This document describes a wheelchair control system using an accelerometer and sensors. The system uses an ADXL335 accelerometer to sense hand movements and control a wheelchair's direction through a microcontroller. An ultrasonic sensor detects obstacles and stairs, while an IR sensor detects obstacles. The accelerometer data is converted to digital and sent to a microcontroller to control DC motors and move the wheelchair forward, backward, left, right or stop based on hand tilts. Additional sensors prevent collisions and falling. The system provides affordable and hands-free wheelchair control. Future work may include GPS, GSM for emergencies, or alternative control methods like eye tracking.
New development in sensors, radar and ultrasonic technologies has proved to be a boon for electronics
travelling aids (ETAs). These devices are widely used by blind and physically challenged peoples. C5 laser
cane, Mowat sensor, belt and binaural sonic aid, NAV guide cane are among popular electronic travelling
aids used by blind peoples. For physically challenged person electric wheel chairs controlled by joystick,
eye movement and voice recognition are also available but they have their own limitation in terms of
operating complexity, noise environment and cost. Our paper proposes an automated innovative
wheelchair controlled by neck position of person. It uses simple LEDs, photo sensor, motor and
microcontroller to control the movement of wheelchair
Patients having injuries and physical disabilities and with good mental health face a lot of difficulty when using the conventional hand powered wheelchair. This project enables an economic assembly in any existing wheelchair that enables a smart system for automated motion which can be controlled by any Smartphone. The concept particularly mentions ‘Smartphone’ which covers devices like any Android powered mobile phone which have inbuilt 3 axis accelerometer and Bluetooth Wireless technology. The functionality can be extended to other mobile devices using a suitable application. The other end of the system has a micro controller powers the DC motor for linear motion of the wheelchair. The DC motor connected to the rear wheels enables linear motion.
This is an android based automated wheelchair that can be used by differently able.
• It uses android based Smartphone’s which have inbuilt axis accelerator sensors and Bluetooth wireless technology.
• The proposed concept exploits these features of the smart phones to use at as a transmitter and control device.
• This is an android based automated wheelchair that can be used by differently able.
• It uses android based Smartphone’s which have inbuilt axis accelerator sensors and Bluetooth wireless technology.
• The proposed concept exploits these features of the smart phones to use at as a transmitter and control device.
New development in sensors, radar and ultrasonic technologies has proved to be a boon for electronics
travelling aids (ETAs). These devices are widely used by blind and physically challenged peoples. C5 laser
cane, Mowat sensor, belt and binaural sonic aid, NAV guide cane are among popular electronic travelling
aids used by blind peoples. For physically challenged person electric wheel chairs controlled by joystick,
eye movement and voice recognition are also available but they have their own limitation in terms of
operating complexity, noise environment and cost. Our paper proposes an automated innovative
wheelchair controlled by neck position of person. It uses simple LEDs, photo sensor, motor and
microcontroller to control the movement of wheelchair
Patients having injuries and physical disabilities and with good mental health face a lot of difficulty when using the conventional hand powered wheelchair. This project enables an economic assembly in any existing wheelchair that enables a smart system for automated motion which can be controlled by any Smartphone. The concept particularly mentions ‘Smartphone’ which covers devices like any Android powered mobile phone which have inbuilt 3 axis accelerometer and Bluetooth Wireless technology. The functionality can be extended to other mobile devices using a suitable application. The other end of the system has a micro controller powers the DC motor for linear motion of the wheelchair. The DC motor connected to the rear wheels enables linear motion.
This is an android based automated wheelchair that can be used by differently able.
• It uses android based Smartphone’s which have inbuilt axis accelerator sensors and Bluetooth wireless technology.
• The proposed concept exploits these features of the smart phones to use at as a transmitter and control device.
• This is an android based automated wheelchair that can be used by differently able.
• It uses android based Smartphone’s which have inbuilt axis accelerator sensors and Bluetooth wireless technology.
• The proposed concept exploits these features of the smart phones to use at as a transmitter and control device.
This project is to develop a wheel chair for physically disabled people
The wheel chair is controlled by hand movement/hand gestures
The gestures are recognized by an accelerometer sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the obstacles in front of the chair
The signals from the sensors are processed, and the wheel chair is controlled by Atmega-328 micro controller
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Voice Controlled Wheel chair is a mobile wheel chair whose motions can be controlled by the user by giving specific voice commands. The speech recognition software running on a PC is capable of identifying the 5 voice commands ‘Run’, ‘Stop’, ‘Left’, ’Right’ and ‘Back’ issued by a particular User. This system controls the wheel chair as well as read the parameters of patient.
it is a smart wheelchair which uses voice and bluetooth commands . Also consists of temperature and heartbeat sensors for continuous monitoring by the doctor.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
accelerometer based direction controlled wheel chair using gesture technology...Shareef Dudekula
whell chair moving by using gesture technology along with touchpad specially designed for disabled peoples. it moves vey easily under the cotrolling of gesture by another person.
This project is to develop a wheel chair for physically disabled people
The wheel chair is controlled by hand movement/hand gestures
The gestures are recognized by an accelerometer sensor
An ultrasonic sensor is used to detect the obstacles in front of the chair
The signals from the sensors are processed, and the wheel chair is controlled by Atmega-328 micro controller
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Voice Controlled Wheel chair is a mobile wheel chair whose motions can be controlled by the user by giving specific voice commands. The speech recognition software running on a PC is capable of identifying the 5 voice commands ‘Run’, ‘Stop’, ‘Left’, ’Right’ and ‘Back’ issued by a particular User. This system controls the wheel chair as well as read the parameters of patient.
it is a smart wheelchair which uses voice and bluetooth commands . Also consists of temperature and heartbeat sensors for continuous monitoring by the doctor.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
accelerometer based direction controlled wheel chair using gesture technology...Shareef Dudekula
whell chair moving by using gesture technology along with touchpad specially designed for disabled peoples. it moves vey easily under the cotrolling of gesture by another person.
EEG Acquisition Device to Control Wheelchair Using ThoughtsVivek chan
With the advancements in technology and health-care facilities, the number of senior citizens has increased and thus the number of elderly who find it difficult to walk. Hence there is a need for designing a wheelchair that is user friendly and involves fewer complexities. In this context, we propose a thought controlled wheelchair, which uses the captured signals from the brain and process it to control the wheelchair. This wheelchair can also be used by the physically challenged who depend on others for locomotion. Rehabilitation centers at hospitals can also make use of this wheelchair. In this paper, we explain the design and analysis of the thought-controlled wheelchair. In addition, we present some of the experiments that were carried out and the corresponding results in this paper.
http://www.vivek-chan.in
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The paper describes a automatically controlled wheel chair for disabled people. The chair enables the user to move his chair using his finger & hand. The flex sensors and accelerometer on the glove generate ASL coded signals which are decoded & control the chair. It also display the information intended by the user. Additionally the information is also converts to speech. The wireless link between the glove & wheel chair enables any person to operate. This advanced wheelchair system is used for physically disabled and deaf/dumb people move around easily and to communicate with normal people.
BRAIN Computer Interface (BCI) is a technique that
provides direct interface between the human brain and the
computer. BCI techniques are broadly classified into
invasive and non-invasive techniques. Non-invasive
techniques are becoming more popular and more research is
being done on this topic. There are various non-invasive BCI
techniques such as EEG, Electro-Oculography. EEG technique
deploys an electrode cap that is placed on the user’s scalp for
the acquisition of the EEG signal, which relates the scalp
potential differences to various complex actions. Classification
of the EEG signal has been made into several bands like alpha,
beta, delta, theta and mu suppression, each corresponding to
various states of being like relaxing, ranging over 8-14 Hz;
concentrating, ranging over 13-30 Hz; deep sleep, from 0-4
Hz; meditating from 4-8 Hz; moving your hands or legs or just
by imagining these motor actions respectively. As it is being
non-invasive in nature, it has an advantage over traditional
BMI, not being hazardous to health. With the advent of
technology the EEG acquisition devices are made more
compact, handy and wireless. Using the above mentioned
technique, a simple thought controlled wheelchair system has
been proposed in this paper. A section that briefly explains the
various blocks included in the system is also added in this
paper
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
• Designed a Bio Inspired Transfemoral Prosthesis System for the amputes based on Artificial Neural Networks implemented on MATLAB.
• Designed a prototype of a Prosthetic limb and trained the same using Artificial neural networks to replicate the working of the biological Limb.
• An algorithm based on discrete wavelet transforms and was developed to train the neurons in order to respond to the stimuli extracted from the amputated limb using the myoelectric signal (MES) extracted using piezo electric sensors
• Matlab was used to implement the 3 layer Neural network and the Neural network was trained using the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) Algorithm for classification of the signals.
• The classified signal was then transmitted to a Micro controller to control the movement of the limb, servo motors were used to control the positioning of the limb to great accuracy.
• The design was implemented minimizing the weight to a great extent with great amount of flexibility and control.
• Its main application is for the amputes to live a natural life.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
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Hand movements based control of an intelligent wheelchair Using Accelerometer, obstacle avoidance Using Ultrasonic and IR sensors
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 11, Issue 07 (July 2015), PP.01-09
1
Hand movements based control of an intelligent wheelchair
Using Accelerometer, obstacle avoidance
Using Ultrasonic and IR sensors
1
D.Anjaneyulu*, 2
Mr. B.V.N.R. Siva Kumar
M.Tech. Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LBRCE, Mylavaram
Assoc. Professor, Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering, LBRCE, Mylavaram
Abstract:- The number of Physically Challenged people, who wants to move around with the help of some
artificial means, whether through illness or an accident, is continuously increasing. Driving a wheelchair in
domestic environments is a difficult task for a normal person and becomes even more difficult for people with
arms or hands impairments. In this project we used Accelerometer, ultrasonic and infrared sensor systems has
been integrated in this wheelchair. We have a Pre fabricated Wheel Chair which can be driven with using
Accelerometer and with the possibility of avoiding obstacles using IR sensor and downstairs or hole detection
using Ultrasonic Sensor. Intended users control the system by wearing a glove fitted with accelerometer for
controlling the movement and direction of the wheelchair. The MEMS sensor senses the angle of the hand, i.e.
according to the tilt of hand it gives voltages to microcontroller. The main advantage of this wheelchair is low
cost, low power consumption, easy to control.
Keywords:- Wheelchair, ADXL335 Accelerometer, GSAS 51E Microcontroller Board, GSAS ADC0816, IR
Sensor, DC Motor Driver, Battery, DC Motors, Physically Handicapped.
I. INTRODUCTION
In today’s time, an estimated 1% of the world’s population needs a wheelchair. An increased
percentage of elderly and disabled people who want to enhance their personal mobility, for them wheelchair is
the best assistive device. A disabled or an invalid individual (usually the disability of the lower part of the body)
can find it convenient to move around and maneuver using the help of a chair constructed on wheels which can
either be pushed by another individual or propelled either by physical force or electronically. Such a chair is
called as a Wheelchair.
Traditional wheelchairs have some limitations in context to flexibility, bulkiness and limited functions
[1]. Some existing wheelchairs are fitted with pc for the gesture recognition [2]. But making use of the pc along
with the chair makes it bulkier and increases complexity. This complexity is reduced by making use of the
MEMS accelerometer [3-4], the size of which is very compact and can be placed on the fingertip.
They used eyebrow muscle activity to obtain required signal. By using the signal the wheelchair
movement has been controlled as the movement of the eyebrow was not easier so it had some difficulties. [5]
Used head and finger movement for wheelchair locomotion. In finger movement they use flex sensor, placed on
the finger. It is analog resistors usually in the form of strip long vary resistance. Due to the bending of finger the
resistance varies which controls the locomotion of the wheelchair. Bending the sensor at one point more than 90
may permanently damage the sensor which is a main drawback.
The NavChair Assistive Wheelchair Navigation System, The NavChair shares vehicle control decisions
with the wheelchair operator regarding obstacle avoidance, safe object approach, maintenance of a straight path,
and other navigational issues, to reduce the motor and cognitive requirements for operating a power
wheelchair.[6]
Touch Screen Based Direction and Speed Control of Wheel Chair for Physically Challenged, when we
want to change the direction, the touch screen sensor is modeled to direct the user to required destination using
direction keys on the screen and that values are given to micro-controller. Depending on the direction selected
on the touch screen, micro-controller controls the wheel chair directions. [7]
In [2] this proposal is of a concept of the wheelchair which consists of 3axis accelerometer, LCD
display, DC motors, Relays, IR sensor, Ultrasonic sensor and an AT89C51 Microcontroller. To avoid accident
we have added IR sensor for obstacle detection and Ultrasonic sensor for hole or satires detection.
This paper proposes a system that can assist the disabled people to control the motion of their
wheelchair by the hand movements wirelessly. The system proposed can be mounted on primary functioning
body part to control the wheelchair movement i.e. hand, head. In accordance with these tilt readings
microcontroller issues control signals which are transmitted relays of DC Motors. The Relays controls the DC
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motors of the wheelchair on the basis of control signals received from accelerometer. Furthermore the operator
can also control the speed of the wheelchair as we are using concept of PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) speed of
wheel chair is controlled with amount of tilt of transmitter as the tilt increases speed of wheel chair is increasing
and vice versa.
II. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Block diagram
Fig1. Block Diagram
Accelerometer:
An accelerometer is an electromechanical device that will measure acceleration forces. These forces
may be static, like the constant force of gravity pulling at your feet, or they could be dynamic - caused by
moving or vibrating the accelerometer. An Accelerometer is a kind of sensor which gives an analog data while
moving in X, Y,Z direction. In this project we have used ADXLL335 accelerometer. The ADXL335 is a
complete 3-axis acceleration measurement system. It is having six pins those are Vcc, GND, ST (self Test). 3
axis sensing small, low profile package ,4mm x 4mm x 1.45mm LFCSP low power:350uA (typical) Single,
operation: 1.8v to 3.6v 10,000g shock survival.
ADC0816:
This interface provides 16 Channel, 8-bit ADC (Analog to Digital Converter), based on ADC 0816 –
16 channel 8bit data acquisition device. Provision is made for on-board reference voltage generation using
precision voltage regular LM 723. The interface has 20 pin terminal strip to feed in the analog voltages, the
input signal voltage range is 0-5V. Outputs meet TTL voltage level specifications, No zero or full-scale adjust
required, Standard hermetic or molded 40-pin DIP package, Temperature range −40°C to +85°C or −55°C to
+125°C, Latched TRI-STATE output.
Ultrasonic Sensor
The sensor provides precise and stable noncontact distance measurements from about 2 cm to 5 meters
with very high accuracy. You only need to supply a short 10uS pulse to the trigger input to start the ranging.
Power supply: 5V DC, Quiescent current: <2mA, Effectual angle: <15°.The sensor will send out an 8 cycle
burst of ultrasound at 40 kHz and raise its echo line high. It then listens for an echo, and as soon as it detects one
it lowers the echo line again. The echo line is therefore a pulse whose width is proportional to the distance to the
object.
IR (Infrared) Sensor
Obstacle Detecting Sensor is used to detect objects and obstacles in front of sensor in a narrow angle
useful in robotics applications. Sensor keeps transmitting modulated infrared light and when any object comes
near, it is detected by the sensor by monitoring the reflected light from the object. The range of IR sensor is Up
to 10cm range for white object. Can differentiate between dark and light colors.
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GSAS 51E Board:
8051 family of micro-controllers and its derivatives are increasingly becoming popular for
instrumentation and control applications due to its speed and powerful instruction set which are essential for
real-time applications. This has created the need for a good trainer and development tools.
GSAS 51E (an economically priced microcontroller trainer) provides a complete solution for this
requirement. It can be used as a flexible instructional aid in academic institutions and as a powerful
development kit in R&D Labs.
The system firmware provides stand-alone monitor, serial monitor, one-line assembler, dis assembler,
driver for EPROM programmer and Parallel printer interfaces. GSAS 51E is supplied with comprehensive and
user-friendly documentation as well as windows based communication software with online-help. The GSAS
51E trainer communicates with host PC through its onboard USB or RS-232C in serial mode.
The main features of this GSAS 51E are:
GSAS 51E operates on single +5V power supply either stand – alone mode or with host PC through its
USB or RS-232C interface in serial mode.
Stand-alone and serial monitor, support the entry of user programs, editing and debugging facilities like
single stepping and full speed execution of user programs.
On-board memory is 128K bytes of which 88 Kbytes RAM has battery backup provision.
Total on-board memory is 128K bytes of which 88K bytes RAM has battery backup provision.
48 I/O lines and four programmable interval timers.
9 Port lines of MCU brought out to the right angle ribbon cable connector including INT1.
Buffered Bus Signals are available through flat ribbon cable connector for easy system expansion.
Driver Software for file upload/download to/from host PC.
Motor Driver
One popular type of motor drive circuits is the H-Bridge (sometimes called: the Full Bridge). It has
been named that because it looks like the letter H when viewed on the discrete schematic. An H-Bridge is an
electronic circuit that allows the voltage to be applied on the load in either direction. It is used to allow DC
motors to operate in two opposite directions i.e. forward and Backward. The direction of rotation of a series
motor can be changed by changing the polarity of either the armature or field winding.
Motors
In this project two 24V Series DC motors were used. The direction of rotation of a series motor can be changed
by changing the polarity of either the armature or field winding, 24 Volt,12 Nm Torque,1 & 2 speed heavy duty
rocker switched available, Adjust wiper angles from 40˚ to 130˚ Coast to park motor, Left or right hand side
park,1, 2 or 3 inch shafts, Pantograph & radial wiper arms, Flex blades.
Battery
We have used chloride safe power sealed acid battery. Having 12v,7Ah. These batteries are rechargeable. We
have used four batteries for 24v motors driving purpose.
LCD
Used for displaying output 4x16 line LCD is used. Number of Characters: 16 characters x 4 Lines. Character
Table: English-European (RS in Datasheet). Duty: 1/16 ,View direction: Wide viewing angle .Backlight Type:
yellow/green LED.Operating Temperature: -20°C to + 70°C
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III. METHODOLOGY
Fig2. Flow chart
IV. FLOW CHART OF ACCELEROMETER OPERATION
Fig3. Accelerometer controlling flow chart
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The wheelchair is going to be controlled two modes. One is Accelerometer and other on is IR sensors
mode. Initially we have to decide which mode we what to control wheelchair. Based on the given condition it is
going to be operated.
In the transmitter circuit, as shown in fig.1, we measure the value of 3Axis accelerometer
(ADXL335)based on the hand movement and converted into digital with the help of ADC 0816. ADC converts
the data from sensor and proceeds to the microcontroller for further conversion. Microcontroller gets the hex
data from the accelerometer. LCD display the corresponding directions Messages i.e. Left for –X direction,
Right for +X direction, Forward for +Y direction, Back for –Y direction and Remaining any condition it will
stop. At the same time microcontroller gets the data and compare inside with pre-defined values. As we change
the position of hand, values are change automatically and corresponding messages are shown on the LCD.
In accelerometer we are getting 1.40v maximum for Positive X, Y directions, then 0.95v minimum
voltage for negative X, Y directions, for stable condition we are getting 1.14v. so by using these values we have
given conditions to microcontroller board to control wheelchair. Accelerometer giving analog values but the
microcontroller will takes only hexadecimal values. For that we have used 16 channel ADC0816 board. Here we
are taking ch1,ch2,ch3 for Xout, Yout, Zout respectively. The reference voltage we set for ADC0816 board is
3v. In this project we have used the programming language as assembly language program. So we have written
the code for analog to digital conversion of Accelerometer output analog data. When we get the analog data for
accelerometer it is converted in to digital and stored in the memory location of microcontroller is
8190,8191,8192 locations of X,Y, Z respectively. Then after we have written the comparison program by using
these values and predefined values in the program. If the values we get from accelerometer is matched with the
predefined values, then corresponding direction message is going to displayed in the LCD display of GSAS 51E
board and corresponding DC motors relays are going to be ON/OFF. We have written assembly language
program for corresponding relays ON/OFF.
In this project we are using Ultrasonic and IR (infrared) sensors for obstacle detection and hole, steps
identification. For that we have written an assembly language code we are using the Interrupts. In the code we
have written that when accelerometer is in active mode if we get any IR or Ultrasonic sensors are active all the
current processes are going to be stop i.e. if any direction we are getting from accelerometer are could not
execute. So in these way we can identify any obstacle or steps, holes in the way of wheelchair.
The below table shows that accelerometer corresponding axis directions.
DIRECTION ACCELEROMETER
ORIENTATION
FORWARD +Y
BACKWARD -Y
RIGHT +X
LEFT -X
STOP REST
Table1. Directions indication of Accelerometer
The below table show s that corresponding relays transistor ON/OFF values. Based on these values the
wheelchair is going to changing its direction and corresponding DC motors are going to be ON/OFF.
Direction Left motor Right motor
Transistor 1 Transistor 2 Transistor 3 Transistor 4
Non 0 0 0 0
Forward 1 1 1 1
Reverse 0 1 0 1
Right 0 0 1 1
Left 1 1 0 0
Table2: Relays ON/OFF conditions
Below diagram shows the interfacing of ADXL335, GSAS ADC0816 and GSAS 51E Microcontroller board.
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ADXL335 (Accelerometer) ADC0816 Board GSAS 51E Microcontroller Board
Fig4. Accelerometer, ADC0816 and GSAS51E Board interfacing
Fig5. Complete wiring of Batteries with board.
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Fig6. Interfacing of motors with wheels
Fig7. Complete wiring connections with batteries, Motors and Wheels of wheelchair
8. Hand movements based control of an intelligent wheelchair using Accelerometer, obstacle avoidance using….
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ADXL335(Accelerometer) IR sensor
Fig8. Complete Accelerometer controlled wheelchair with a man operating
V. CONCLUSION
We are implementing automatic wheelchair which has various advantages. It is operating in two
different modes i.e. accelerometer mode and IR sensor mode. Also there two types of sensors (Ultrasonic, IR
(Infrared sensor)) used for obstacle and steps, hole detection. This Wheelchair will be economical and can
affordable to common people.. This system can be made highly efficient and effective if stringent environmental
conditions are maintained. The running cost of this system is much lower as compare to other systems used for
the same purpose. Our work is to control Wheelchair by accelerometer where the wheelchair is programmed to
reacts according to the motion of accelerometer (forward, reverse, stop, left and right). The movement is
recognized by ADXL335 is used to control the motion of the Wheelchair. Also the accelerometer sensor is
calibrated such that it produces particular analog voltage for a corresponding tilt.
VI. FUTURE WORK
This system can be extended by including GSM which sends an SMS during emergency by assigning
particular gesture command. By including GPS, position of the wheelchair can also be known.
Work is at present being carried out on the incorporation of a new interface so that the user can give orders on
guiding based on eye movement.
Wheel chair can be fitted with direct mind reader. For example, if a person is paralyzed and cannot
move his body parts, in that case it can be used.
Improvements can be made by using various body gestures such as eye gaze, leg movement or head
movement accordingly.
Generally the pulse rate of an ordinary person is 72 bits/min. If the pulse rate increases or decreases
nearby 72 bits/min then the signal will make the wheelchair to halt immediately at current position and it will
activate the alarm system. This will tend others to know about the situation and position of the patient.
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REFERENCES
[1]. Amundson JS, Amundson SG,“A joystick controlled wheelchair”,Biomed Sci Instrum .1991; 27:131-3.
[2]. 2007 4th international conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICEEE 2007) Mexico
City, Mexico. September 5-7, 2007
[3]. http://mafija.fmf.unilj.si/seminar/files/2007_2008/MEMS_ accelerometers-koncna.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerometer
[4]. Sangmeshwar S. Kendreet. Al, “Voice activated Multiprocessor embedded System to improve the
control of a motorized wheelchair”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol
2(11), pp 6812-6818, 2010.
[5]. Lincoln A. Jaros Richard C. Simpson Yoram Koren Senior Member IEEE Simon P. Levine, David A.
Bell and IEEEi Johann Borenstein, Member, “The navchair assistive wheelchair navigation system,”
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON REHABILITATION ENGINEERING, 1999.
[6]. Mahaboob Ali Shaik M.Prathyusha, K. S. Roy, “Voice and touch screen based direction and speed
control sof wheel chair for physically challenged using arduino,”