What is influenza ,ethology ,types ,presentations signs and symptoms ,epidemic influenza ,laboratory investigations , management , the WHO guidelines in dealing with cases and contact
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Measles. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
#Rubella #German measles
Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians, Friedrich Hoffmann, in the mid-eighteenth century.
What is influenza ,ethology ,types ,presentations signs and symptoms ,epidemic influenza ,laboratory investigations , management , the WHO guidelines in dealing with cases and contact
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Measles. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
#Rubella #German measles
Rubella is also known as German measles because the disease was first described by German physicians, Friedrich Hoffmann, in the mid-eighteenth century.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Diptheria. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection.
It is exanthematous disease with fewer, cough, coryza (rhinitis) and conjunctivitis.
Before the widespread use of measles vaccines, it was estimated that measles caused between 5 million and 8 million deaths worldwide each year.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Diptheria. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Measles is a highly contagious viral infection.
It is exanthematous disease with fewer, cough, coryza (rhinitis) and conjunctivitis.
Before the widespread use of measles vaccines, it was estimated that measles caused between 5 million and 8 million deaths worldwide each year.
Vaccines What is Vaccine? What are the different types of vaccines?Maneesha M Joseph
What is Vaccine Malayalam What are the different types of vaccines?#Malayalam Lecture class #vaccine
VACCINES
A vaccine is a medical preparation given to provide immunity from a disease.
Vaccines use a variety of different substances ranging from dead microorganisms to genetically engineered antigens to defend the body against potentially harmful microorganisms.
Effective vaccines change the immune system by promoting the development of antibodies that can quickly and effectively attack disease-causing microorganisms when it enters the body, preventing disease development.
A vaccine may contain live-attenuated or killed microorganisms or parts or products from them capable of stimulating a specific immune response comprised of protective antibodies and T cell immunity.
A vaccine should stimulate a sufficient number of memory T and B lymphocytes to yield effector T cells and antibody-producing B cells from memory cells.
The viral vaccines should also be able to stimulate high titers of neutralizing antibodies.
Injection of a vaccine into a nonimmune subject induces active immunity against the modified pathogens.
Vaccination is immunization against infectious disease through the administration of vaccines for the production of active (protective) immunity in humans or other animals
There are 4 main types of vaccines:
Live Attenuated vaccines (LAV)
Inactivated vaccines (Killed Antigen)
Subunit and Conjugate Vaccines (Purified Antigen)
Toxoid vaccines (Inactivated Toxins)
1. Live attenuated (LAV)
Tuberculosis (BCG), Oral polio vaccine (OPV), Measles, Rotavirus, Yellow fever
2. Inactivated (killed antigen)
Whole-cell pertussis (wP), Inactivated polio virus (IPV)
3. Subunit (purified antigen)
Acellular pertussis (aP),
Haemophilus inuenzae type b (Hib), Pneumococcal (PCV-7, PCV-10, PCV-13), Hepatitis B (HepB)
4. Toxoid (inactivated toxins)
Tetanus toxoid (TT), Diphtheria toxoid
Vaccines teach the immune system to fight off disease by helping it learn what a pathogen looks like. What kinds of vaccines are out there, and how do they differ from one another?
Vaccines and the Immune Response: How Vaccines Work
This animation provides an overview of vaccines and the immune response, and how influenza vaccines work. Influenza vaccines are able to trigger an immune response by mimicking viral infection. They are usually manufactured using inactivated or killed virus particles taken from various circulating influenza strains.
Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Bacterial Growth Curve microbiology | Log phase lag phase stationary phase in microbial growth
bacterial growth curve microbiology
In this video, I will be discussing what the bacterial growth curve reflects, different phases & their significance.
Bacterial growth curve and microbial growth kinetics - This microbiology lecture is going to teach you about the bacterial growth curve and the microbial growth kinetics. The microbial growth curve consists of 4 phases.
Lag phase of the growth curve, Log phase of the bacterial growth curve which is also known as the exponential growth phase and the stationary phase of bacterial growth curve where the bacterial growth is about to stop. The last phase of microbial growth curve is the death phase where the cell death is complete and the bacterial population starts declining.
Stay tuned to know more about the bacterial growth curve microbiology.
Thank you for watching the video lecture on microbial growth curve microbiology.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks...
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Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
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#Mallu
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Bacterial Growth Curve
ACTINOMYCES - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis & Treatment #Actinomycosis
Actinomyces are a Gram-positive anaerobic type of bacteria. At one time, due to their fungus-like branched network of hyphae, they were assumed to be a type of fungus. They play an important role in soil ecology by producing enzymes that help degrade organic plant materials.
The bacteria are known for causing disease in humans and animals and are one of most common causes of infections following dental procedures as the bacteria can be found in the nose and throat of many people. The infectious bacterial disease caused by Actinomyces species is known as actinomycosis.
Actinomycosis is a rare type of infectious bacterial disease. Unlike other infections, actinomycosis is able to move gradually and infiltrate the body's tissue, causing swelling and inflammation. Eventually there is tissue damage and scaring, pus-filled abscesses appear in the mouth, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract. Small holes leaking pus form in the affected tissue.
Actinomycosis is caused by a species of bacteria known as actinomyces, which live harmlessly in the lining of the mouth, throat, digestive system and women´s vagina. If the tissue-lining becomes damaged by injury or disease, the bacteria can penetrate deeper into the body - the actinomyces bacteria then thrive deep inside human tissue.
This bacterial disease is very rare in humans, but more common in farm animals. In cattle it is called lumpy jaw
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks...
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Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#ACTINOMYCES - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Pathology
# Actinomycosis
#Mallu
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#Biochemistry
#MalluMedicosLounge
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Parvovirus B19 - Causes, Symptoms, Pathology, Diagnosis, Treatment #Parvovirus B19
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks...
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Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Mallu
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WIDAL Test Microbiology - Principle, Procedure, Limitations, Results, QC #WidalTest
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks...
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Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#WidalTest
#Microbiology
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#Test Microbiology
Oxidase Test Microbiology - Principle, Procedure, Limitations, Results, QC - in lab #Oxidase Test
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks...
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Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
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#Oxidase Test
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Superficial Mycoses Mycology - Tinea Versicolor / Tinea Nigra/Piedra
For Downloading PDF note
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Qualification
AHLAD T O
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Superficial Mycoses Mycology microbiology
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Superficial Mycoses Mycology malayalam lecturer
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Tinea Versicolor
#Tinea Nigra
#Piedra
Methyl Red (MR) and Voges-Proskauer (VP) Test principle, Method, Interpretation & QC #MR & VP
Mallu Medicos Lounge
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Our Partner Channel
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Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
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Baby memorial college of allied Health science
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#Methyl Red Test
#Voges-Proskauer Test
#MRVP Procedure
#MRVP Tests
#MR-VP Tests
#VP (Voges Proskaeur) Test
#MR/VP Test
#Methyl red (MR) and Voges-Proskauer (VP)
#Methyl red test in Microbiology
#Medical
#Microbiology
#MR/VP Test malayalam lecturer
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
#MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
IMMUNE RESPONSE - Humoral Immune Response
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Qualification
AHLAD T O
MSc MLT (Biochemistry)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#IMMUNE RESPONSE microbiology
#Medical
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#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Gram-negative
#Enterobactericea
#Weil Felix Test
#Humoral Immune Response
#Humoral Immune Response Tutorial
What is Klebsiella? Klebsiella is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, which belongs to a family of bacteria called the Enterobacteriaceae.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Klebsiella
#Medical
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#Klebsiella pneumoniae
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Qalification
AHLAD T O
MSc MLT (Biochemistry)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Proteus microbiology
#Medical
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#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Gram-negative
#Enterobactericea
#Weil Felix Test
#PROTEUS - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
3. HISTORY
Smallpox is believed to originate as far back as 3,000 years ago in
India and Egypt
Rameses V is believed to have had smallpox, due to the spots on his
mummified corpse. In 1525, Inca Emperor Huanya Capac died from
smallpox.
Queen Elizabeth I was infected with smallpox, but survived.
Queen Mary II of England was not as fortunate, and died from the
disease.
In the 18th century, the city of Glasgow reported that 50% of the
children died before age 10, and of those, 40% died from smallpox.
4. In Europe, it was reported that 400,000 people died each year
from smallpox.
Because smallpox was so feared, it was used as a weapon of
war.
In 1763, during the French and Indian war, the British gave
blankets infected with the smallpox virus to the Native Americans.
In 1796, Edward Jenner discovered that people who had been
exposed to cowpox, developed immunity to smallpox.
Jenner used the thick pus from the cowpox virus and inoculated
the young man. Six weeks later, the boy was exposed to smallpox, but
did not become infected.
5. Even after the vaccine was discovered, there were problems with it
becoming contaminated. In 1861, children in Italy received a
vaccine that was contaminated with syphilis.
After several years of experimenting with ways to effectively
produce a non- contaminated vaccine, L.H. Collier discovered a way
to freeze dry the vaccine for commercial use.
World Health Organization (WHO) led an aggressive campaign to
rid the world of the disease.
In 1980, they declared that smallpox had been eradicated.
The last reported case of naturally occurring smallpox in the U.S.
was in 1949, and, World wide, in Somalia in 1977.
Today there are 2 laboratories that hold a stock of smallpox virus,
one in the U.S., and one in Russia.
6. Statue of Sopona the West African god
thought to inflict the disease.
Rameses V
7. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Smallpox is no more, due to aggressive vaccination campaign by
WHO.
It is believed that the virus began in rodents, and as prehistoric man
killed and ate the rodents, the virus was passed on to humans. Once
humans became the new host, there was no stopping the deadly viruses
spread of devastation.
This was due to the fact that around 9000 BC humans began to
cultivate crops and settle into much larger communities. With larger
groups, the virus could move from person to person without exhausting
its supply of hosts.
8. The rate of new infections of smallpox depended on the size of
the community.
The more people there were, the more the virus spread. In its
most destructive state, 90% of smallpox victims died.
9.
10. This transmission electron micrograph depicts a number of
smallpox virions. The "dumbbell-shaped" structure inside the
virion is the viral core, which contains the viral DNA;
Group: Group I (dsDNA)
Order: Unassigned
Family: Poxviridae
Subfamily: Chordopoxvirinae
Genus: Orthopoxvirus
Type species
Vaccinia virus
Species
Variola virus
VIRUS CLASSIFICATION
SMALL POX VIRUS
11.
12. CAUSATIVE AGENT
Smallpox is caused by 2 variations of the virus variola.
The deadliest form is Variola Major.
This is the largest animal virus visible with light microscope apear
as smooth rounded rectangles.
It is the only virus that do not need a cell’s nucleus to replicate and
are larger than some bacteria.
Variola Minor can leave large scars and can possibly cause
blindness.
Smallpox is a highly contagious disease with a long incubation
period, usually between 12-14 days.
13. The Variola virus is a member of the orthopoxvirus genus, which
also includes cowpox, camelpox, and monkeypox.
Smallpox is part of the poxviridae family, meaning it can infect both
vertebrates and invertebrates.
The virions of the virus are enveloped externally and internally.
The Variola virus produces a double strand DNA dependent RNA.
This dsDNA replicates at a lower rate than an RNA virus.
14. The RNA virus has the ability to edit out any mistakes during
polymerase replication, unlike DNA dependent viruses.
The smallpox virus is about 200-400 nanometers in size, and is
brick shaped.
The virus has 2 membranes ,The outer membrane is enveloped and
the inner membrane contains the double strand DNA dependent
RNA, along with multiple enzymes.
The dsDNA and the enzymes are used as the energy machinery in
the nucleic acid metabolism for the genome replication that occurs
in the cytoplasm. The genome is rather large in comparison to other
vital genomes, so reproducing in the lab is difficult.
The multiplication cycle starts by the virus binding to a host cycle
15. Once in the host cell, it will uncoat the exterior enveloped
virion, and then uncoats the inner enveloped virion.
Now that the inner enveloped virion is uncoated, the dsDNA
uncoils along with multiple viral enzymes.
This process starts the replication of the genome that occurs in
the cytoplasm.
This also makes smallpox unique in that replication usually
takes place in the nucleus, not the cytoplasm, since viruses
generally don’t have cytoplasm.
Once the DNA replicates to make a virion, the virion then
passes through the cell membrane and is enveloped
simultaneously and is then released to repeat the process.
16.
17. TRANSMISSION
Transmission occurs through inhalation of airborne variola virus,
usually droplets expressed from the oral,nasal,or pharyngeal mucosa of
an infected person.
It is transmitted from one person to another primarily through
prolonged face-to-face contact with an infected person, usually within a
distance of 6 feet (1.8 m).
Can also be spread through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or
contaminated objects (fomites) such as bedding or clothing.
18. Rarely, smallpox has been spread by virus carried in the air in
enclosed settings such as buildings, buses, and trains.
The virus can cross the placenta, but the incidence
of congenital smallpox is relatively low.
19. Ninety percent or more of smallpox cases among unvaccinated
persons are of the ordinary type. In this form of the disease, by the
second day of the rash the macules become raised papules.
By the third or fourth day the papules fill with an opalescent fluid
to become vesicles.
This fluid becomes opaque and turbid within 24–48 hours, giving
them the appearance of pustules; however, the so-called pustules are
filled with tissue debris, not pus.
Ordinary smallpox generally produces a discrete rash, in which
the pustules stand out on the skin separately.
CLASSIFICATION OF SMALL POX
1) ORDINARY
20. The distribution of the rash is densest on the face; denser on the
extremities than on the trunk. The palms of the hands and soles of the
feet are involved in the majority of cases
2) MALIGNANT
In malignant-type smallpox (also called flat smallpox) the lesions
remain almost flush with the skin at the time when raised vesicles form in
the ordinary type.
Malignant smallpox is accompanied by a severe prodromal phase that
lasts 3–4 days, prolonged high fever, and severe symptoms of toxemia.
The rash on the tongue and palate is extensive.
Skin lesions mature slowly and by the seventh or eighth day they are
flat and appear to be buried in the skin.
Unlike ordinary-type smallpox, the vesicles contain little fluid, are soft
and velvety to the touch, and may contain hemorrhages. Malignant
smallpox is nearly always fatal.
21. 3) HAEMORRHAGIC
Hemorrhagic smallpox is a severe form that is accompanied by
extensive bleeding into the skin, mucous membranes, and gastrointestinal
tract.
In hemorrhagic smallpox the skin does not blister, but remains smooth.
Instead, bleeding occurs under the skin, making it look charred and
black, hence this form of the disease is also known as black pox
In the early, or fulminating form, hemorrhaging appears on the second
or third day as sub-conjunctival bleeding turns the whites of the eyes
deep red.
Hemorrhagic smallpox also produces a dusky erythema, petechiae, and
hemorrhages in the spleen, kidney, serosa, muscle, and, rarely,
the epicardium, liver, testes, ovaries and bladder.
22. Patients in the late stage have significant thrombocytopenia;
however, deficiency of coagulation factors is less severe.
Fatality rate is high
23. The virus is acquired from inhalation (breathing into the lungs).
The incubation period lasts approximately 12 to 14 days.
Once inhaled, variola virus invades the respiratory mucosa,
migrates to lymph nodes, and begins to multiply.
A few days later, the virus enters the bloodstream and begins a
second wave of multiplication in the spleen, bone marrow, and
lymph nodes.
Finally, the virus reenters the blood in leukocytes, producing fever
and toxemia, and then spreads to the skin, intestines, lungs, kidneys,
and brain
PATHOLOGY
24. The pre-eruptive stage lasts approximately 2 to 6 days and is so
typical of smallpox that it must used for diagnosis. It is characterized
by sudden onset of high fever (102 F to 105 F), prostration, severe
headache, backache, pain in the limbs and abdomen.
Over half of people with smallpox experience chills and vomiting.
Virus is most likely to be found in the blood in the first few days of
the pre-eruptive fever, particularly in severe infections
On day 4 to 6, the virus activity in the skin cells creates a rash that
starts as macules (flat, red lesions).
Typically, macules first appear on the forehead, then rapidly spread
to the whole face, the trunk, and lastly to distal portions of extremities.
25. After this, vesicles (raised blisters) form. Then, pustules appear in
two days.
Day 6 to 8: Lesions on mucous membranes have evolved into
papules and vesicles and broken down.
The virus particles are released, coughed, or sneezed into the
environment.
The patient is most infective at this time . Virus particles can
remain on such items as clothing, bedding, and surfaces for up to 1
week.
The infected person can be infectious for up to 3 weeks (until the
scabs fall off the rash).
Live virus can be present in the scabs.
26. Day 8 to 10: Fluid in the vesicles becomes opaque, giving them the
appearance of pustules; however, the so-called pustules are filled with
tissue debris, not pus
Day 10 to 20: Pustules mature, increase in size, become
umbilicated, and crusting begins
Day 21 to 28: With the exception of those embedded in the palms of
the hands and soles of the feet, most crusts have separated, leaving
depigmented or light-skinned scars.
The hemorrhagic variety of variola has a much higher death rate
(95%) than classic smallpox and leads to certain death more quickly,
5 or 6 days following the onset of rash.
Infected people often die before the pustules form
27. This variety is recognizable by certain types of bleeding sores in
mucous tissues.
In the flat or malignant form of smallpox, confluent vesicles
develop slowly, remain flat and velvety to the touch, appear fine-
grained, and may cause large areas of the epidermis to slough. It is
most often fatal form of smallpox.
In variola minor, rash erupts more slowly, with smaller vesicles
and rare umbilication or scarring.
Complications of smallpox arise most commonly in the respiratory
system and range from simple bronchitis to fatal pneumonia.
28. Other complications include permanent pitted scars, most notably
on the face and ocular complications .
Pustules can form on the eyelid, conjunctiva, and cornea.
Blindness results in approximately 35% to 40% of eyes affected
In 2% to 5% of young children with smallpox, the smallpox viruses
reach the joints and bone, causing swollen joints, limit movement,
and arthritis may lead to malformed bones, flail joints, and stubby
fingers.
29.
30. PATHOLOGIC FEATURES
Skin: Capillaries in the papillary dermis dilate, cells enlarge,
vacuolate, and degenerate.
Affected cells contain round or oval inclusion bodies, called Guarnieri's
bodies, that measure 2 to 8 µm, and compose of viral particles and
proteins; each body is the locus of viral replication and assembly.
Later, viral inclusions occupy large portions of cytoplasm.
Cells may lose normal orientation, condense, and detach. Cellular
degeneration spreads in the middle layer of the epidermis.
Respiratory and Digestive Tracts: Smallpox can affect the epithelium
of the tongue, throat, trachea, gullet, and appendix
Necrosis begins in superficial cells, and then penetrates to form ulcers.
The trachea may have sharply defects 1 to 2 mm in diameter.
31. Lungs: Alveolar cells are swollen, mitotic, or degenerating with
accompanying bacterial growth.
Heart: Cardiac involvement in smallpox is not often but can include
hyperemia and small hemorrhages.
Liver: Endothelial cells become swollen and necrotic.
Spleen: The spleen is enlarged and engorged with blood, and there
are small hemorrhages in the red and white pulp.
Kidney: Pathologic changes in the kidney are most prominent in the
center (medulla). Tubular epithelial cells are swollen, degenerated, or
mitotic.
32. Testes: Foci of necrosis 1 to 3 mm in diameter form in the testes,
with focal hyperemia and hemorrhage.
Bone Marrow: Occasional necrosis and small hemorrhages are
seen in bone marrow. The cells become plastic with nuclear
degeneration.
Brain: Lesions are focally prominent in the cortex and white
matter of the cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, and spinal cord
33.
34. Microscopically pox virus have characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions,
the most important of which are known as Guarnieri bodies and are the
sites of viral replication. Guarnieri bodies are readily identified in skin
biopsies stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and appear as pink blobs.
The diagnosis of an orthopoxvirus infection can also be made rapidly
by electron microscopic examination of pustular fluid or scabs. However,
all orthopoxviruses exhibit identical brick-shaped virions by electron
microscopy.
Definitive laboratory identification of variola virus involves growing
the virus on chorioallantoic membrane (part of a chicken embryo) and
examining the resulting pock lesions under defined temperature
conditions
LAB DIAGNOSIS
35. Strains may be characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis.
Serologic tests and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA),
which measure variola virus-specific immunoglobulin and antigen
have also been developed to assist in the diagnosis of infection.
small pox on chorio allantoic membrane of -chick embryo
36. The earliest procedure used to prevent smallpox was inoculation (also
known as variolation)involved either nasal insufflation of powdered
smallpox scabs, or scratching material from a smallpox lesion into the
skin.
The current formulation of smallpox vaccine is a live virus
preparation of infectious vaccinia virus. The vaccine is given using a
bifurcated (two-pronged) needle that is dipped into the vaccine
solution.
The needle is used to prick the skin (usually the upper arm) a
number of times in a few seconds.
TREATMENT
37. During the second week, the blister begins to dry up and a scab
forms. The scab falls off in the third week, leaving a small scar.
The antibodies induced by vaccinia vaccine are cross-protective for
other orthopoxviruses, such as monkeypox, cowpox, and variola
(smallpox) viruses.
Neutralizing antibodies are detectable 10 days after first-time
vaccination, and seven days after revaccination.
If successful, a red and itchy bump develops at the vaccine site in
three or four days. In the first week, the bump becomes a large blister
(called a "Jennerian vesicle") which fills with pus, and begins to
drain.
39. In the past, about 1 out of 1,000 people vaccinated shows
reactions including toxic or allergic reaction at the site of the
vaccination (erythema multiforme)
spread of the vaccinia virus to other parts of the body, and to
other individuals.
Based on past experience, it is estimated that 1 or 2 people in 1
million who receive the vaccine may die as a result of post
vaccinial encephalitis or severe necrosis in the area of vaccination
(called progressive vaccinia)
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF VACCINE
40. SMALLPOX CHICKENPOX
FEVER ONSET 2 to 4 days before rash At rash onset
RASH
Evolution Lesions at same stage Lesions appear in crops
Lesions evolve at same rate Lesions in different
stages
Distribution Rash centrifugal Rash centripetal
Rash on palms and soles Never on palms or soles
Development Slow Rapid
Pox don’t burst when probed Lesions burst when
probed
MORTALITY 30% Rare