This document provides an overview of the Ramallah electrical network. It describes the 14 main substations that feed the city and their transformer capacities. It lists the different types of transmission lines and load categories served. It also introduces power system protection, describing its key components like transformers, relays, circuit breakers and batteries used to isolate faults while keeping the network stable and as operational as possible. The document aims to analyze the network's maximum and minimum load conditions and improve voltages, losses and reliability through protection schemes and upgrades.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis and investigation of different advanced control strategies for high-...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Induction motor (IM) drives have received a strong interest from researchers and industry particularly for high-performance AC drives through vector control method. With the advancement in power electronics and digital signal processing(DSP), high capability processors allow the implementation of advanced control techniques for motor drives such as model predictive control (MPC). In this paper, design, analysis and investigation of two different MPC techniques applied to IM drives; themodel predictive torque control (MPTC) and model predictive current control (MPCC) are presented. The two techniques are designed in Matlab/Simulink environment and compared interm of operation in different operating conditions. Moreover, a comparisonof these techniques with field-oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) is conducted based on simulation studies with PI speed controller for all control techniques. Based on the analysis, the MPC techniques demonstrates a better result compared with the FOC and DTC in terms of speed, torque and current responses in transient and steady-state conditions.
Brushless DC motor Drive during Speed regulation with Current ControllerIJERA Editor
Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) is one of the best electrical drives that have increasing popularity, due to their
high efficiency, reliability, good dynamic response and very low maintenance. Due to the increasing demand for
compact & reliable motors and the evolution of low cost power semiconductor switches and permanent magnet
(PM) materials, brushless DC motors become popular in every application from home appliances to aerospace
industry. The conventional techniques for controlling the stator phase current in a brushless DC drive are
practically effective in low speed and cannot reduce the commutation torque ripple in high speed range. This
paper presents the PI controller for speed control of BLDC motor. The output of the PI controllers is summed
and is given as the input to the current controller. The BLDC motor is fed from the inverter where the rotor
position and current controller is the input. The complete model of the proposed drive system is developed and
simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. The operation principle of using component is analysed and the
simulation results are presented in this to verify the theoretical analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis and investigation of different advanced control strategies for high-...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Induction motor (IM) drives have received a strong interest from researchers and industry particularly for high-performance AC drives through vector control method. With the advancement in power electronics and digital signal processing(DSP), high capability processors allow the implementation of advanced control techniques for motor drives such as model predictive control (MPC). In this paper, design, analysis and investigation of two different MPC techniques applied to IM drives; themodel predictive torque control (MPTC) and model predictive current control (MPCC) are presented. The two techniques are designed in Matlab/Simulink environment and compared interm of operation in different operating conditions. Moreover, a comparisonof these techniques with field-oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) is conducted based on simulation studies with PI speed controller for all control techniques. Based on the analysis, the MPC techniques demonstrates a better result compared with the FOC and DTC in terms of speed, torque and current responses in transient and steady-state conditions.
Brushless DC motor Drive during Speed regulation with Current ControllerIJERA Editor
Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) is one of the best electrical drives that have increasing popularity, due to their
high efficiency, reliability, good dynamic response and very low maintenance. Due to the increasing demand for
compact & reliable motors and the evolution of low cost power semiconductor switches and permanent magnet
(PM) materials, brushless DC motors become popular in every application from home appliances to aerospace
industry. The conventional techniques for controlling the stator phase current in a brushless DC drive are
practically effective in low speed and cannot reduce the commutation torque ripple in high speed range. This
paper presents the PI controller for speed control of BLDC motor. The output of the PI controllers is summed
and is given as the input to the current controller. The BLDC motor is fed from the inverter where the rotor
position and current controller is the input. The complete model of the proposed drive system is developed and
simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. The operation principle of using component is analysed and the
simulation results are presented in this to verify the theoretical analysis.
Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are increasingly used in high performance variable speed drives of many industrial applications. PMSM has many features, like high efficiency, compactness, high torque to inertia ratio, rapid dynamic response, simple modeling and control, and maintenance free operation. Presence of position sensors presents several disadvantages, such as reduced reliability, susceptibility to noise, additional cost and weight and increased complexity of the drive system. For these reasons, the development of alternative indirect methods for speed and position control becomes an important research topic. Advantages of sensorless control are reduced hardware complexity, low cost, reduced size, cable elimination, increased noise immunity, increased reliability and decreased maintenance. The key problem in sensorless vector control of ac drives is the accurate dynamic estimation of the stator flux vector over a wide speed range using only terminal variables (currents and voltages). The difficulty comprises state estimation at very low speeds where the fundamental excitation is low and the observer performance tends to be poor. Moreover, the noises of system and measurements are considered other main problems. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the different sliding mode observer methods of speed and position estimations for sensorless control of PMSM drives.
Prospective Electromechanical Control Systems of Industrial Manipulator EffortsIJPEDS-IAES
The current electric drive of industrial manipulators is implemented on the
principle of speed control and position of the actuator, often donot provide
actuator motion as consistent with required process specifications. Taking
into account the disadvantages of existing control systems the new approach
to control systems engineering and implementation of industrial manipulators
electric drives using force balancing systems of actuator efforts control was
proposed. Application properties and implementation of efforts control
systems inside springy gears and mechanisms of industrial manipulators have
been studied. The efficient structure of electromechanical system, which
provides the desired balance the transfer object weight and dampening of
manipulators mechanical gears springy oscillations is proved. The studies
were performed on mathematical modeling and the prototype of industrial
manipulators, which confirmed the performance of control system potential
structure application and synthesized effort regulator which provide the
required performance factor. The potential electromechanical force balancing
systems is ably to increase industrial manipulators performance quality,
provides transfer and the desired positioning of load directly by operator.
Possibility of efficient application the scope increase of industrial
manipulators using the potential force balancing systems of efforts control is
defined.
Implementation of RTOS on STM32F4 Microcontroller to Control Parallel Boost f...IJERA Editor
The DC-DC converter is operated with pulse width modulation (PWM) and controlled by modifying duty cycle.
The PWM is easy developed on microcontroller system, but the problem become complex when some control
algorithm implemented to determine duty cycle value. Multitasking is needed to handle sensor, control algorithm
and user interface system. This paper discusses the application of Real Time Operating System (RTOS) to
handle multitasking process on STM32F407 ARM Cortex M4 microcontroller to control parallel boost converter
with load sharing algorithm for photovoltaic (PV) battery charging application. The first OS task is to run MPPT
to get maximum energy from PV. This first OS task is implemented to control the first boost converter. Then,
The second OS task to run fuzzy logic controller to control battery charging current with load sharing energy.
This second OS task is task implemented to control second boost converter. The measurement of current and
voltage of both converter side, display and user interface system also handled with OS task. As the result, each
designed task could run well with recommended OS task priority for MPPT and Fuzzy is IRQ task and for
TFT_LCD_displayosPriorityAboveNormal.
Coordination of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Type-2 Fuzz...IJECEIAES
Intelligent control included ANFIS and type-2 fuzzy (T2FLS) controllers grown-up rapidly and these controllers are applied successfully in power system control. Meanwhile, small signal stability problem appear in a largescale power system (LSPS) due to load fluctuation. If this problem persists, and can not be solved, it will develop blackout on the LSPS. How to improve the LSPS stability due to load fluctuation is done in this research by coordinating of PSS based on ANFIS and T2FLS. The ANFIS parameters are obtained automatically by training process. Meanwhile, the T2FLS parameters are determined based on the knowledge that obtained from the ANFIS parameters. Input membership function (MF) of the ANFIS is 5 Gaussian MFs. On the other hand, input MF of the T2FLS is 3 Gaussian MFs. Results show that the T2FLS-PSS is able to maintain the stability by decreasing peak overshoot for rotor speed and angle. The T2FLS-PSS makes the settling time is shorter for rotor speed and angle on local mode oscillation as well as on inter-area oscillation than conventional/ ANFIS-PSS. Also, the T2FLS-PSS gives better performance than the other PSS when tested on single disturbance and multiple disturbances.
High performance of excitation system for synchronous generator based on mode...journalBEEI
Mathematical description of electromechanical systems operation is powerful parameter to get high performance with practical implement of the systems. This paper describes a mathematical presentation for the behavior excitation system of synchronous generator based on the optimal values of the parameters. The study of the mathematical modeling for dynamics of excitation system required the knowledge for the effect of each parameter to get the typical values provided by the manufacturer implementing. The simulation of the final model which obtained was conducted on Matlab version 2019b. The final results of simulation for the mathematical model are satisfactory, and it proves the ability of independence this model as practical implement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Three phase induction motor Induction is one of the widest spread motor due to its
robustness, simple construction, no need for complex circuits for starting. With several
available speed control techniques, this paper presents a new Proportional-Integral (PI)
controller and Artificial Neural Network (ANNs) control system based on vector control
scheme. MATLAB/SIMULINK software may be used to create a 3phase induction engine
model. To achieve the effectiveness of the controller, the system is subjected to external
disturbance. Experimental results are presented and satisfied with the controller results.
A comparative study of performance of AC and DC electric drive control system...journalBEEI
In electric drive control systems, the main goal is to maintain the driving motor speed to meet the mechanism’s requirements. In some practical industrial applications the mechanically-coupled load to the motor shaft has a varying mass during the system operation. Therefore, the change of mass changes the value of the moment of inertia of the system. The moment of inertia impacts the system operation, particularly the transient performance. Therefore, the variation of moment of inertia on the motor shaft during its operation creates additional challenges to accomplish a high-quality speed control. The main purpose of the current work is to study the impact of the variation of moment of inertia on the performance of both AC and DC electric drive control systems and to make a comparison between them. A mathematical analysis and simulations of the control system models had been presented; one time with three-phase induction motor and another time with DC motor, both with variable moment of inertia. A simulation of both systems had been accomplished using the Simulink software in MATLAB. The simulation results of operation of these systems have been analysed in order to get useful conclusions and recommendations for the electric drive control system designer.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
System operation and control Power system restoration – World practices & fut...Power System Operation
Restoration of the power system following an interruption
is an important aspect of a System Operator’s (SO) role in managing the bulk power system. Electric power grids in
developed economies generally exhibit a very high degree
of reliability thanks to the well-established standards
and criteria for the design, planning, construction and
operations of the integrated network and the close interconnection in certain continents or regions. Despite
prudent planning and operations, major interruptions to the
electric power grid (complete or partial blackout) do occur
from time to time due to events (disturbances) that either
exceed the basic design criteria, or due to various causes
such as natural disasters, multiple equipment failure,
protection relay miscoordination or malfunctioning, and
human errors.
Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are increasingly used in high performance variable speed drives of many industrial applications. PMSM has many features, like high efficiency, compactness, high torque to inertia ratio, rapid dynamic response, simple modeling and control, and maintenance free operation. Presence of position sensors presents several disadvantages, such as reduced reliability, susceptibility to noise, additional cost and weight and increased complexity of the drive system. For these reasons, the development of alternative indirect methods for speed and position control becomes an important research topic. Advantages of sensorless control are reduced hardware complexity, low cost, reduced size, cable elimination, increased noise immunity, increased reliability and decreased maintenance. The key problem in sensorless vector control of ac drives is the accurate dynamic estimation of the stator flux vector over a wide speed range using only terminal variables (currents and voltages). The difficulty comprises state estimation at very low speeds where the fundamental excitation is low and the observer performance tends to be poor. Moreover, the noises of system and measurements are considered other main problems. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the different sliding mode observer methods of speed and position estimations for sensorless control of PMSM drives.
Prospective Electromechanical Control Systems of Industrial Manipulator EffortsIJPEDS-IAES
The current electric drive of industrial manipulators is implemented on the
principle of speed control and position of the actuator, often donot provide
actuator motion as consistent with required process specifications. Taking
into account the disadvantages of existing control systems the new approach
to control systems engineering and implementation of industrial manipulators
electric drives using force balancing systems of actuator efforts control was
proposed. Application properties and implementation of efforts control
systems inside springy gears and mechanisms of industrial manipulators have
been studied. The efficient structure of electromechanical system, which
provides the desired balance the transfer object weight and dampening of
manipulators mechanical gears springy oscillations is proved. The studies
were performed on mathematical modeling and the prototype of industrial
manipulators, which confirmed the performance of control system potential
structure application and synthesized effort regulator which provide the
required performance factor. The potential electromechanical force balancing
systems is ably to increase industrial manipulators performance quality,
provides transfer and the desired positioning of load directly by operator.
Possibility of efficient application the scope increase of industrial
manipulators using the potential force balancing systems of efforts control is
defined.
Implementation of RTOS on STM32F4 Microcontroller to Control Parallel Boost f...IJERA Editor
The DC-DC converter is operated with pulse width modulation (PWM) and controlled by modifying duty cycle.
The PWM is easy developed on microcontroller system, but the problem become complex when some control
algorithm implemented to determine duty cycle value. Multitasking is needed to handle sensor, control algorithm
and user interface system. This paper discusses the application of Real Time Operating System (RTOS) to
handle multitasking process on STM32F407 ARM Cortex M4 microcontroller to control parallel boost converter
with load sharing algorithm for photovoltaic (PV) battery charging application. The first OS task is to run MPPT
to get maximum energy from PV. This first OS task is implemented to control the first boost converter. Then,
The second OS task to run fuzzy logic controller to control battery charging current with load sharing energy.
This second OS task is task implemented to control second boost converter. The measurement of current and
voltage of both converter side, display and user interface system also handled with OS task. As the result, each
designed task could run well with recommended OS task priority for MPPT and Fuzzy is IRQ task and for
TFT_LCD_displayosPriorityAboveNormal.
Coordination of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Type-2 Fuzz...IJECEIAES
Intelligent control included ANFIS and type-2 fuzzy (T2FLS) controllers grown-up rapidly and these controllers are applied successfully in power system control. Meanwhile, small signal stability problem appear in a largescale power system (LSPS) due to load fluctuation. If this problem persists, and can not be solved, it will develop blackout on the LSPS. How to improve the LSPS stability due to load fluctuation is done in this research by coordinating of PSS based on ANFIS and T2FLS. The ANFIS parameters are obtained automatically by training process. Meanwhile, the T2FLS parameters are determined based on the knowledge that obtained from the ANFIS parameters. Input membership function (MF) of the ANFIS is 5 Gaussian MFs. On the other hand, input MF of the T2FLS is 3 Gaussian MFs. Results show that the T2FLS-PSS is able to maintain the stability by decreasing peak overshoot for rotor speed and angle. The T2FLS-PSS makes the settling time is shorter for rotor speed and angle on local mode oscillation as well as on inter-area oscillation than conventional/ ANFIS-PSS. Also, the T2FLS-PSS gives better performance than the other PSS when tested on single disturbance and multiple disturbances.
High performance of excitation system for synchronous generator based on mode...journalBEEI
Mathematical description of electromechanical systems operation is powerful parameter to get high performance with practical implement of the systems. This paper describes a mathematical presentation for the behavior excitation system of synchronous generator based on the optimal values of the parameters. The study of the mathematical modeling for dynamics of excitation system required the knowledge for the effect of each parameter to get the typical values provided by the manufacturer implementing. The simulation of the final model which obtained was conducted on Matlab version 2019b. The final results of simulation for the mathematical model are satisfactory, and it proves the ability of independence this model as practical implement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Three phase induction motor Induction is one of the widest spread motor due to its
robustness, simple construction, no need for complex circuits for starting. With several
available speed control techniques, this paper presents a new Proportional-Integral (PI)
controller and Artificial Neural Network (ANNs) control system based on vector control
scheme. MATLAB/SIMULINK software may be used to create a 3phase induction engine
model. To achieve the effectiveness of the controller, the system is subjected to external
disturbance. Experimental results are presented and satisfied with the controller results.
A comparative study of performance of AC and DC electric drive control system...journalBEEI
In electric drive control systems, the main goal is to maintain the driving motor speed to meet the mechanism’s requirements. In some practical industrial applications the mechanically-coupled load to the motor shaft has a varying mass during the system operation. Therefore, the change of mass changes the value of the moment of inertia of the system. The moment of inertia impacts the system operation, particularly the transient performance. Therefore, the variation of moment of inertia on the motor shaft during its operation creates additional challenges to accomplish a high-quality speed control. The main purpose of the current work is to study the impact of the variation of moment of inertia on the performance of both AC and DC electric drive control systems and to make a comparison between them. A mathematical analysis and simulations of the control system models had been presented; one time with three-phase induction motor and another time with DC motor, both with variable moment of inertia. A simulation of both systems had been accomplished using the Simulink software in MATLAB. The simulation results of operation of these systems have been analysed in order to get useful conclusions and recommendations for the electric drive control system designer.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
System operation and control Power system restoration – World practices & fut...Power System Operation
Restoration of the power system following an interruption
is an important aspect of a System Operator’s (SO) role in managing the bulk power system. Electric power grids in
developed economies generally exhibit a very high degree
of reliability thanks to the well-established standards
and criteria for the design, planning, construction and
operations of the integrated network and the close interconnection in certain continents or regions. Despite
prudent planning and operations, major interruptions to the
electric power grid (complete or partial blackout) do occur
from time to time due to events (disturbances) that either
exceed the basic design criteria, or due to various causes
such as natural disasters, multiple equipment failure,
protection relay miscoordination or malfunctioning, and
human errors.
REAL-TIME APPLICATIONS OF PHASOR MEASUREMENT UNITS (PMU) FOR VISUALIZATION, ...Power System Operation
SECTION 1
BACKGROUND
Synchrophasors are precise grid measurement devices most often called phasor measurement units (PMU). These devices are capable of directly measuring frequency, voltage and current waveforms along with phase angle differences at high sampling rates and accuracies. They are prompting a revolution in power system operations as next generation measuring devices. With the smart grid investment grant demonstrations projects funded throughout the country, an additional 850 PMUs are going to be installed in the United States to bring the total to over 1,000 in the next three years. New York State expects about 40 new PMUs to be installed in the next three years, bringing its total to over 50 units.
This project was sponsored by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA). The project team worked with CHG&E, ConEd, DPS, LIPA, National Grid, NYISO, NYPA and NYSEG to develop the project objectives to demonstrate the following three technologies, related to PMU applications, in the New York State control area:
Recent Trends InDigital Differential Protection of Power Transformerijiert bestjournal
Digital protection has several advantages over conventional protection scheme. For protecting
costliest and vital equipment such as transformer, digital schemes have been proposed by several authors in recent
past. This paper throws light on all such efforts and it will help researchers to focus on integrated efforts to protect
transformer in a better and efficient way. Artificial intelligence along with signature and pattern recognition
techniques give much more useful information about happenings in and outside of transformer. Efforts are put by
all concerned with fast, accurate, flexible, reliable and easy to understand scheme of protection. With the advent of
soft computing methods condition monitoring with protection has become on line objective. Keeping all these
state of art techniques of protection, this paper will be a useful resource. Discrimination of several faults external
and internal needs digital signal processing and feature extraction as well. Many algorithms are proposed as
summarized in paper.
Final Year Project Report. (Management of Smart Electricity Grids)Jatin Pherwani
The report of my progress with the final year Design Project in one half of the semester. Design process and research findings with a few crude concepts.
Nowadays, the electricity demand is increasing daily and hence it is important not only to extract electrical energy from all possible new power resources but also to reduce power losses to an acceptable minimum level in the existing distribution networks where a huge amount of power dissipation occurred. A lot of power is remarkably dissipated in Yangon distribution system. Network reconfiguration method is employed for loss reduction and exhaustive search technique is also applied to achieve the minimal loss switching scheme. Network reconfiguration is performed by opening sectionalizing switches and closing tie switches of the network for loss reduction. The distribution network for existing and reconfiguration conditions are modelled and simulated by Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) 7.5 version software. The proposed method is tested on 83-Bus and 74-Bus radial distribution system in Yangon city since it is long-length, overloaded lines and high level of power dissipation is occurred in this system. According to simulation results of load flow analysis, voltage profile enhancement, power loss reduction and cost saving for proposed system are revealed in this paper.
Keywords — exhaustive search technique, loss reduction, load flow analysis, cost saving
.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdf
Optimum performances of ramallah
1. Page | 1
I thankour guideALLAH for giving me the opportunity to study at An-Najah
University and I thank my family for supporting me in every moment
whether it was bad or good.
I also admit the hard work that have been done from my supervisor and
every doctor that I had the owner to study between their hands specially
doctor Maher Khammash and I hope to pay bake the favor for all of you,
whether in my work or in my country or even in any other country ,thankyou
all.
2. Page | 2
This report was written by student at the Electrical Engineering Department,
Faculty of Engineering, An-Najah National University. It has not been altered or
corrected. Other than editorial corrections, as a result of assessment and it may
contain languageas well as content errors. The views expressed in it together with
any outcomes and recommendations are solely those of the students. An-Najah
National University accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of
this report being used for a purpose other than the purpose for which it was
commissioned.
3. Page | 3
List of Contents
List of contents ………………………………………………….………….…… 1
List of figures ……………………………………………………………..…… 2
List of tables ……………………………………………………….........….... 3
Abstract …………………………………………………………..…….…… 4
The one-line diagram …………………………………………….………..….…. 5
1.1 General introduction …………………………………………..………….…..8
1.2 Description of Ramallah network ………………………………………….….9
1.3 Substation ………………………………………………………….……….…10
1.4 Elements of network ……………………………………………..……….….. 11
1.5 Load categories ……………………………………………………..…….….. 12
1.6 Introduction to power system protection …………………………..……….… 12
1.7 Constrains ……………………………………………………….……………. 16
1.8 Standard /Code …………………………………………………………….…. 16
1.9 Methodology …………………………………………………………………..17
2.1 Analysis of maximum condition …………………………….……………….. 18
2.2 Maximum improved condition ……………………………..………………… 22
2.3 Maximum condition results …………………………..…………..……….…..26
3.1 Analysis of minimum condition ………………………………….…………...28
3.2 Minimum improved condition ………………………………………..……….32
3.3 Minimum condition results ………….………….…………………...………..36
4. Power system protection calculation..……………….……………………..…..38
5. Economical study ….………………….…………………………….….……….45
Conclusion and recommendation ………………………………………………….47
Appendix …………………………………………………………………………..48
4. Page | 4
List of Figures
Fig “1.0” : one line diagram …………………………………………………7
Fig “2.1”: Singel ,deer Jreer and biteen substation ………………………….18
Fig “2.2”: Tahounah ,Ramallah north substation ……………………………19
Fig “2.3”: Silvana ,Ramallah city and Kharbatha station ……………………19
Fig “2.4”: Al-moalmeen substation ………………………………………….20
Fig “2.5”: Nabi-Saleh substation …………………………………………….21
Fig “2.6”: Atarot main con. point ……………………………………………21
Fig “2.7”: improved Singel, deer Jreer and biteen sub. ………………………22
Fig “2.8”: imp. Tahounah, Ramallah north sub. ……………………………..23
Fig “2.9”: imp. Atarot main con. point ……………………………………….23
Fig “2.10”: imp. Silvana, Ramallah city sub. ………………………………...24
Fig “2.11”: imp. Moalmeen sub. ……………………………………………..25
Fig “2.12”: imp. Nabi-Saleh sub. …………………………………………..…25
Fig “3.1”: Singel ,deer Jreer and biteen substation ………………………….28
Fig “3.2”: Tahounah ,Ramallah north substation ……………………………29
Fig “3.3”: Silvana ,Ramallah city and Kharbatha station ……………………29
Fig “3.4”: Al-moalmeen substation ………………………………………….30
Fig “3.5”: Nabi-Saleh substation …………………………………………….30
Fig “3.6”: Atarot main con. point ……………………………………………31
Fig “3.7”: improved Singel, deer Jreer and biteen sub. ………………………32
Fig “3.8”: imp. Tahounah, Ramallah north sub. ……………………………..33
Fig “3.9”: imp. Atarot main con. point ……………………………………….33
Fig “3.10”: imp. Silvana, Ramallah city sub. ………………………………...34
Fig “3.11”: imp. Moalmeen sub. ……………………………………………..35
Fig “3.12”: imp. Nabi-Saleh sub. …………………………………………..…35
Fig “4.1”: Nabi-Saleh Tr-r. before protection …………………………………39
Fig “4.2”: Nabi-Saleh Tr-r. after protection …………………………………..41
Fig “4.3”: Moalmeen sub. before protection ………………………………….42
Fig “4.4”: Moalmeen sub. after protection ……………………………………44
5. Page | 5
List of Tables
Table “1.1”: Rating of power transformers …………………………….…..11
Table “1.2”: Load category …………………………………………….…..12
Table “2.1”: The voltages before and after imp. the max cond. …………….26
Table “2.2”: The power factor before and after imp the max …………...…27
Table “2.3”: The total demand and losses for max cond. ……….……….…27
Table “3.1”: The voltages before and after imp. the max cond. …..…...…..36
Table “3.2”: The power factor before and after imp the max ……….…..…37
Table “3.3”: The total demand and losses for max cond. …………….……37
6. Page | 6
Abstract
The important aspects to be covered in this project are preparing the initial data for Ramallah &
Al-Bireh Governoratenetwork and subject to a load flow study using modern software like ETAP
to improve the voltage level and reduce the electrical losses in the network by improving the
power factor and increase the reliability of the network and deals with the protection of network.
The objectives of the project are:
To be familiar with Ramallah & Al-Bireh Governoratenetwork.
To improve the voltage level and decrease the real power losses.
To get an economic benefits.
To increase the reliability of the network.
To keep the network protected and stable by isolating only the components those are
under fault.
In order to do these objectives these method will be followed:
Built the line diagram for ETAP program.
Collect the data for the network including all parameters.
Load flow analysis and study for network under (max. min. and fault condition).
Voltage control of the network by using T.F and reactive power sources.
Increase the capability of the transformer and transmission line.
Using the protective relay or circuit breaker or by using the batteries to keep the network
stable and under protection.
The idea of this project is known but its applied with different way by using modern software’s
and solving some real practical problems from which this network suffer by the cooperation
‘’Jerusalem District Electricity Company –‘JDECO’ which gives us the help we need to take any
decision to develop the network.
8. Page | 8
1.1 Introduction
In power engineering, the power flow study, also known as load-flow study, is an important
tool involving numerical analysis applied to a power system. A power flow study usually uses
simplified notation such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system, and focuses on various forms
of AC power (i.e.: voltages, voltage angles, real power and reactive power). It analyzes the
power systems in normal steady-state operation. A number of software implementations of
power flow studies exist.
In addition to a power flow study, sometimes called the base case, many software
implementations perform other types of analysis, such as short-circuit fault analysis, stability
studies (transient & steady-state), unit commitment and economic load dispatch analysis. In
particular, some programs use linear programming to find the optimal power flow, the conditions
which give the lowest cost per kilo watt hour delivered.
Power flow or load-flow studies are important for planning future expansion of power
systems as well as in determining the best operation of existing systems. The principal
information obtained from the power flow study is the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage
at each bus, and the real and reactive power flowing in each line.
Commercial power systems are usually too large to allow for hand solution of the power
flow. Special purpose network analyzers were built between 1929 and the early 1960s to provide
laboratory models of power systems; large-scale digital computers replaced the analog methods.
The Power system is complicated electrical networks used to supply, transmit, and use electrical
energy. The networks that supply’s towns containing houses hospitals industrial region called the
GRID. The grid contains generators that supply the power, the transmission system that carries
the power from the generating centers to the load centers and the distribution system that feeds
the power to nearby homes and industries. The majority of these systems rely upon three-phase
AC power - the standard for large-scale power transmission and distribution across the modern
world. Specialized power systems that do not always rely upon three-phase AC power are found
in aircraft, electric rail systems, ocean liners and automobiles.
9. Page | 9
1.2 Description of Ramallah network
About Al-Quds electricalcompany
Covering the concession area company is currently approximately 25% of the West Bank and the
equivalent of 366 square kilometers distributed as follows:
Jerusalemarea
47 villages and covers an area of 82 square kilometers (not including, of course, Jerusalem was
occupied in 1948)
Ramallah area: of the 72 villages and covers an area of 174 square kilometers.
The Bethlehem area: of the 43 villages, town and covers an area of 80 square kilometers. Jericho
area: of the 7 places and covers an area of 30 square kilometers.
The central station is located in Shu'fath about 2 km from the status of Jerusalem and built in
1956 on an area of 15639 square meters, was officially inaugurated in 17/8/1959.
The sub-stations at the basic constructionwere:
Station Bethlehem / Pincushion
Issuing the Ramallah / transmission
Main offices in Jerusalem
Jericho station
In 18/6/1985 the company took a land leased from the municipality of Jerusalem area 5000 m2
the value of 12500 thousand shekels annually has tried to abolish the municipal lease contract
from one party to that agreement was reached in the end to the rent increase to 15 thousand
dollars a year, the company used a piece of land in question as a repository of the pillars of iron,
wood and electrical cables a result of the steady expansion witnessed by the company.
10. Page | 10
1.3 Substations
We have in Ramallah network 14 main substations that feed the city as follow
Silvana which has two transformers (3311) KV of 15 MVA Capacity.
Al Terah which has one transformer (3311) KV of 10 MVA Capacity.
Ramallah north which has two transformers (3311) KV of 15 MVA and 10 MVA
Capacity.
Biteen west which has one transformer (3311) KV of 15 MVA Capacity.
Biteen central which has one transformer (336.6) KV of 3 MVA Capacity.
Ras Al Tahounah which has one transformer (3311) KV of 10 MVA Capacity.
Dar Al Moalmeen which has two transformers (3311) KV of 10 MVA and 15 MVA
Capacity.
Singel which has one transformer (3311) KV of 10 MVA Capacity.
Deer Jreer which has one transformer (3311) KV of 5 MVA Capacity.
Silwad which has one transformer (3311) KV of 3 MVA Capacity.
Al-Rehan which has one transformer (3311) KV of 5 MVA Capacity.
Kharbatha which has one transformer (3311) KV of 15 MVA Capacity.
Nabi-Saleh which has one transformer (3311) KV of 15 MVA Capacity.
Tri-fitness which has two transformers (3311) KV of 10 MVA and 15 MVA Capacity.
There is transmission lines between the main buses is 33 KV, the network is ring configuration,
all Ramallah loads take power from these buses
These buses feed from 7 feeders as follows:
Pereg has 20 MVA Capacity.
Ofar has 20 MVA Capacity.
Ramallah 20 MVA Capacity.
Rama1 20 MVA Capacitiy.
Al Ram 20 MVA Capacity.
Nabi-Saleh 10 MVA Capacity.
Qalandia 20 MVA Capacity.
These feeders come from the main connections point with the Israelis electric company.
11. Page | 11
1.4 Elements of the network
I. Transformers
The high voltage transformers on the main substations (33KV/11KV)
MVA # of transformers Total capacity(MVA)
15 8 120
10 6 60
5 1 5
3(33KV/6.6KV) 2 6
Total 18 191
TABLE -1.1- (Ratings of power transformers)
All transformers has tap changer with load= ±10%
II. Transmissionlines
33KV transmission
Overhead transmission lines ACSR (3X120+1X50) mm
Underground CABLE COPPER XLPE single core 150mm
11KV transmission
Overhead transmission lines ACSR (3X50+1X50) mm
Underground CABLE COPPER XLPE (3X95 +1X50) mm
12. Page | 12
1.5 Load categories
The nature of the loads in Ramallah city varies between residential, commercial, industry, water
pumps and light streets, and the following table shows each category and it’s percentage from the
total consumption.
Table1.2 Load category and its percentage consumption from total consumption
1.6 Power-system protection
is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals with the protection of electrical power
systems from faults through the isolation of faulted parts from the rest of the electrical network.
The objective of a protection scheme is to keep the power system stable by isolating only the
components that are under fault, whilst leaving as much of the network as possible still in
operation. Thus, protection schemes must apply a very pragmatic and pessimistic approach to
clearing system faults. For this reason, the technology and philosophies utilized in protection
schemes can often be old and well-established because they must be very reliable.
Components
Protection systems usually comprise five components:
Current and voltage transformers to step down the high voltages and currents of the
electrical power system to convenient levels for the relays to deal with;
Protective relays to sense the fault and initiate a trip, or disconnection, order;
Circuit breakers to open/close the system based on relay commands;
Batteries to provide power in case of power disconnection in the system.
Alarm signals and control wires.
Type of sector Percentage
Residential sector (60 – 65)%
Industrial sector (15 – 18) %
Commercial sector (10 – 12)%
Water pumping 5%
Street lighting (3 – 4)%
13. Page | 13
For parts of a distribution system, fuses are capable of both sensing and disconnecting
faults.
Failures may occur in each part, such as insulation failure, fallen or broken transmission
lines, incorrect operation of circuit breakers, short circuits and open circuits. Protection
devices are installed with the aims of protection of assets, and ensure continued supply of
energy.
Switchgear is a combination of electrical disconnects switches, fuses or circuit breakers used
to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment. Switches are safe to open under normal
load current, while protective devices are safe to open under fault current.
Protective device
A protective relay for distribution networks
Protective relays control the tripping of the circuit breakers surrounding the faulted part
of the network
Automatic operation, such as auto-reclosing or system restart
Monitoring equipment which collects data on the system for post event analysis
While the operating quality of these devices, and especially of protective relays, is always
critical, different strategies are considered for protecting the different parts of the system. Very
important equipment may have completely redundant and independent protective systems, while
a minor branch distribution line may have very simple low-cost protection.
There are three parts of protective devices:
Instrument transformer: current or potential (CT or VT)
Relay
Circuit breaker
Advantages of protected devices with these three basic components include safety, economy, and
accuracy.
Safety: Instrument transformers create electrical isolation from the power system,
and thus establishing a safer environment for personnel working with the relays.
Economy: Relays are able to be simpler, smaller, and cheaper given lower-level
relay inputs.
Accuracy: Power system voltages and currents are accurately reproduced by
instrument transformers over large operating ranges.
14. Page | 14
Classificationofthe relay
* Principle of operation
* Nature of the relay
* Tome of operation
* Kind of contacts
Types of protection
Generator sets – In a power plant, the protective relays are intended to prevent damage to
alternators or to the transformers in case of abnormal conditions of operation, due to internal
failures, as well as insulating failures or regulation malfunctions. Such failures are unusual, so
the protective relays have to operate very rarely. If a protective relay fails to detect a fault, the
resulting damage to the alternator or to the transformer:
Damage to the alternator or to the transformer might require costly equipment repairs or
replacement, as well as income loss from the inability to produce and sell energy.
High-voltage transmission network – Protection on the transmission and distribution
serves two functions: Protection of plant and protection of the public (including
employees). At a basic level, protection looks to disconnect equipment which experience
an overload or a short to earth. Some items in substations such as transformers might
require additional protection based on temperature or gas pressure, among others.
Overload and back-up for distance (overcurrent) – Overload protection requires a current
transformer which simply measures the current in a circuit. There are two types of
overload protection: instantaneous overcurrent and time overcurrent (TOC).
Instantaneous overcurrent requires that the current exceeds a predetermined level for the
circuit breaker to operate. TOC protection operates based on a current vs time curve.
Based on this curve if the measured current exceeds a given level for the preset amount of
time, the circuit breaker or fuse will operate.
Earth fault ("ground fault" in the United States) – Earth fault protection again requires
current transformers and senses an imbalance in a three-phase circuit. Normally the three
phase currents are in balance, i.e. roughly equal in magnitude. If one or two phases
become connected to earth via a low impedance path, their magnitudes will increase
dramatically, as will current imbalance. If this imbalance exceeds a pre-determined value,
a circuit breaker should operate. Restricted earth fault protection is a type of earth fault
protection which looks for earth fault between two sets current transformers[4] (hence
restricted to that zone).
15. Page | 15
Distance (impedance relay)– Distance protection detects both voltage and current. A fault
on a circuit will generally create a sag in the voltage level. If the ratio of voltage to
current measured at the relay terminals, which equates to impedance, lands within a
predetermined level the circuit breaker will operate. This is useful for reasonable length
lines, lines longer than 10 miles, because its operating characteristics are based on the
line characteristics
Back-up – The objective of protection is to remove only the affected portion of plant and
nothing else. A circuit breaker or protection relay may fail to operate. In important
systems, a failure of primary protection will usually result in the operation of back-up
protection. Remote back-up protection will generally remove both the affected and
unaffected items of plant to clear the fault. Local back-up protection will remove the
affected items of the plant to clear the fault.
Low-voltage networks – The low-voltage network generally relies upon fuses or low-
voltage circuit breakers to remove both overload and earth faults.
Performance measures
Protection engineers define dependability as the tendency of the protection system to operate
correctly for in-zone faults. They define security as the tendency not to operate for out-of-zone
faults. Both dependability and security are reliability issues. Fault tree analysis is one tool with
which a protection engineer can compare the relative reliability of proposed protection schemes.
Quantifying protection reliability is important for making the best decisions on improving a
protection system, managing dependability versus security tradeoffs, and getting the best results
for the least money. A quantitative understanding is essential in the competitive utility industry.
[8][9]
Performance and design criteria for system-protection devices include reliability, selectivity,
speed, cost, and simplicity.[10]
Reliability: Devices must function consistently when fault conditions occur, regardless of
possibly being idle for months or years. Without this reliability, systems may result in
high costly damages.
Selectivity: Devices must avoid unwarranted, false trips.
Speed: Devices must function quickly to reduce equipment damage and fault duration,
with only very precise intentional time delays.
Economy: Devices must provide maximum protection at minimum cost.
Simplicity: Devices must minimize protection circuitry and equipment.
Our project aims to make Ramallah’s network more reliable by increasing the power factor and
the voltage levels to reduce the losses and the penalty which comes from the low power factor.
16. Page | 16
1.7 Constrains
In our project we faced many constrains such as:
No one line diagram for the net work so we had to built the net work by our self using the
Excel which we were given.
The cost of the capacitor bank we were not be capable to be a wear.
A lot of time and hard work were needed.
Geographical problems.
Political problems.
The company use IEC standard.
We faced a lot of problem with the cables.
1.8 Standard/ Code:
In this project we used the International Electrotechnical Commission “IEC” just like the
company used it, IEC standards cover a vast range of technologies from power generation,
transmission and distribution to home appliances and office equipment, semiconductors, fiber
optics, batteries, solar energy, nanotechnology and marine energy as well as many others. The
IEC also manages three global conformity assessment systems that certify whether equipment,
system or components conform to its International Standards.
IEC standards have numbers in the range 60000–79999 and their titles take a form such as IEC
60417: Graphical symbols for use on equipment. The numbers of older IEC standards were
converted in 1997 by adding 60000, for example IEC 27 became IEC 60027.
17. Page | 17
1.9 Methodology
We start our project by building the on line diagram of the network that we analyzed it on its
max. And min. Conditions, after that we improved these conditions using:
Increasing the swing bus voltage by 10%.
Increasing the tern’s ratio of the transformer by 5%.
Adding capacitor banks.
To increase the power factor and the voltage levels to reduce the power losses.
In the maximum load stage we fill the network component as like in the real-time then we
analyzed the network -by using the power programs- the voltages in the buses and the losses of
the active and reactive power in the network and the power factor in each bus.
In the minimum load stage, the load will decrease by 65% from the maximum load so the
voltage will decrease from the nominal value in the small ratio we can improve it by increasing
the swing bus voltage in some cases we need a capacitor bank.
Then we mad protection system for a few elements to increase the reliability of the network.
Then we made an economical study in order to decide whether our decision well fit or not.
18. Page | 18
2.1 Analysis Maximum Condition
After first run on ETAP, the network condition was as the following figures and tables.
Singel, Deer-Jreer, Silwad and Biteen substations.
` Fig 2.1
19. Page | 19
Tahounah, Ramallah North and Terah substations.
Fig 2.2
Silvana, Ramallah City and Kharbatha substations.
Fig 2.3
22. Page | 22
2.2 Improving Maximum Condition
After improved on ETAP, the network condition was as the following figures and table.
Singel, Deer-Jreer, Silwad and Biteen substations.
Fig 2.7
23. Page | 23
Tahounah, Ramallah North and Terah substation
Fig 2.8
Atarot main connection point.
Fig 2.9
26. Page | 26
2.3 Maximum Condition Results
Table 2.1: The voltages before and after improved of Maximum condition.
Bus Name Before After
Rated Voltage (KV) Voltage (KV)
Al-Moalmeen 33.0 31.42 33.18
Al-Ram 33.0 32.61 34.22
Al-Rehan 33.0 30.85 32.72
Biteen 6.6 6.60 6.51 6.90
Biteen central 33.0 32.76 34.45
Biteen west 33.0 31.90 33.66
Bus5 11.0 10.32 11.03
Bus6 33.0 32.54 34.19
DeerJreer 33.0 34.29 35.49
Grand 11 11.0 10.53 11.18
Jreer 11 11.0 11.22 11.75
Kharbatha 11 11.0 10.51 11.21
Kharbatha 33.0 32.34 34.08
Rehan 11 11.0 10.19 10.89
Moalmeen 11 11.0 10.24 10.96
Nabi-Saleh 11.0 10.73 11.39
Qalandia 33.0 32.89 34.56
Ramallah 11 11.0 10.24 11.00
Ramallah City 33.0 32.44 34.10
Ramallah North 33.0 31.50 33.33
Singel 11 11.0 11.56 11.80
Silwad 11 11.0 11.14 11.69
Silvana 33.0 32.44 34.08
Silvana 11 11.0 10.53 11.19
Silwad 33.0 33.70 35.08
single 33.0 35.41 35.83
Tahona11 11.0 10.25 11.08
Al-Tahounah 33.0 31.55 33.46
Terah11 11.0 10.45 11.06
Al-Terah 33.0 31.99 33.64
Tri-fitness 33.0 30.77 32.59
Tri-load 11.0 9.98 10.73
27. Page | 27
Here are a few numbers of power factors that we have chosen and for more information you can
see at the end of reports.
Table 2.2: The power factor state before and after improving.
Bus name Before P.F (lagging) % After P.F (lagging)%
Silwad 89.2 94.8
Biteen west 88.0 93.6
Singel 87.4 97.5
Jreer 83.7 94.1
moalmeen 83.4 94.7
Ramallah city 89.4 93.0
Nabi-Saleh 88.1 92.1
Ramallah North 89.8 96.0
Tahounah 87.7 93.8
Tri-fitness 89.8 95.7
Terah 88.5 92.3
Qalandia 87.7 94.0
Silvana 88.9 91.9
AL-Ram 88.7 94.5
Table 2.3: The total demand and losses for maximum cond. before and after imp.
Before After
Total demand (MW) 113.9 121.91
Total demand (MVAr) 62.01 45.76
Total demand (MVA) 129.68 130.21
P.F % 87.8 lagging 93.6 lagging
Apparent losses (MW) 4.808 3.55
28. Page | 28
3.1 Analysis Minimum condition
After first run on ETAP, the network condition was as the following figures and tables.
Singel, Deer-Jreer, Silwad and Biteen substations.
Fig 3.1
29. Page | 29
Tahounah, Ramallah North and Terah substations.
Fig 3.2
Silvana, Ramallah City, AL-Ram con. and Kharbatha substations.
Fig 3.3
32. Page | 32
3.2 Improving Minimum Condition
After improved on ETAP, the network condition was as the following figures and table.
Singel, Deer-Jreer, Silwad and Biteen substations.
Fig 3.7
33. Page | 33
Tahounah, Ramallah North and Terah substation
Fig 3.8
Atarot main connection point.
fig 3.9
34. Page | 34
Silvana, Ramallah City, AL-Ram con. and Kharbatha substations.
Fig 3.10
36. Page | 36
3.3 Minimum Condition Results
Table 3.1: The voltages before and after improved for minimum condition
Bus Name Before After
Rated Voltage (KV) Voltage (KV)
Al-Moalmeen 33.0 32.06 33.72
Al-Ram 33.0 32.77 34.42
Al-Rehan 33.0 31.68 33.29
Biteen 6.6 6.6 6.59 6.88
Biteen central 33.0 33.0 34.34
Biteen west 33.0 32.45 33.87
Bus5 11.0 10.6 11.21
Bus6 33.0 32.87 34.30
Deer Jreer 33.0 35.06 34.89
Grand 11 11.0 10.72 11.32
Jreer 11 11.0 11.54 11.62
Kharbatha 11 11.0 10.73 11.32
Kharbatha 33.0 32.74 34.17
Rehan 11 11.0 10.5 11.11
Moalmeen 11 11.0 10.56 11.17
Nabi-Saleh 11.0 10.82 11.47
Qalandia 33.0 32.93 34.58
Ramallah 11 11.0 10.53 11.42
Ramallah City 33.0 32.72 34.25
Ramallah North 33.0 32.11 33.69
Singel 11 11.0 12.01 11.59
Silwad 11 11.0 11.38 11.60
Silvana 33.0 32.72 34.24
Silvana 11 11.0 10.72 11.32
Silwad 33.0 34.32 34.74
single 33.0 36.52 35.17
Tahona11 11.0 10.54 11.18
Al-Tahounah 33.0 32.14 33.79
Terah11 11.0 10.67 11.22
Al-Terah 33.0 32.42 33.85
Tri-fitness 33.0 31.49 33.10
Tri-load 11.0 10.31 10.93
37. Page | 37
Here are a few numbers of power factors that we have chosen and for more information you can
see at the end of reports
Table 3.2: The power factor state before and after improving.
Bus name Before (lagging) After(lagging)
Silwad 88.6 94.2
Biteen west 88.5 94.2
Singel 87.4 95.6
Jreer 84.1 94.4
moalmeen 74.3 91.5
Ramallah city 89.1 93.4
Nabi-Saleh 88.7 94.1
Ramallah North 89.8 94.8
Tahounah 89.0 95.2
Tri-fitness 89.8 94.1
Terah 89.0 92.4
Qalandia 88.7 92.4
Silvana 91.0 92.3
ram 90.0 93.0
Table 3.3: The total demand and losses for minimum cond. before and after imp.
Before After
Total demand (MW) 77.0 82.37
Total demand (MVAr) 40.5 31.76
Total demand (MVA) 86.98 88.28
P.F % 88.5 lagging 93.3 lagging
Apparent losses (MW) 2.63 1.72
38. Page | 38
4. Powers-System Protection
Power transformer protection
The faults that might happen on the transformer:
Short circuit on transformer windings
Phase to phase
Over load
Protection that might be used in the transformer:
Differential protection to protect the transformer from phase to phase fault.
Bucholz protection for inter turn faults.
Thermal protection for over load.
Erath fault protection from phase to ground faults.
Short circuit to protect at internal faults.
For the power transformer we made the differential protection on three transformers the equation
were used to calculate the value of the circuit breakers
IC.B>= K*I max load
VC.B>=System
I breaking>=K*IS.C
Note:
K=factor of safety
Isc=sort circuit current.
39. Page | 39
The first transformer is at al Nabi-Saleh connection point the transformer changes from
(33-11)KV
Fig 4.1
Circuit breaker calculation:
Fault (1) before the transformer
Imax=123 A
Sbase= 7.5Mva
G imp= .1 pu
Vbase= 33Jv
TL length= 3km
Ztl= .65 ohm/km
40. Page | 40
TR imp= 0.07
Ibase=(Sbase)/(V*sqrt(3))= 131.2 A
Zbase=(V^2)/Sbase= 145.2 ohm
Ztl=(.65*3km)/145.2= .013 pu
Zeq=.1+.013= .113 pu
Isc=1/.113= 8.85 pu
Isc=8.85*131.2= 1160 A
Icb=K*Imax=1.2*123=148 A
Vcb>=Vsys
Ibc=1.2*Isc=1.2*1160=1392 A
Fault(2) after the transformer
Same condition but
Imax= 369 A
Vbase= 11 Kv
Xtr=.07*(sbase/snom)
=0.07*(7.5/15)= 0.035
Zeq=.035+.013=.148 pu
Ibase=Sbase/v*sqrt(3)= 394 A
Isc=1/.148= 6.8 pu
Isc=6.8*394=2662 A
Icb=1.2*Imax=1.2*369= 443 A
Ibc=1.2*Isc=1.2*2662=3195 A
41. Page | 41
Fig 4.2
The transformer after adding the CB
42. Page | 42
The secondcalculationfor al moalmeen transformers
Fig 4.3
Fault (1) before transformer T8& fault (2) before T4
43. Page | 43
Calculation:
Same ways as we did in anabi saleh unit the only difference is that we have double transmission
line.
I base=S/(V*sqrt(3))=927 A
Z base=V^2/S=20.5 ohm
Zeq=.43 pu
I sc=1/.43 =2.23
I sc1=I sc2=2.32*927=2156 A
I cb 1=1.2* Imax=1.2*64=77 A
I cb 2=1.2*96=115 A
I bc 1=1.2*2156=2587 A
I bc 2=1.2*2156= 2587 A
* Fault (3) after T_15 MVA:
Same calculation but different in Z eq.
Z eq = .43+(.07*10/53)= .443
I sc= 1/.443= 2.26
I base= 53/11*sqrt(3)=2782
I sc= 2.26*2782=6288 A
I cb= 1.2* Imax=1.2*288=346
I bc= 1.2* Isc =7545
*Fault after T_10Mva
Z eq = .43+(.07*15/53)= .45
I sc= 1/.45= 2.22
44. Page | 44
I base= 53/11*sqrt(3)=2782
I sc= 2.22*2782=6176 A
I cb= 1.2* Imax=1.2*192= 230 A
I bc= 1.2* Isc =1.2*6176= 7411 A
Fig 4.4
45. Page | 45
5. Economicalstudy
In the economic study do it to know how our design of improving the network is economic
feasible and to know how long the payback period of our design.
The payback period method compares the losses power before improvement with the cost of the
capacitors we used to improve the condition.
The following calculation illustrates an economical study in four conditions after improvement.
Saving in penalties:
- P max=122 MW.
- P min=82 MW
- Losses before improvement=4.8 MW
- Losses after improvement=3.5 MW
- P.F before improvement=87.8
- P.F after improvement=93.6
- P av=( P min+ P max)/2= 102 MW.
- Total energy per year=P av*8760= 893520 MWH.
- Total cost per year=Total energy*cost(NIS/KWH)
= 893520*0.5
= 446760000 NIS/year.
- Saving in penalties of P.F= 0.01*(.93-0.87.8)*Total cost of energy
= 26805.6 NIS/year.
Saving in losses:
-Average losses before improvement =3.72MW.
- Energy of the losses before improvement=3.72*8760=32543.4 MWH.
46. Page | 46
- Cost of losses before improvement= 32543400*0.5=16271700 NIS/year.
- Average losses after improvement =2.63MW
- Energy of the losses after improvement=2.63*8760=23083MWH.
- Cost of losses after improvement=32083000*0.5=11541300 NIS/year.
- Saving in losses= cost of losses before –cost of losses after
= 16271700-11541300= 4730400 NIS/year.
Simple Pay Back Period:
- Total fixed capacitor banks using in maximum case=10.45MVaR.
- Cost per KVAR= 3JD=15NIS.
- Total regulated capacitor banks using in maximum case=9MVAR.
- Cost per KVAR= 15JD=75NIS.
- Total cost of capacitor banks= (75*9000) + (10450*15) =831750 NIS.
- Total saving=saving in losses +saving in penalties
= 4757205NIS.
- S.P.B.P=Investment /Saving
= 4757205/831750= 5.7 years.
47. Page | 47
Conclusion:
In maximum condition we improved the power factor more than 92%, in order of that
the bills are reduced.
The voltages for all busses are increased above the nominal.
The power losses are reduced.
Tow stations are protected by using C.B.
When the power losses are reduced we saved about 115 M NIS.
We added C.B fixed and regulated and the payback period is 5.7 years.
Recommendations:
I noticed that the cables are replaced with transmission lines so we misses the chance to get a
leading power factor.
Also we have to raise the power incoming from connection points to enhance the reliability.
At the end I hope the companies we deal with them gets less formally when sharing information
with us, also takes our improved networks in serious, that can happen when we see our project
applied on the ground.
Trust Palestinianengineersbecause weare the future..