This document discusses various accident prevention systems for passenger vehicles. It begins by outlining the causes of road accidents such as distracted driving and speeding. It then describes four key accident prevention systems: 1) forward collision mitigation systems that detect imminent crashes and automatically apply brakes, 2) lane departure systems that track vehicle position and alert drivers if they leave their lane, 3) blind spot detection systems that monitor sides and rear of vehicles to warn of approaching vehicles, and 4) adaptive headlight systems that turn with steering to improve visibility. In conclusion, the document states that while these systems are currently only in luxury cars, they may be deployed more widely in the future to potentially save millions of lives.

1. ACCIDENT PREVENTION
SYSTEM IN FOUR PASSENGER
VEHICLES
 VISHAG.T
 S7M3
 28
 CET

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENTS
 ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEM:
1. FORWARD MITIGATION SYSTEM
2. LANE DEPARTURE SYSTEM
3. BLIND SPOT ASSIST
4. ADAPTIVE LIGHT TECHNOLOGY
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
 Now a days the use of vehicles are part and parcel of
human life.
 Though the vehicles reduces the distance and saves time
of a busy human life, still it has great drawback that is
inevitable.
 Road mishaps occurs due to carelessness and
technological fault.
 Around 4500000 road accidents occur in which 5000000
people get injured and 1000000 people die every year due
to road accident in India.

4. TOTAL NO. OF ROAD ACCIDENTS , PERSONS DIED AND PERSONS
INJURED DURING 2001-2009
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
TOTAL NO. OF
ROAD
ACCIDENT
TOTAL NO. OF
PERSONS DIED
TOTAL NO. OF
PERSONS
INJURED

5. CAUSES OF ROAD ACCIDENTS
1. DISTRACTED DRIVING
The number one cause of car accidents is not a criminal that drove drunk, ran a red light.
Distracted drivers are the top cause of car accidents in the world today. A distracted driver is
a motorist that diverts his or her attention from the road, usually to talk on a cell phone,
send a text message or eat food.
2. SPEEDING
 You’ve seen them on the highway. Many drivers ignore the speed limit and drive 10, 20
and sometimes 30 mph over the limit. Speed kills, and travelling above the speed limit is
an easy way to cause a car accident. The faster you drive, the slower your reaction time
will be if you need to prevent an auto accident.

6. ACCIDENT PREVENTION SYSTEMS
1) FORWARD COLLISION MITIGATION SYSTEM
2) LANE DEPARTURE SYSTEM
3) BLIND SPOT DETECTION
4) ADAPTIVE HEAD LIGHTS

8. FORWARD COLLISION MITIGATION SYSTEM
 Also known as pre crash
system, forward
collision warning system
or collision
mitigating system
 It uses radar (all-weather)
and sometimes laser and
camera (both sensor types
are ineffective during bad
weather) to detect an
imminent crash.
 It detect how far and fast
the vehicle in front of you
may be moving, and
automatically apply the
brakes if you do not
respond.

9. 1. CAMERA-BASED FORWARD COLLISION
WARNING
It uses a forward-looking monocular camera with
object recognition, mounted on the windscreen
behind the rearview mirror.
This is linked to a warning device.
2. RADAR-BASED FORWARD
COLLISION WARNING
•It consists of a 24GHz medium-range radar
sensor.
•The radar sensor is mounted at the vehicle front
and linked to a warning device.
• Radar technology provides high performance
with direct measurement of distance and
relative speed, operating under all weather
conditions.

11. HOW IT WORKS???
The main component is the
Collision Avoidance Processor
(CAP) –
1. which takes the inputs from
the sensor suite
2. processes the sensor
information using the collision
warning processing suites (i.e.:
path determination, in-path
target selection, threat
assessment).
3. And provide the appropriate
driver-vehicle warning
response.

12. THREE STAGES OF
FORWARD
COLLISION
WARNING SYSTEM
1ST STAGE:
issues a warning . (not
autonomous)
2nd STAGE
prepare the brakes for full
stopping power.
3RD STAGE
If the driver does nothing,
however, the system
autonomously engages the
brakes.

14. Different Names, Same Idea 
FCM can be found under a number of different names,
including:
• Crash Imminent Brake (CIB)
• Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB)
• Emergency Brake Assist (EBA)
• Predictive Brake Assist (PBA)
• Pre-crash warning and braking systems (PCWBS)

15. LANE DEPARTUTRE SYSTEM

16. INTRODUCTION
•41% of the total traffic accident casualties
are
due to abnormal lane changing.
•It use cameras to track vehicle
position within the lane, alerting the driver
if the vehicle is in
danger.
•does not contradict with the intentional
lane-changing.

18. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LANE
DEPARTURE SYSTEM

19.  Step 1 : Capture Image
 CMOS Camera
 Video Resolution

20.  Step 2 : ROI Selection
 Segmentation
 121 to 240 selection

21.  Step 3 : Lane Detection
 Step 3.1 : Lane Extraction
 Step 3.2 : Lane Identification

22.  Hough Transform
 Edge detection tells us where edges are
 The next step is to find out if there is any line
 (or line segment) in the image
 Advantages of Hough Transform
 Relatively insensitive to occlusion since points are processed
independently
 Works on disconnected edges
 Robust to noise

23.  A FEW WORDS ABOUT THE LINE EQUATIONS
 y=m*x+k form is most familiar but cannot handle
vertical lines.
 Another form:
 r=x cos θ + y sin θ
 is better.
 0 ≤ r, 0 ≤ θ < 2π
 any r, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π (don’t need to worry about the
 sign of r)

24.  HOUGH TRANSFORM
 Given r and θ, the line equation
 r=x cos θ + y sin θ
 determines all points (x,y) that lie on a
 Straight line
 For each fixed pair (x,y), the equation
 r=x cos θ + y sin θ
 determines all points (r,θ) that lie on a curve in
 the Hough space.

25.  VISUALIZING HOUGH TRANSFORM
 HT take a point (x,y) and maps it to a curve
 (Hough curve) in the (r,θ) Hough space:

26.  Step 3.1 : Lane Extraction
 2D FIR filter with mask [-1 0 1]
 Hough Transform
 LocalMaxFinder
 20 candidate lanes
 Step 3.2 : Lane Identification
 Comparing with previous lanes
 Polar to Cartesian

27.  Step 4 : Lane Departure
 Diswarn = 144 (Window Threshold)
 if Left_dis < Diswarn && Left_dis <= Right_dis
 Left Departure
 elseif Right_dis < Diswarn && Left_dis > Right_dis
 Right Departure
 else
 Normal Driving

28.  Step 4 : Lane
Departure
 Left dis = 178 > 144
 Right Dis = 179 > 144
 So, normal Driving

29. STEP 4 :LANE
DEPARTURE
Left dis = 178 > 144
Right Dis = 128 < 144
So, right departure

30. Step 5 : Lane
Tracking
•Comparing with
five frames
stored in the
repository

31.  Step 6 : Display Warning
 Blinking Indicator when
Departing from the
marked Lanes

32. SIDE VIEW ASSIST/BLINDSPOT
DETECTION

33.  A blind spot in a vehicle is an
area around the vehicle that
cannot be directly observed
by the driver while at the
controls, under existing
circumstances.
 Blind spots exist in a wide
range of vehicles: cars, trucks,
motorboats, sailboats. and
aircraft.
 Blind spots can be caused by
the window pillars,
headrests, passengers, and
other
objects.

34. BLIND SPOT DETECTION
 Blind Spot Detection
systems warn a driver that a
vehicle is in his or her
blind spot –areas to the
side and rear of the vehicle
outside the driver’s view.
 So that accidents can be
avoided
 And due to it changing of
lane will be e

36.  Sensors (camera, ultrasonic,
or radar) monitor the sides
and rear of the vehicle for
vehicles (including
motorcycles) approaching
from behind and alert the
driver with lights mounted in
either the side-view or rear-
view mirrors, or the door.

37. If you switch on a turn signal showing intent to make a lane change, and
a vehicle is present in the blind spot, the system may warn you with red
or yellow flashing icons and/or audio alerts, or by vibrating the steering
wheel or the driver’s seat.

38. WORKING OF SENSORS
 These sensors continuously monitor the velocity and
direction of the vehicle to obtain a digital picture of
the vehicle's environment. The warning indicator is
switched on when the vehicle approaches the blind
spot. The system also emits an audio alarm to give an
additional warning.

39. ADAPTIVE HEAD
LIGHTS

40. INTRODUCTION
It reduces the reaction time of
the driver by improving
visibility and thus achieve a
significant increase in road
safety and driving comfort.
It is the outcome of
engineering efforts in
developing the next generation
lighting systems not only for
drivers but also for all other
road users.

41. TECHNOLOGY BEHIND 
 Adaptive headlights turn with
the direction of the steering
wheel to provide more light and
increased visibility.
 Sensors are built into adaptive
headlights to prevent directional
adjustments while the vehicle is
idle or in reverse.

43.  This headlight system
consist of additional
three features beyond the
average cars lighting
system.
 First, the illumination
beams are mobile.
 As the car turns left or
right down a road the
headlights will modify,
based on the steering
wheel movement and the
speed of the vehicle, to
illuminate the road where
the car is headed.

44.  Adaptive headlight systems increase visibility at night,
Highway Safety & they reduce accidents.

45. CONCLUSION(contd…..)
 Driver interaction with these systems is the subject of
ongoing field, track test, and simulator studies.
 Researchers are trying
to determine the best way to warn drivers of dangerous
situations and assist in correcting errors.
 The true results of the effectiveness of these crash
avoidance systems will not be known until sufficient
numbers of drivers gain real-world experience.

46. CONCLUSION
This accident prevention system nowadays is installed
only in a few luxury cars.
In future more & commercial vehicles may deploy
this system for the pleasure of driving without accident
and causalities.
This system can save million lives in future around
the world

47. REFERENCES
 Persaud, B.N., Retting, R.A., Lyon, C.A., 2004. Crash reduction following installation
 of centerline rumble strips on rural two-lane roads. Accident Analysis and
 Prevention 36 (6), 1073–1079.
 Schittenhelm, H., 2009. The Vision of Accident Free Driving—How Efficient Are We
 Actually in Avoiding or Mitigating Longitudinal Real World Accidents. Paper no.
 09-0510. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the
 Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,
 Washington, DC.
 Sugimoto, Y., Sauer, C., 2005. Effectiveness Estimation for Advanced Driver Assistance
 System and its Application to Collision Mitigation Brake System. Paper no.
 05-0148. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the
 Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,
 Washington, DC.
 Wilson, B.H., Stearns, M.D., Koopmann, J., Yang, C.Y., 2007. Evaluation of a
 Road-Departure Crash Warning System. Report no. DOT-HS-810-854. National
 Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.
 Zador, P.L., Stein, H.S., Wright, P.H., Hall, J.W., 1987. Effects of chevrons, postmounted
 delineators, and raised pavement markers on driver behavior at
 roadway curves. Transportation Research Record 1114, 1–10.

48. THANK YOU