack of attention.
This document outlines a mini project to create a basic paint and photo editing application. It introduces the project members and describes what a project is. It then provides details on the contents, abstract, introduction, how to use the application, requirements, presentation, and application. The project will allow basic painting and photo editing using VB6 and .NET and serve as an alternative to more complex professional editing software.
An efficient automotive collision avoidance system for indian traffic conditionseSAT Journals
Abstract The execution of a wide-ranging accident cautioning system is being visualised by ACAS Program, which is proficient in perceiving and cautioning the driver of potential hazard conditions forward, on the side, and rear sections of the vehicle. The structure would use: (a) long array sensor or visual devices to identify probable hazards in front of the vehicle, (2) short range sensors to caution the driver of nearby objects while changing traffic lanes or backing up, and (3) a track exposure arrangement to alert the motorist when the vehicle deviates from the intended traffic lane. Accident Prevention organisms, as a consequent step to collision mitigation, are one of the Great challenges in the area of active safety for road vehicles. The task of a collision avoidance system is to track objects of potential collision threat and govern any action to evade or diminish a crash. The main focus is how to make decisions based on ambiguous evaluations and in the presence of numerous hurdles. The first step in CA (Collision Avoidance) systems for automotive applications is adaptive cruise control (ACC). The ability of the car to protect its passengers is sometimes called crashworthiness. Generally, a CM (Collision Mitigation) system tries to reduce the severity of the accident as much as possible under some constraints. The situation may be observed with detector sensors, laser radar, vision sensors, ultrasonic sensors, GPS sensors and inter-vehicle communication. FCM (Forward Collision Mitigation) systems mainly try to avoid or mitigate frontal collisions. The CA decision is based on the current position estimate of the host vehicle and those of other objects. The focus is towards the method for determining the threat of a collision given that the state of other objects is known. Two collision mitigation by braking systems are considered for study. One system uses the probability of collision, to decide when to perform braking interventions. The other system has a multiple obstacle decision. The scenarios that are calculated in this segment are primarily those where a CMbB has a large potential of significantly reducing the collision speed. Therefore, the test results of main interest is those between 0 and 70 km/h also for simulations. Hence, this ACAS Program detects the potential hazards, warns the driver and takes action to avoid or mitigate a collision. Keywords: Collision Warning, Decision Making, Collision Mitigation Braking, Tracking Sensors
1) Build and test an audio amplifier circuit using an LM380 audio amplifier IC.
2) Evaluate the characteristics of a pre-built AM IF amplifier/detector board, measuring its center frequency, gain, bandwidth, and selectivity curve.
3) Design and build a simple "crystal set" MF receiver using a ferrite rod antenna.
4) Design and build an MF superhet receiver using a balanced mixer, ferrite rod antenna, and an RF signal generator as the local oscillator source. Measure the performance of the receiver.
The document provides an update on progress made on an EPA air monitoring project. Key points:
- Several tasks are completed, including an SD data logger, operating system, particle sensor, and solar power system.
- Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide sensors were removed to reduce costs. An SD logger, open ports, and weatherproof hood were added instead.
- Current work involves developing the operating system and testing the solar power system. The weatherproof hood will be installed last.
- Upon completion, the low-cost probe will measure several air pollutants and transmit data wirelessly while storing it locally via SD card. It will be powered by a solar system and protected by
Student Data Base Using C/C++ Final ProjectHaqnawaz Ch
This C++ code defines functions for a student database program that allows users to enter, modify, search, hide, and delete student records. The main functions include passing a login password, displaying a menu, entering new records, modifying and deleting existing records, hiding records, searching for records, and exiting the program. Structures are used to store student name, bio data, and password authentication information.
The document discusses a control system for a customized metal finishing process. It describes various modules and controllers that make up the control network, including universal input/output modules, DCS controllers, and specialized controllers for pretreatment, wastewater treatment, air management, and more. It then outlines several areas where implementing process control can reduce costs, such as controlling chemical levels, mechanical variables, conveyors, ovens, parts tracking, and various painting processes.
Last Week’s session - “IoT – Connected Car – Technology Trends & Opportunities” covered a trending topic that promises to disrupt the transportation industry, as we know it. Here are the key Lounge47 takeaways:
1. Connected Cars are vehicles that use any from a range of communication technologies to communicate a) with the driver b) with other cars on the road (vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)) c) road infrastructure (vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)) and d) the “Cloud” 2. Status today? a) Only a fraction of future automated and connected vehicle technologies are available today b) Although individual aspects of the connected driving experience are established the integrated whole is not c) The public today only enjoys up to level 2 on a 5 level scale of 0 to full automation. Level 4 vehicles are however being tested 3. 2014 milestones: a) Google and Apple target the car dashboard with 'Android Auto' and 'Carplay' platforms b) Google makes autonomous cars real with its self driving car d) Automotive companies begin to take customer data protection seriously e) Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) technology gets the regulatory nod 4. Questions: Is the car the new Tech battleground? Will there be an Apple car? What business models will prevail? Are Uber-like companies preparing the market for the self-driving car? Would Self-driving cars make owning a car a thing of the past? 5. Benefits: a) Savings in terms of increased people productivity b) reduced gasoline usage due to efficient driving c) reduced road infrastructure maintenance d) Increased safety 6. Challenges: a) Developing a UI/UX that minimizes driver distraction b) Customer Data security c) In-car and remote cyber crime d) Liability – where does it sit? 7.Opportunities: a) In-car data that could serve consumers, drivers themselves, marketers, hardware manufactures, car companies and insurance companies b) Aftermarket solutions c) IoT products & solutions. 47b market today set to grow to 270b USD by 2020. Revenue potential per connected car estimated to be 1400 USD/vehicle/year 8. Opportunities in India: The Indian market will take time to mature. In the short-term: a) Parking Management b) Connected Infrastructure (e.g. smart cities) c) Insurance – Usage Based Insurance, driving pattern monitoring & support d) Radio Taxi Service – e.g. Ola, Uber e) Transportation as a Service – Personal mobility, Goods mobility f) Service Stations - cloud-based diagnostics & preventive care g) Battery technologies – Charging stations offer opportunities. In summary - realization of the Connected Car vision and the benefits it brings hinges not on the technology challenges but on whether it will win consumer acceptance and trust.
www.lounge47.in
This document discusses using alcohol as an alternative fuel for internal combustion engines. It outlines that crude oil and petroleum products will become scarce, so alternative fuels are needed. E85 fuel is discussed, which is a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline that can be used in flexible fuel vehicles. The document covers the ethanol production process and describes the benefits of higher octane rating, cooling effects, and lower emissions of alcohol fuels compared to gasoline. Both advantages like reduced emissions and disadvantages like lower energy content are summarized. The conclusion is that finding alternatives to fossil fuels like alcohol will be important as crude oil is depleted.
This document discusses self-driving cars, including what they are, how they work, potential advantages and disadvantages, and challenges. It defines a self-driving car as a vehicle that can travel from place to place without human interaction by using sensors to navigate autonomously. Some advantages mentioned are increased road capacity, faster reaction times leading to fewer accidents, and reduced pollution. Disadvantages include high costs, potential software failures, and issues with public acceptance. Challenges involve gaining trust from humans, ensuring computer security, addressing legal liability, and requiring regulation from transportation safety authorities.
The Wankel engine uses an eccentric rotary design instead of pistons, where the four-stroke cycle occurs inside an oval housing and triangle-shaped rotor. It functions as a variable-volume progressing-cavity system with three cavities repeating the cycle. Wankel engines are lighter, simpler, and have fewer moving parts than equivalent piston engines. They provide high reliability, smooth power delivery, and a high power-to-weight ratio, but consume more fuel and produce more unburnt hydrocarbons than four-stroke engines. Wankel engines are used in cars, motorcycles, and aircraft for their light weight, small size, and durability in all weather. Mazda has designed some of the best Wankel
New gl functionality_by_guntupalli_hari_krishna_Hari Krishna
SAP NUEVO LIBRO MAYOR,SAP NEW دفتر الأستاذ العام,SAP新总账,SAP neue Hauptbuch,एसएपी नई सामान्य खाता,எஸ்ஏபி புதிய பொது லெட்ஜர்,SAP NEW総勘定元帳,SAP의 새로운 원장,SAP General Ledger НОВЫЙ,SAP NUEVO LIBRO MAYOR,SAP NEW GENERAL LEDGER
Reva EV was India's first electric car, launched in 2001. It aimed to provide affordable electric transportation, targeting families, seniors and students. However, Reva EV significantly underestimated demand, selling only 300 cars over 3 years despite projecting 1500 sales in the first year. Key reasons for its failure included being overpriced compared to gasoline cars, limited design lacking comfort and space, high development costs, and government policies favoring other fuels over electric. For electric vehicles to succeed in India, factors like battery technology, charging infrastructure, service availability, and raising public awareness must be improved.
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It defines an HEV as a vehicle that combines a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric propulsion system. The document outlines the history of HEVs, including the Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid in 1901 and modern vehicles like the Toyota Prius and Honda Insight. It describes the different types of hybridization as mild, medium, or full and the types of HEVs as series, parallel, or series-parallel. The key parts of an HEV like the engine, battery, electric motor, controller, and generator are also explained. Advantages include fuel savings and reduced emissions and noise, while disadvantages include higher costs and slower performance compared to
Electric vehicles are means of transport that use electrical energy instead of gasoline or diesel. They can be powered by electricity from an external source or from an onboard battery that is sometimes charged by solar panels. EVs include cars, trucks, buses, boats, trains and other vehicles. They have low operating costs since they require less maintenance than gas vehicles and are more environmentally friendly by producing no tailpipe emissions. Tesla has been a leader in the EV industry since launching its first luxury electric car in 2013. Countries are promoting EVs to reduce pollution and dependence on imported oil while cutting emissions that cause climate change. India has a goal of significantly increasing EV use by 2030 for environmental and economic reasons.
Latest trends in automobiles seminar reportDeepak kango
The document discusses the latest trends in automobiles, focusing on hybrid vehicles. It describes how hybrid vehicles work using both gasoline and electric power sources. The electric motor provides supplementary power for acceleration and regenerates energy during braking to charge the battery. Popular hybrid models mentioned include the Toyota Prius, Lexus RX 400h, and Honda Accord hybrid. Hybrids offer better fuel economy and performance compared to gas-only vehicles but cost more upfront. The document also briefly discusses fully electric vehicles and their history, limitations in range/battery life, and potential as a future alternative fuel.
The document describes a proposed smart parking system that uses wireless sensor networks, embedded web servers, a central web server, and a mobile phone application to help drivers find available parking spaces. Wireless sensor nodes deployed in each parking spot detect occupancy and report it in real-time to embedded web servers. This data is then sent to a central web server which displays current availability and allows reservations via mobile apps. The system aims to more efficiently guide drivers to vacant spots and reduce traffic from drivers searching for parking.
The document describes an automated parking system project that aims to maximize parking utilization. It discusses reserving spots online, detecting vehicles with license plate readers, directing cars to empty spots, and processing payments. Functional requirements include registering customers, making reservations, identifying vehicles, and handling both registered and walk-in customers. Non-functional requirements address authorization, data validation, performance, and maintenance. Risks, effort estimation, testing procedures, and future enhancements are also outlined.
An EV is a shortened acronym for an electric vehicle. EVs are vehicles that are either partially or fully powered on electric power. Electric vehicles have low running costs as they have fewer moving parts for maintenance and also very environmentally friendly as they use little or no fossil fuels (petrol or diesel).
Cities like London and Amsterdam are investing in electric vehicles, with over 1,000 charging points installed. Milan is considering following this trend through the e-moving project, which plans to install 31 charging points. The research analyzes Milan residents' attitudes toward the Renault Twizy electric vehicle and its potential profitability. A survey was conducted of 205 Milan residents, finding high concern for environmental issues like air pollution. Electric vehicles were seen as one solution, and the Twizy's small size makes it suitable for Milan's context.
This document describes a vehicle accident prevention system using an eye blink sensor. The system uses an infrared sensor to detect a driver's eye blinks and a microcontroller to process the sensor data. If no eye blinks are detected for a certain period, indicating potential drowsiness, the system will stop the vehicle and trigger an alarm. The system has a transmitter to send eye blink data via RF to a receiver unit in the vehicle which controls the motor and display. The goal is to reduce accidents caused by driver drowsiness or lack of attention.
This document outlines a mini project to create a basic paint and photo editing application. It introduces the project members and describes what a project is. It then provides details on the contents, abstract, introduction, how to use the application, requirements, presentation, and application. The project will allow basic painting and photo editing using VB6 and .NET and serve as an alternative to more complex professional editing software.
An efficient automotive collision avoidance system for indian traffic conditionseSAT Journals
Abstract The execution of a wide-ranging accident cautioning system is being visualised by ACAS Program, which is proficient in perceiving and cautioning the driver of potential hazard conditions forward, on the side, and rear sections of the vehicle. The structure would use: (a) long array sensor or visual devices to identify probable hazards in front of the vehicle, (2) short range sensors to caution the driver of nearby objects while changing traffic lanes or backing up, and (3) a track exposure arrangement to alert the motorist when the vehicle deviates from the intended traffic lane. Accident Prevention organisms, as a consequent step to collision mitigation, are one of the Great challenges in the area of active safety for road vehicles. The task of a collision avoidance system is to track objects of potential collision threat and govern any action to evade or diminish a crash. The main focus is how to make decisions based on ambiguous evaluations and in the presence of numerous hurdles. The first step in CA (Collision Avoidance) systems for automotive applications is adaptive cruise control (ACC). The ability of the car to protect its passengers is sometimes called crashworthiness. Generally, a CM (Collision Mitigation) system tries to reduce the severity of the accident as much as possible under some constraints. The situation may be observed with detector sensors, laser radar, vision sensors, ultrasonic sensors, GPS sensors and inter-vehicle communication. FCM (Forward Collision Mitigation) systems mainly try to avoid or mitigate frontal collisions. The CA decision is based on the current position estimate of the host vehicle and those of other objects. The focus is towards the method for determining the threat of a collision given that the state of other objects is known. Two collision mitigation by braking systems are considered for study. One system uses the probability of collision, to decide when to perform braking interventions. The other system has a multiple obstacle decision. The scenarios that are calculated in this segment are primarily those where a CMbB has a large potential of significantly reducing the collision speed. Therefore, the test results of main interest is those between 0 and 70 km/h also for simulations. Hence, this ACAS Program detects the potential hazards, warns the driver and takes action to avoid or mitigate a collision. Keywords: Collision Warning, Decision Making, Collision Mitigation Braking, Tracking Sensors
1) Build and test an audio amplifier circuit using an LM380 audio amplifier IC.
2) Evaluate the characteristics of a pre-built AM IF amplifier/detector board, measuring its center frequency, gain, bandwidth, and selectivity curve.
3) Design and build a simple "crystal set" MF receiver using a ferrite rod antenna.
4) Design and build an MF superhet receiver using a balanced mixer, ferrite rod antenna, and an RF signal generator as the local oscillator source. Measure the performance of the receiver.
The document provides an update on progress made on an EPA air monitoring project. Key points:
- Several tasks are completed, including an SD data logger, operating system, particle sensor, and solar power system.
- Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Dioxide sensors were removed to reduce costs. An SD logger, open ports, and weatherproof hood were added instead.
- Current work involves developing the operating system and testing the solar power system. The weatherproof hood will be installed last.
- Upon completion, the low-cost probe will measure several air pollutants and transmit data wirelessly while storing it locally via SD card. It will be powered by a solar system and protected by
Student Data Base Using C/C++ Final ProjectHaqnawaz Ch
This C++ code defines functions for a student database program that allows users to enter, modify, search, hide, and delete student records. The main functions include passing a login password, displaying a menu, entering new records, modifying and deleting existing records, hiding records, searching for records, and exiting the program. Structures are used to store student name, bio data, and password authentication information.
The document discusses a control system for a customized metal finishing process. It describes various modules and controllers that make up the control network, including universal input/output modules, DCS controllers, and specialized controllers for pretreatment, wastewater treatment, air management, and more. It then outlines several areas where implementing process control can reduce costs, such as controlling chemical levels, mechanical variables, conveyors, ovens, parts tracking, and various painting processes.
This document discusses various accident prevention systems for passenger vehicles. It begins by outlining the causes of road accidents such as distracted driving and speeding. It then describes four key accident prevention systems: 1) forward collision mitigation systems that detect imminent crashes and automatically apply brakes, 2) lane departure systems that track vehicle position and alert drivers if they leave their lane, 3) blind spot detection systems that monitor sides and rear of vehicles to warn of approaching vehicles, and 4) adaptive headlight systems that turn with steering to improve visibility. In conclusion, the document states that while these systems are currently only in luxury cars, they may be deployed more widely in the future to potentially save millions of lives.
ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN VEHICLE WITH EFFECTIVE RESCUE OPERATIONYoga Lakshmi
In this project ,we provide accident prevention using different sensor simulation where as the vehicle is stopped slowly an driver status is transmitted to nearby hospital(using GPS technology) for immediate rescue operation.
Hand movements based control of an intelligent wheelchair Using Accelerometer...IJERD Editor
This document describes a wheelchair control system using an accelerometer and sensors. The system uses an ADXL335 accelerometer to sense hand movements and control a wheelchair's direction through a microcontroller. An ultrasonic sensor detects obstacles and stairs, while an IR sensor detects obstacles. The accelerometer data is converted to digital and sent to a microcontroller to control DC motors and move the wheelchair forward, backward, left, right or stop based on hand tilts. Additional sensors prevent collisions and falling. The system provides affordable and hands-free wheelchair control. Future work may include GPS, GSM for emergencies, or alternative control methods like eye tracking.
its a project report for theatre management project done in c++ language without graphics.h
It has welcome screen followed by a login session.
There are two login modes- User and admin,
A user can view,book and edit his tickets for a show
An admin has privileges to add/edit/remove the Show details
This project uses text files which will be created by the code itself .
This runs fine on the old turbo c++ (blue screen) ,so should be able to run on any compiler.
The document describes a Vehicle Crash Alert System (VCAS) created by Anurag Garg, Sanjay Singh, and Shadhab Fazvi. VCAS is a small box containing an accelerometer sensor that can detect if a vehicle has crashed or tilted. If so, it transmits coordinates using short-range radio signals to alert emergency responders. The system is low-cost, reliable, and aims to reduce road accident deaths in India by facilitating faster medical response times. A prototype was created using an AVR microcontroller and acceleration sensor to demonstrate transmitting different radio signals based on crash positioning.
Arduino based automatic temperature controlled fan speed regulatorEdgefxkits & Solutions
Using an analog temperature LM35 interfaced to the built in ADC of a programmed Arduino to develop varying duty cycle of PWM output for a driver IC to run a DC motor automatically according to the sensed temperature at different speed based on the temperature sensed.
This document summarizes the results of a survey of 40 University students in Kota Kinabalu about their dream travel destinations. The top 3 favorite countries were:
1. Korea (35% of respondents)
2. Indonesia (22.5% of respondents)
3. Paris (12.5% of respondents)
The survey found that students are most interested in visiting Korea due to its popular culture. Italy, Singapore, the UK and others were the least favored destinations according to the survey.
This document describes a mini project on steganography submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements of a computer science degree. It includes a cover page, certificates from advisors and department heads, acknowledgements, a declaration page, and a table of contents. The project involves developing an application for hiding secret messages in digital images using the least significant bit steganography technique. It covers encoding a message into an image, decrypting the message from the stego-image, and a user manual for the application. The objective is to explore data hiding and extraction techniques for secure communication.
Microcontroller based automatic engine locking system for drunken driversVinny Chweety
This document describes a mini project report on a microcontroller-based automatic engine locking system for drunken drivers. The system uses an AT89S52 microcontroller and various hardware components like an alcohol detection sensor, buzzer, LCD display, motors/engine, and other supporting circuitry. If the alcohol detection sensor detects alcohol levels above a set limit from the driver's breath, the microcontroller will lock the engine by activating a relay to prevent drunken driving and accidents. The project aims to increase road safety by preventing intoxicated individuals from operating vehicles.
This project summary describes an automated plant watering system. It uses sensors to measure soil moisture and temperature. An Arduino microcontroller processes the sensor readings and controls a solenoid valve to water the plants when the soil is dry. The system provides wireless communication through a Zigbee module for remote control. The document outlines the components, circuit diagram, working mechanism, advantages and applications of the automated irrigation system.
This survey was conducted among students at Polytechnic Seberang Perai to understand their satisfaction levels with classroom facilities. The majority of respondents agreed that classroom sizes were standard. However, some felt there were not enough chairs and tables. Most respondents also said that projectors in classrooms were often unavailable. To address these issues, recommendations included adding more classrooms and buildings to accommodate furniture needs, as well as regularly servicing and providing backup projectors. The survey provided valuable student feedback on facility improvements to enhance the learning environment at Polytechnic Seberang Perai.
Design of Mini Compressorless Solar Powered RefrigeratorGirish Gupta
The document is a project report submitted by four students to the Department of Electrical Engineering at Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology. It details the design of a mini compressorless solar powered refrigerator. The report includes an introduction, chapters on the basic theory of solar panels and Peltier units, materials used, the construction and design of the fridge, how it works, observations recorded, a cost analysis, results, and conclusions. It was submitted under the guidance of Dr. Ravi Saxena to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IRJET- Automatic Pneumatic Bumper Shock Absorber and Breaking SystemIRJET Journal
1. The document describes an automatic pneumatic bumper shock absorber and breaking system designed to improve vehicle safety.
2. The system uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect obstacles within 1.5 meters of the vehicle. If an obstacle is detected, the sensor sends a signal to activate the pneumatic bumper and automatically apply the brakes to slow the vehicle.
3. The pneumatic bumper is designed to retract and extend via a pneumatic cylinder to absorb impact forces and reduce damage in the event of a collision. The system is intended to improve response time during braking and control vehicle speed to reduce accident risks.
VEHICLE THEFT DETECTION WITH ALCOHOL DETECTION,SMOKE DETECTION AND FINGERPRIN...IRJET Journal
This document describes a vehicle theft detection system that uses various sensors integrated with a microcontroller and communication modules. The system uses an alcohol sensor to detect alcohol, a smoke sensor to detect smoke, and an emergency button. It sends alerts to a Blynk app and via SMS messages using an ESP8266 WiFi module and GPS and GSM modules. The microcontroller analyzes sensor data and controls alerts and ignition. The system was designed and tested to provide vehicle tracking, pollution monitoring, and safety features. Future extensions could include automatic emergency braking and drowsiness detection.
IRJET- Intelligent Vehicle Control SystemIRJET Journal
This document proposes an intelligent vehicle control system using haptic shared control of the steering mechanism and braking system. It begins with an introduction to the increasing road accidents in India and need for driver assistance systems. It then discusses existing driver assistance systems like adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, emergency braking assist. The proposed system uses haptic control through torque feedback on the steering wheel to guide the human driver. It calculates time to collision using vehicle position and trajectory to determine when brakes need to be applied. The system aims to reduce accidents by smooth collaboration between human and vehicle controls through mutual communication in the form of touch.
This document discusses an autonomous emergency braking system that uses laser sensors to detect vehicles ahead and automatically apply the brakes to avoid collisions if needed. It begins by introducing the system and its goal of preventing accidents through intelligent electronic control of the braking system. It then describes the key technologies used, including laser sensors to detect vehicles and electronic control units to process the sensor data and apply the brakes. Finally, it summarizes that the autonomous emergency braking system is designed to increase safety on the road by reducing the braking distance of vehicles and the number of accidents through automatic application of the brakes when collisions are imminent.
Accident Alert System using Advance Microcontrollerijtsrd
In India most of the accidents are happening due to vehicles over speeding. Sometimes if obstacle is close to the vehicle then they won't be able to judge the distance to apply instant brakes and accident is occurred. To avoid accident due to over speeding, obstacle detection using ultrasonic sensors is used. In this project ultrasonic sensor is used for 360degree detection of obstacle. If obstacle is in front of the vehicle less than safety distance, automatically brakes will be applied or if vehicle comes from backside of the vehicle and is at less than safety distance then the warning light is shown to vehicle. Sometimes if vehicle is coming very close to our vehicle just before hit the vehicle the airbags are open. Rahul Bhatade | Pratiksha Gawai | Prof. Sandip Zade ""Accident Alert System using Advance Microcontroller"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30105.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/30105/accident-alert-system-using-advance-microcontroller/rahul-bhatade
Blind spot detection with automatic steeringeSAT Journals
Abstract Present days, the automotive industry is mainly focusing on the road safety measures. The automobiles have been constantly updating with new sensing technologies to detect blind spots, which can prevent road accidents. Almost 1.32 million people die in road accidents each year. Blind spot of an automobile is the region of the vehicle which cannot be observed properly while looking either through side or rear mirror view. To meet the above requirements, this paper describes detecting blind spot by using ultrasonic sensor and controlling the direction of car by automatic steering. The technology embedded in the system is capable of automatically steer the vehicle away from an obstacle if the system determines that a collision is impending or if the vehicle is in the vicinity of our car. Keywords -- Arduino Mega 2560, Ultrasonic Sensor, L293 Motor IC
IRJET- A Smart Car: Synergetic Combination of Low Cost Multiple Sensors f...IRJET Journal
The document proposes a smart car system that uses multiple low-cost sensors to prevent accidents and increase safety. The system monitors oxygen levels in the car, detects alcohol consumption by the driver, and controls the car's speed. It uses sensors to detect oxygen levels and alcohol consumption, which are connected to an Arduino processor. The processor can lock the car, shut off the engine if alcohol is detected, and send alerts to the car's owner. It also controls speed using infrared sensors to measure the car's speed and ensure it does not exceed limits, helping authorities monitor traffic and prevent accidents caused by speeding. The system aims to address common causes of accidents by integrating physical and physiological sensors into cars.
This document outlines a thesis proposal for an intelligent embedded control warning system for reversing cars. The system would use ultrasonic sensors and a microcontroller to detect obstacles behind a vehicle and warn the driver through LED lights and sounds. The document discusses the problem of accidents during reversing, reviews relevant literature on microcontrollers and ultrasonic sensors, and outlines the objectives, methodology, and scope of the proposed project to design such a system.
IRJET- To Develop a Distance Algorithm using Sensor Networks for Adaptive Cru...IRJET Journal
This document describes developing a distance algorithm for adaptive cruise control systems using vehicle-to-vehicle communication and sensor networks. It involves three modes: 1) cruise control, 2) adaptive cruise control where the rear vehicle automatically adjusts its speed based on the distance to the preceding vehicle, and 3) cooperative adaptive cruise control where the rear vehicle adjusts its speed and communicates with the preceding vehicle. Ultrasonic sensors measure the distance between vehicles and different distance limits are set for the modes. The system is intended to increase road safety and efficiency by enabling vehicles to automatically control speed based on surrounding traffic conditions.
IRJET- Traffic Sign Board Detection and Voice Alert System Along with Spe...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed traffic sign detection and voice alert system with speed control. The system uses a camera mounted in a vehicle to capture images of road signs. The images undergo image processing using the SURF algorithm in MATLAB to identify the signs. An audio alert is provided to the driver and the speed is automatically controlled based on the detected sign. The system aims to improve road safety by alerting drivers to traffic signs and enforcing speed limits. It was tested under various conditions and aims to reduce accidents caused by ignoring traffic signs.
Design And Development of Speed-Breaker Detection and Automatic Speed Control...IRJET Journal
This document presents a design for an automatic speed control system for vehicles that detects speed breakers using ultrasonic sensors and controls the vehicle's speed to prevent accidents. It aims to address accidents caused by drivers failing to see inconspicuous speed breakers, especially in low visibility conditions. The system uses an Arduino microcontroller and ultrasonic sensors to detect speed breakers from a distance and automatically applies the brakes to reduce the vehicle's speed as it approaches. A literature review discusses previous research on speed control systems, accident prevention technologies, and automatic braking systems. The proposed system aims to improve safety by taking control of the vehicle's speed when a driver is inattentive and approaching a speed breaker.
IRJET- Smart Vehicle with Crash Detection and Emergency Vehicle Dispatch with...IRJET Journal
This document describes a smart vehicle system that detects vehicle crashes and dispatches emergency services. The system has two main parts: 1) crash detection and location identification, and 2) efficient traffic control for emergency vehicles. The first part uses sensors to detect crashes and obtain location and passenger health data from GPS and pulse sensors, sending this information via GSM to emergency services. The second part uses RFID to control traffic signals and prioritize lanes for approaching emergency response vehicles to reach the crash site more quickly. The overall goal is to minimize response times and reduce transportation accident deaths.
IRJET- Driver State Monitoring System and Vehicle ControlIRJET Journal
This document describes a driver state monitoring system and vehicle control system using sensors and a microcontroller. The system uses a smartphone app to detect driver drowsiness by monitoring eye blink rate. If drowsiness is detected, the system sends a signal to an Arduino microcontroller which triggers an alarm and reduces vehicle speed for safety. Ultrasonic sensors detect objects in front of and behind the vehicle. The system is able to automatically control vehicle speed, alert the driver, and safely park the vehicle if the driver is drowsy. The overall goal is to increase vehicle and road safety by monitoring driver attention and taking control of the vehicle when needed.
iirdem CRASH IMPACT ATTENUATOR (CIA) FOR AUTOMOBILES WITH THE ADVOCATION OF M...Iaetsd Iaetsd
This document describes a proposed crash impact attenuation system for automobiles that uses mechatronic systems. The system includes an accident prediction system using ultrasound sensors to monitor vehicle surroundings and detect potential collisions. It also includes a crash absorption system with components like a pneumatic cylinder attached to the vehicle chassis that can push and pull a shock energy absorber upon detection of an imminent crash by the microcontroller. This proposed system aims to reduce crash impacts and potentially save lives by fully absorbing crash forces through controlled actuation of the absorber components.
Design and Implementation of Car Black box for Evidence Collection System to ...IJMTST Journal
The vehicle accident is a major public problem in many countries. It is occurred due to rider's poor
behaviors, Vehicle bad condition, bad weather situation and opposite vehicle mistakes. To predict those
situations block box concept is introduced. The concept of the Car Black Box is similar to the Flight block box
concept, which is stores the vehicle condition such as engine temperature, speed, CO2 content, it also checks
the car present condition before ignition the vehicle, brake condition, seat belt and also introduce the
automatic speed controller to avoids crashing between the vehicles. It is a low cost system which provides
solution to the existing automotive control systems. And it also monitors the vehicle current condition on
Display of LCD. The design selects ARM 7 as embedded controller, UART ( Universal Asynchronous Receiver
Transmitter) is the common peripheral found on microcontrollers widely used for communication with the
external devices and systems, I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) for on-board communication.
IRJET - Accident Prevention Control System and Detection of Lost KeyIRJET Journal
This document describes a project to develop an accident prevention and control system using sensors and a microcontroller, as well as a system to detect lost keys using GPS. The accident prevention system uses an ultrasonic sensor to measure distance to nearby objects, and alerts the driver or takes actions like disabling the ignition if distances become too small. If an accident still occurs, the system uses GPS to locate the coordinates and sends an SMS using GSM to emergency contacts. The lost key detection system inserts a GPS module into keys to track their location via a mobile phone app or web page if lost. The system is intended to reduce accidents and provide safety, while having low cost, simple design, and low power consumption.
Accident preventing system with the help of pneumatic bumper protectionIRJET Journal
1. The document describes a system to prevent vehicle accidents using a pneumatic bumper protection.
2. An IR sensor detects obstacles in front of the vehicle and activates a solenoid valve to extend the pneumatic bumper. It also cuts power to the motor to engage the brakes.
3. The system aims to reduce vehicle and human damage from accidents by providing an automatic response when obstacles are detected to extend the bumper and brake the vehicle.
IRJET- Smart Braking System using Ultrasonic Sensor and ActuatorIRJET Journal
The document proposes a smart braking system for two-wheeler vehicles that uses an ultrasonic sensor mounted on the front of the vehicle to detect obstacles and signal a microcontroller to automatically activate the brakes. It aims to reduce accidents caused by factors like driver negligence, drunken driving, or poor road conditions by applying the brakes automatically through an electronic system rather than relying on manual braking. The system is designed to increase safety by reducing reaction time delays and preventing accidents through automatic braking activated by ultrasonic sensors.
Smart vehicle and smart signboard system with zonal speed regulationIAEME Publication
To control the accident highway department have placed the signboards. Increasing number of accidents at busy junctions are a major threat faced by today’s world. Nowadays people are driving very fast; we lost our valuable life by making small mistake while driving (school zone, hills area, and highways). Most of accidents are occur due to two wheelers Speed control is required at busy junctions.
Similar to Smart car to reduce risk of accident (20)
Analysis optimization and monitoring system slmnsvn
The document discusses improvements to the electrical distribution network in Tubas, Palestine. It identifies issues like low power factor, voltage drops, and overloaded transformers. Methods of improvement included changing transformer taps, adding capacitor banks, replacing transformers, and adding a new connection point. After analyzing the maximum load case and implementing these improvements, the power factor increased to 93.61% lagging from 91.33%, voltages across buses increased above 100%, and losses and current decreased. A minimum load case was also analyzed.
Analysis optimization and monitoring system slmnsvn
This document describes a load flow analysis of an electrical distribution network in Palestine. The analysis finds several issues with the maximum load case, including under voltage buses, overloaded transformers, and low power factors below 92%. To address these problems, the author proposes:
1) Changing transformer taps up to 5% to increase voltages.
2) Adding capacitor banks to improve power factors above 92% by reducing reactive power loads.
3) Locations for changed taps and added capacitors are provided in appendices. After implementing these changes, voltages are improved and power factor rises to 92.89%, addressing the identified issues.
This document discusses a smart home system project by two students. The objectives of the project are to make it easy for people to control devices in their home without being physically present. The project scope involves developing a device application to control hardware using sensors. The plan is to determine needed hardware, build the hardware part, program it, and test it. The home control system is an application that allows users to control home devices via sensors by logging into the app on their device and selecting devices to control from a menu.
The document presents the design of a smart fuel theft detector system. It begins with an acknowledgment and dedication section. It then provides a table of contents and list of figures. The document discusses conducting a survey on fuel theft, presenting the problem and goals of the project. It describes the methodology and components of the solution, including using ultrasonic and slope sensors, a microcontroller, GPRS module for data transmission. It concludes with experimental results on the sensors and an overall conclusion.
This document summarizes a smart fuel theft detector system that uses ultrasonic sensors and microcontrollers. It detects fuel theft by monitoring fuel levels and comparing consumption rates to changes in fuel levels over time. The system measures fuel levels using ultrasonic sensors and slope sensors to account for tilting. A microcontroller filters readings and detects theft based on inconsistent fuel changes and consumption rates. It sends data to a database using GPRS modules for companies to monitor fuel usage. The system aims to prevent fuel theft from vehicle tanks and identify thieves.
This document outlines a student attendance project using RFID. The project uses RFID cards and readers along with an Arduino microcontroller to automatically record student attendance. It aims to address problems with traditional paper-based systems. The system components include an Arduino, RFID reader and cards, LCD display, SD card, keypad, and real-time clock. It works by reading RFID cards, displaying the time on an LCD, and storing attendance data on the SD card to send to administrative software.
The document describes a transformable vehicle that can operate in both a two-wheeled vehicle mode and a four-legged quadpod mode. It uses an Arduino Mega microcontroller, 9V battery, four servo motors, and an IR receiver controlled by a remote to switch between modes. The vehicle is designed to navigate unpaved and bumpy terrain by transforming into the quadpod configuration when obstacles are detected.
The document describes the design of a vehicle that can transform into a quadpod robot. The project aims to create a miniature vehicle that can overcome obstacles typical cars cannot, such as bumpy roads and hills, by transforming its wheels into four walking legs. The vehicle will use sensors to detect obstacles and automatically transform as needed. It will be remotely controlled and able to move in both vehicle and quadpod modes to access difficult terrain. The document outlines the objectives, components, design process, and methodology for the project.
This document describes a project to develop a power factor correction system using a single capacitor bank. The system includes a power factor meter to measure the load power factor and a controller to generate firing angles for the triac. The controller calculates firing angles using numerical methods to maintain a target power factor. Potential issues include harmonics affecting the capacitor bank and inability to implement a closed-loop control system.
This document describes a project to improve power factor using static variable compensation. It contains 5 chapters that discuss: 1) an introduction to power factor and the objectives of the project, 2) a literature review and theoretical background, 3) the main components of the project including a zero crossing detector and triac, 4) the methodology including closed and open loop control approaches, and 5) results and conclusions from testing the project. The project aims to minimize the effects of reactive power flow on transmission lines by using a thyristor switched capacitor to generate reactive power and control the power factor, providing advantages over traditional capacitor banks and synchronous condensers.
The document outlines objectives for improving the electrical distribution network in Ramallah, including collecting data on network components, designing a unified network, improving voltage levels and reducing losses. It then describes benefits of improvement such as reduced losses and increased voltage levels. The document provides details on the existing Ramallah network configuration, including transmission lines, transformers and loads. Load flow analysis was performed before and after the proposed improvements to analyze effects on voltage levels, power factor and losses. An economic analysis found the improvements would save over 5 million NIS per year, with a payback period of under 7 years. Protection analysis and recommendations are also included.
This document provides an overview of the Ramallah electrical network. It describes the 14 main substations that feed the city and their transformer capacities. It lists the different types of transmission lines and load categories served. It also introduces power system protection, describing its key components like transformers, relays, circuit breakers and batteries used to isolate faults while keeping the network stable and as operational as possible. The document aims to analyze the network's maximum and minimum load conditions and improve voltages, losses and reliability through protection schemes and upgrades.
Optimum performance of tulkarim governorate networkslmnsvn
The document discusses the electrical networks serving Sarra connection point and Tulkarem Governorate in Palestine. It analyzes the current state of the networks, including supply details, network elements like transformers, and issues like low voltages, power losses and high loads on some transformers. The project aims to optimize the performance of the networks by analyzing them under maximum load conditions, connecting them to a new substation, improving voltages and power factors, and reducing losses.
Optimum performance of tulkarim governorate networkslmnsvn
This document provides an introduction to the graduation project on optimizing the performance of Tulkarim Governorate network and Sarra Connection Point in Palestine. It discusses the objectives of connecting the two networks to the Sarra electricity converter station to improve voltage levels and reliability. It also covers load flow analysis methods that will be used like the Gauss-Seidel and Newton-Raphson methods to study the networks and detect problems. The document lists some IEC standards and defines terms like load buses, generator buses, and slack buses used in classifying buses in a power system model.
Optimum performance for aqraba electrical network 2slmnsvn
The document outlines a project to analyze and improve the electrical network in Aqraba, Palestine. It describes the objectives, existing problems with the network including overloads, low voltages, and penalties for low power factor. It then analyzes the network using ETAP software to improve both the maximum and minimum cases by increasing swing bus voltage, transformer tap ratios, and adding capacitor banks. Voltage improvement and loss reduction are achieved. A solar energy system rated at 580kW is also designed to support the network using PVSystem and Aurora software. The design considers optimal tilt, azimuth angles and monthly energy production. An economic study finds the project will pay for itself in 7 years.
Optimum performance for aqraba electrical network 2slmnsvn
This document describes load flow analysis of the Aqraba power network in Jordan. It analyzes the network under maximum and minimum load cases. For each case, it examines the original scenario and various improvement scenarios including increasing swing bus voltage, adjusting transformer taps, improving power factor using capacitors, and reducing losses. Load flow results are presented including transformer loading, voltage profiles, generation requirements, and power losses. The document also analyzes low voltage sections of the network for both maximum and minimum load cases.
Optimum performance for aqraba electrical networkslmnsvn
The document outlines a project to analyze and improve the electrical network in Aqraba, Palestine. It describes the objectives, existing problems with the network including overload, low voltages, and penalties for low power factor. It then analyzes the network using ETAP software to improve both the maximum and minimum cases by increasing swing bus voltage, transformer tap ratios, and adding capacitor banks. It also addresses issues with the low voltage side and designs a 580KW solar energy system to support the network, determining optimal tilt, azimuth angles, and transformer ratings. An economic study finds the project will pay for itself in 7 years through reduced penalties and losses.
This document summarizes a student project comparing single-tone and multi-tone testing of devices. The project uses a band pass filter with specific component values as the device under test. Single-tone testing requires changing the frequency each time to obtain the frequency response, while multi-tone testing generates multiple frequencies simultaneously using a DSP kit and measures the response. Multi-tone testing allows characterizing the frequency response more quickly and is used to compare devices by analyzing changes in the crest factor value. The document concludes that multi-tone testing provides efficient, accurate results in less time than single-tone testing for comparing devices.
This document provides a summary of multitone testing techniques for electronic devices. It begins with an overview of how multitone testing allows acquiring measurement results from multiple frequencies simultaneously, unlike traditional single-tone and two-tone testing which require changing the input frequency each time. It then discusses some key problems that necessitate multitone testing such as reducing time and cost. Finally, it provides motivations for carrying out multitone testing research such as gaining experience in technical writing and learning newer testing methods used in manufacturing. The document contains figures illustrating multitone signals and how they are used to test devices.
Mini scada system for monitoring pv and wind installation in meteorology stat...slmnsvn
This document presents a mini SCADA system for monitoring PV and wind installations in meteorology stations. It describes the methodology used, including sensors to measure temperature, wind speed and direction, humidity, atmospheric pressure and more. It also covers calculations for wind turbine output power based on speed and area, and solar panel output based on load, penetration factor, and panel specifications. MATLAB programs were designed to calculate wind and solar output. Problems faced included a lack of equipment and long shipping times.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
Smart car to reduce risk of accident
1. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page I
LIST OF CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTENTS.......................................................................................................I
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................I
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................IIIIIIIII
Acknowledgement......................................................................................................IIIIV
Disclaimer
statement……………………………………………………………………….IIIIV
Abstract......................................................................................................................IV
Introduction.................................................................................................................1
Purpose........................................................................................................................1
Specification ....................................................................................................................1
Modules .......................................................................................................................2
Standards /Codes ..........................................................................................................3
Elements and components ................................................................................................4
Aorduino Uno...............................................................................................................4
Ultrasonic Ranging Module ...........................................................................................6
H-Bridge........................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Motor .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Literature Review.................................................................................................... 12
Methodology .......................................................................................................... 14
Results and analysis ........................................................................................................ 15
Conclusion and future work......................................................................................... 22
Reference....................................................................................................................... 23
2. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page II
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: properties of the arduino Uno 4
Table 2: Ultrasonic Ranging Module HC - SR04 6
Table 3:PWM, truth table 9
Table 4: Prototype Main Elements Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 5: Estimated Prices 15
3. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page III
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: FUNCTIONAL FLOW CHART 2
FIGURE 2: ARDUINO UNO DESIGN 5
FIGURE 3: ALTRASONIC MODULE 6
FIGURE 4:TIMING DIAGRAM 7
FIGURE 5: DATA SHEET OF L293D 9
FIGURE6 : SCHEMATICS OF INPUTS AND OUTPUTS (L293D) 9
FIGURE 7: APPLICATION INFORMATION 9
FIGURE 8: MOTOR RESPONS TO OBSTACLES 11
FIGURE 9: MOTOR CONTROL FLOW CHART 11
FIGURE 10: PICTURE1 13
FIGURE 10: PICTURE2 13
FIGURE 10: PREPARATION OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTE 14
FIGURE 11: DESIGN A PROJECT USING THE PROTEUS PROGRAM 16
4. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page IV
Acknowledgement
We extend our sincere thanks and gratitude to all who
contributed and gave us a helping hand to complete the project
from lecturers, colleagues and singled out Dr. Jamal
Kharousheh who has been following the project step by step
and give us tips and guide us to the right path to complete the
project as fully as possible.
Disclaimer statement
This report was written by students at the Electrical
Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, An-Najah
National University. It has not been altered or corrected, other
than editorial corrections, as a result of assessment and it may
contain language as well as content errors. The views expressed
in it together with any outcomes and recommendations are
solely those of the students. An-Najah National University
accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of
this report being used for a purpose other than the purpose for
which it was commissioned.
5. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page V
Abstract
We have designed this system to avoid the occurrence of side events
and maintains a constant distance between the front of vehicles.This
systemutilizes ultrasonic sensors, and a LED indication panel.This system
is will take the output of the ultrasonic sensor and then translated by
microcontroller Arduino Uno feature ADC. The microcontroller takes the
data, and selects the closest distance between the car and the obstacle
that should be avoided.If the car needs to move, a signal with the
obstacle location is then transmitted to the other systems .Once the
location signals send out to the motor, it determines which lateral thrust
needs to be applied. At the same time, LED panel tells the driver where
the car is approaching the next obstacle .At this time, the operator has
the option to either allow the Smart Car System to continue to control
the bow thruster. Or to abort the use of the system and avoid the
obstacle themselves .
www.mot.gov.ps
6. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 1
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1 Purpose
The main aims of an accident avoidance system are to avoid a loss of life
and provide a safety mechanism for the driver.
Avoidance accident is intended to be an installable safety system for
existing cars that can aid the operator in avoiding hidden obstacles. It
will take advantage of three ultrasonic sensors attached to the front
corners of the car and attached at the middle that will scan the surface
of the roads for obstacles such as street and bridge support and
surpassing car. The three sensors will be able to cover a 180 degree area
in front of the car. These sensors will transmit data to a motor
controlling system that will operate a bow thruster in the front of the
car. This thruster motor will be able to steer the front of the car in both
the left and right directions and reducing the speed limit to avoid the
obstacles seen by the sensor. Smart car will also implement an LED
display that will warn the operator of the location of upcoming obstacles
and give them the option to avoid it with his own control.
1.2 Specifications
The Smart car system has a few specifications that make it a valuable
safety systemfor cars. The sensors have a detecting distance from 20cm
to 25ft. This allows a detecting window that will give the system plenty
of time to avoid any obstacles. The sensor to motor reaction time will be
well under a second so that the system can be ready to avoid obstacles
that the car may be approaching at realistic speeds.. Detection to the
sides of the car is not necessary considering this area should be easily
observed by the operator. Since the operator has control of the forward
and backward movement of the car, the only obstacle avoiding
movement that the Smart car system needs is lateral. This is achieved
through the single bow thrusting motor under the front of the car. The
operator will be alerted through their panel of all obstacles that the
system sees as a threat and will then have the opportunity to stop the
system’s response in order to have control without the system’s help.
www.traffictechnologytoday.com/features.php?
BlogID=300
7. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 2
But this system is useful when the driver's loss control of the car and
when the weather is fog.
1.3 Modules
Smart car consists of four separate modules that communicate with
each other wirelessly. There are three ultrasonic sensor modules will
connection with microcontroller. There are also two motor module that
are made up of the thruster motor that gives the car lateral movement
to avoid obstacles and an h-bridge motor control circuit that allows the
motor to thrust both directions and control the speed. The last module
is the operator’s panel. The panel has an array of LEDs in a semicircle
arrangement that will illuminate the direction from which an obstacle is
approaching the car. There is also a abort button that the operator can
use if the Smart car system should be reset because the obstacle can be
avoided without the system’s help. Our system’s flow can be shown in
figure 1.3.1 below.
Figure 1.3.1: Functional Flow Chart
Car move right
H- Bridge
Car move left
Car move (Closed
distance)
Motor move left
Motor move right
Motor controlMicrocontroller
www.traffictechnologytoday.com/features.php?
BlogID=300
8. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 3
CHAPTER 2
Constraints
Throughoutthe semester, many obstacles would arise. The firstwas
simulation did not work so we changed the code. Second the electronic
component Combustion for any simple reason. Another uncertainty that
the difficulty in finding a small car mimic the realism car
Standards
Some legal materials
*Article (45) the preparation to skip:
May not be the commander of the vehicle over another vehicle or
animal or an attempt to overcome only if the nuclear-weapon-free road
just enough to enable him to override the continuation of travel safely
without hampering the traffic
*Article (49) travel quickly to suit road conditions:
The commander of the vehicle driving the vehicle consistent road
conditions, regulation defines the cases in which the driver of the vehicle
speed relief where.
*Article (55) to give the reference:
The commander of the vehicle to give the necessary reference before
the time is sufficient to alert the pedestrians and secure their vision of
this reference, in the case of the necessary reference gives his hand.
www.mot.gov.ps
9. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 4
*Article (186) dangerous driving on pavement:
1. No one may lead the vehicle; animals on the pavement, the conduct
or for have been allocated to the education of a particular type of road
users only for crossing to enter a patio, a garage or exit.
2. From Driving a vehicle-except mechanism bike regular or driving a
tractor or slow vehicle to adhere to the right side of the road and
proceed on their part if necessary to pave the way for vehicles from
behind to cross.
www.mot.gov.ps
10. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 5
Chapter 3
Elements and component of project
Choosing Components:
Performing this task started by analyzing the system technical
requirements. The following major components need to be purchased:
• Microcontroller (Arduino Uno)
• Ultrasonic Sensor
• H-Bridge
• Motors
• LEDs
3.1 Arduino Uno
Arduino is an open-sourceprototyping platform based on easy-to-use
hardwareand software.
Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a
button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a
motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your
board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller
on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language
(based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software.The properties of the
Arduino Uno can show in the following table 3.1.a
Table 3.1a
ATmega328Microcontroller
5VOperating Voltage
7-12VInput Voltage (recommended)
6-20VInput Voltage (limits)
14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)Digital I/O Pins
6Analog Input Pins
40 mADC Current per I/O Pin
50 mADC Current for 3.3V Pin
32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by
boot loader
Flash Memory
2 KBSRAM
1 KBEEPROM
16 MHzClock Speed
www.arduino.cc
11. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 6
Figure3.1a
www.arduino.cc
12. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 7
3.2 Ultrasonic Ranging Module HC - SR04
Ultrasonic ranging module HC - SR04 provides 2cm - 400cm non-contact
measurement function, the ranging accuracy can reach to 3mm. The
modules includes ultrasonic transmitters, receiver and control circuit.
3.2.1 The basic principle of work:
(1) Using IO trigger for at least 10us high level signal.
(2) The Module automatically sends eight 40 kHz and detect whether
there is a pulse signal back.
(3) IF the signal back, through high level , time of high output IO duration
is the time from sending ultrasonic to returning. Test distance = (high
level time*velocity of sound (340M/S)/2).
Wire connecting direct as following:
5V Supply
Trigger Pulse Input
Echo PulseOutput
0V Ground
3.2.2 Electric Parameter:
Table 3.2a
Figure 3.2a
Working Voltage DC 5 V
Working Current 15mA
Working Frequency 40Hz
Max Range 4m
Min Range 2cm
Measuring Angle 15 degree
Trigger Input Signal 10uS TTL pulse
Echo Output Signal Input TTL lever signal and the range in
proportion
Dimension 45*20*15mm
www.micropik.com/PDF/HCSR04.pdf
13. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 8
3.2.3 Timing diagram:
The Timing diagram is shown below in figure 3.2.3a. You only need to
supply a short 10uS pulse to the trigger input to start the ranging, and
then the module will send out an 8 cycle burst of ultrasound at 40 kHz
and raise its echo. The Echo is a distance object that is pulse width and
the range in proportion .You can calculate the range through the time
interval between sending trigger signal and receiving echo signal.
Formula: uS / 58 = centimeters or uS / 148 =inch; or:
The range = high level time * velocity (340M/S) / 2
We suggest to use over 60ms measurement cycle, in order to prevent
trigger signal to the echo signal.
Figure 3.2.3a
www.micropik.com/PDF/HCSR04.pdf
14. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 9
Attention:
The module is not suggested to connect directly to electric, if
connected electric, the GND terminal should be connected the
module first, otherwise, it will affect the normal work of the
module.
When tested objects, the range of area is not less than 0.5 square
meters and the plane requests as smooth as possible, otherwise,it
will affect the results of measuring.
The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor is a very affordable proximity/distance
sensor that has been used mainly for object avoidance in various smart
car projects.
It essentially gives your Arduino eyes / special awareness and can
prevent your car from crashing or falling off a table.
3.2.1 Description/ordering information
The L293D is designed to provide bidirectional drive currents of up to
600-mA at voltages from 4.5 V to 36 V. Both devices are designed to
drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids, dc and bipolar stepping
motors, as well as other high-current/high-voltage loads in positive-
supply applications.
All inputs are TTL compatible. Each output is a complete totem-pole
drive circuit, with a Darlington transistor sink and a pseudo- Darlington
source. Drivers are enabled in pairs, with drivers 1 and 2 enabled by
1,2EN and drivers 3 and 4 enabled by 3,4EN. When an enable input is
high, the associated drivers are enabled, and their outputs are active
and in phase with their inputs. When the enable input is low, those
drivers are disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-impedance
state. With the proper data inputs, each pair of drivers forms a full H (or
bridge) reversible drive suitable for solenoid or motor applications.
The L293D are characterized for operation from
Figure 3.2.1
www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/l293.pdf
www.datasheets360.com/l293d
15. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 10
3.2.2 Schematics of inputs and outputs (L293D)
Figure 3.2.2a
3.2.3 Application information
Figure 3.2.3a Figure 3.2.3b
www.datasheets360.com/l293d
16. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 11
3.3 Motor Microcontroller and Logic
As stated above, the motor microcontroller is used to generate
the PWM and direction signals for the h-bridge. We determined
for simplicities sake that we would not change the PWM duty and
therefore the motor speed. This still works well for our application
because we really only need the motor to turn on in the right
direction. Our circuit board for the motor control can be seen in
Figure 3.2.3a .The logic that passes the PWM to the different
drivers based on the desired direction is shown in truth table form
in Figure 3.2.3b. The microcontroller code works through the flow
chart in Figure 3.3.2.4. This shows that depending on the position
that a sensor is in when it is detecting a threatening obstacle and
which sensor is detecting the obstacle, the motor can work in
different directions to move the car away from the approaching
obstacle. Figure 3.3.2.5 shows a simple graphical diagram of the
motor’s response to different obstacles seen by the sensors to
help clarify the motor control flow chart
www.adafruit.com/product/1500
17. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 12
Control speed
center
www.adafruit.com/product/1500
18. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 13
CHAPTER 4
Literature Review
Fifty years after inventing the seatbelt, Volvo cars is still dedicating
millions of research dollars with the aim to savelives and reduce injury.
While the seatbelt still remains a massivelife-saving device, its driver
assistancetechnologies area lot more intelligent.
The aim is that tomorrow’s cars should quitesimply be able to avoid
accidents. Many of today’s cars arealready so intelligent that they alert
the driver or even step in and brake the car to avoid an accident.
Drowsy drivers causemany accidents on roads the world over.
Sometimes it may be difficult to ascertain if it is a tired driver who has
caused an accident, so the true extent of the problem is largely hidden.
What is clear, however, is that drowsy drivers area large – and global –
traffic safety problem.
Cars that predict accidents BEFORE they happen: Volvo system plots
‘escape routes’ to avoid crashes
Volvo claims its next-generation cars will be equipped with computers
that have a 360-degreeview of surroundings
If an accident is likely, the car can find an alternative route, brakeor
steer
The technology also plans movements up to five seconds in advance
Volvo said it hopes to eliminate all road fatalities in its cars by 2020
Tesla today announced its lastest sedan will havea safety feature that
will move car over a lane when the driver uses turn signal
Air bags, mirrors and sensors can only do so much to preventdeaths as a
result of a dangerous driving.
Now Volvo has developed a technology that, it claims, could eliminate
road fatalities in its cars by 2020.
he Swedish group claims that by the end of the decade, its next-
generation cars will be equipped with computers that have a 360-degree
view of their surroundings.
-http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article
-volvo-happen-accidents-predict-2787992/cars
crashes.html-avoid-routes-escape-plots
19. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 14
Volvo claims that in a few years, its new cars will be equipped with
computers that have a 360-degreeview of their surroundings. Ifan
accident is likely, the systemwill allow the car to find an ‘escape route’,
brakeautomatically or steer the car to avoid a crash. The firm aims to
end driving fatalities fromVolvo cars by 2020
The technology pictured was developed by Volvo’s four-year Non-HitCar
and Truck Project
-http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article
-volvo-happen-accidents-predict-2787992/cars
crashes.html-avoid-routes-escape-plots
20. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 15
Chapter 5:
Methodology
Incidents have becometraffic represents a worrying and concern
for all members of society,and became one of the most important
problems that drain material resources and human potential and
target communities in the mostimportant elements of life and
which is the human element, in addition to the loss of social
problems and psychologicaland huge material losses,which has
become necessaryto work on finding solutions and suggestions
and implemented to reduce these incidents or at least their causes
and mitigate its negative effects.We at the outset a search for the
most important causes of accidents and the most dangerous to
discoverthat lost control of the vehicle driver leads to more
incidents, the following chart illustrates the preparation of traffic
accidents on the roads as the governorate during 2014
It is in this section we decided to address the problem through the
creation of the design helps us to control the vehicle in the case of
the driver lost control of the vehicle, we have found the design
simulates this command and then we started research and
analysis of the parts needed to its styles of work and
proportionality of the performance of its functions, to sure that we
can obtain them, and then we started the work of the design of the
Chamber order through the Brutus program we also write code
using arduio program and not remain only apply in practice.
www.mot.gov.ps
21. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 16
so we boughtfter that we have the application of practical designA
install the vehicle andnd after that weathe necessaryparts
We have experienced manyof the problems we have.processed
been able to overcome them.
Chapter 6:
Results and analysis
After hard studying, the following main elements for smart car will
be used in the hardware prototype:
RopotCar -
Motors DC Motor
Microcontroller Arduino auno
Batteres 12V
Altra sonic sensor HCS04
H-Bridge L293
Table 6.a: Prototype MainElements
The important part should be studied is the economic part, to have
a vision about the market.
Estimated prices:
Description Estimated price
RopotCar 30 $
Two Motors 10 $
Batteres 5 $
Altra sonic sensor 20 $
H-Bridge 20 $
Microcontroller 15 $
Other equipment 10 $
Total expected price 110 $
Table 6.b: EstimatedPrices
22. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 17
We also got to work designing a projectusing the proteus program,
figure 6.1 shown our design:
Figure6.1
Writing the code by using Arduino program, as show in below:
#include <NewPing.h>
#define TRIGGER_PIN 12 // Arduinopintiedto trigger pinon the
ultrasonic sensor.
#define ECHO_PIN 11 // Arduinopintiedto echopin on the
ultrasonic sensor.
#define MAX_DISTANCE200 //Maximumdistance we want toping for
(in centimeters). Maximumsensor distanceis ratedat 400cm-500cm.
// motor one
int enA =4;
int MC1 =6;
int MC2 =7;
// motor two
www.matni.com
Book: Get startedwith Arduino
brutus.en.softonic.com
23. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 18
int enB = 5;
int in3 = 2;
int in4 =3;
double lift;
double right;
double center;
#define SONAR_NUM 3 // Number of sensors.
#define MAX_DISTANCE400 //Maximumdistance (incm) to ping.
#define PING_INTERVAL 33 //Millisecondsbetweensensor pings
(29ms is about the min to avoid cross-sensor echo).
unsignedlong pingTimer[SONAR_NUM];//Holds the times whenthe
next ping should happen for eachsensor.
unsignedint cm[SONAR_NUM]; // Where the ping distances are
stored.
uint8_t currentSensor =0; // Keeps track of which sensor is active.
NewPing sonar[SONAR_NUM]={ // Sensor object array.
NewPing(8, 9, MAX_DISTANCE), //Each sensor's trigger pin, echopin,
and max distance toping.
NewPing(11, 10, MAX_DISTANCE),
NewPing(12, 13, MAX_DISTANCE)
};
int val=0;
Book: Get startedwith Arduino
25. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 20
// put your setupcode here, torun once:
pinMode(MC1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(MC2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(enA, OUTPUT);
pinMode(enB, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in4, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(115200);
pingTimer[0]= millis() +75; // First ping starts at 75ms, gives time
for the Arduinoto chill before starting.
for (uint8_t i = 1;i < SONAR_NUM;i++) // Set the starting time for each
sensor.
pingTimer[i]= pingTimer[i - 1] + PING_INTERVAL;
}
void loop() {
for (uint8_t i = 0;i < SONAR_NUM;i++) { // Loop throughall the
sensors.
if (millis() >=pingTimer[i]) { // Is it this sensor's time toping?
pingTimer[i]+= PING_INTERVAL * SONAR_NUM; //Set next time this
sensor will be pinged.
if (i==0 && currentSensor==SONAR_NUM- 1) oneSensorCycle();//
Sensor ping cycle complete, dosomething withthe results.
sonar[currentSensor].timer_stop(); // Make sure previous timer is
canceled before starting anew ping (insurance).
currentSensor =i; // Sensor being accessed.
Book: Get startedwith Arduino
26. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 21
cm[currentSensor]=0; // Make distance zeroincase
there's noping echofor this sensor.
sonar[currentSensor].ping_timer(echoCheck);//Do the ping
(processing continues, interrupt will call echoCheck tolook for echo).
}
}
}
void echoCheck() { // If ping received, setthe sensor distance toarray.
if (sonar[currentSensor].check_timer())
cm[currentSensor]=sonar[currentSensor].ping_result /
US_ROUNDTRIP_CM;
}
void oneSensorCycle() {
lift=cm[0];
right=cm[1];
center=cm[2];
if(lift<200 &&right<200 &¢er<200 )
brake();
else if (lift>right){
if(right<200){
reverse(velocity);
Book: Get startedwith Arduino
27. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 22
}
}
else if (right>lift){
if(lift<200){
forward(velocity);
}
}
else if(center<200){
for(int velocity =255 ; velocity >= 0; velocity -=5){
analogWrite(enB,velocity );
delay(5);
}
}
Serial.println();
}
Book: Get startedwith Arduino
28. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 23
In the latter part of the project,the stage of the work of the model
:simulates the reality of the projectas shown in the attached image
This model has achieved the desired objectives ofthe project so
that the vehicle had been able to avoid the obstacles side and
reduce speed front Obstacle.
29. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 24
Chapter 7:
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
Reduce accidents is a global goal that every country seeks to
achieve. So we design smart car, we sought through design to
reduce the most dangerous and the most frequent accidents! So
we tried to underestimate the impact of two types of accidents, first
when vehicle deviation from the road and the other case when lack
of vision on the road. The probability of success of the system in
the return of the vehicle back on track, depend on the vehicle
speed and the speed of system response ,therefore, the system
will help reduce accidents or reduce the impact of the incident ,
finally the system got a high efficiency.
30. [SMART CAR TO REDUCE RISKS OF ACCIDENT] December3,2015
Page 25
References
Ministry of Transport and Communications - the Supreme Council for
passage. Traffic accidents on roads in the West Bank in 2014
- Palestine Ramallah.
All correspondence should be addressed to:
Ministry of transportation
PO Box 399, Ramallah Palestine
Telefax: (970/972) 2241 3844
Website: www.mot.gov.ps
E-mail: thc@mot.gov.ps
https://www.arduino.cc/
Tech Support: services@elecfreaks.com
www.Elecfreaks.com
International Journal of Scientific and ResearchPublications, Volume 3,
Issue 7, July 2013
ISSN 2250-3153
American Journal of Engineering Research(AJER) e-ISSN : 2320-0847
p-ISSN : 2320-0936 Volume-02, Issue-10, pp-92-99
http://www.traffictechnologytoday.com/features.php?BlogID=300
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2787992/cars-predict-
accidents-happen-volvo-plots-escape-routes-avoid-crashes.html