1. Smallpox was intentionally spread among Native American tribes in the 18th century by British forces providing smallpox-infected blankets.
2. Smallpox devastated Native American populations who had no prior exposure or immunity to the disease.
3. In the late 20th century, the Soviet Union developed smallpox as an aerosol biological weapon, posing a serious modern bioterrorism threat given widespread susceptibility.
International Journal of Virology Studies & Research (IJVSR) ISSN:2330-0027 is a comprehensive, peer reviewed journal devoted to Virology Studies & Research. IJVSR, published by SciDoc is an open access journal that includes high quality papers, which covers all major areas of Virology Studies & Research. SciDoc with its Open Access publication model spreads all the day-to-day developments and research to readers around the world.
International Journal of Virology Studies & Research (IJVSR) ISSN:2330-0027 is a comprehensive, peer reviewed journal devoted to Virology Studies & Research. IJVSR, published by SciDoc is an open access journal that includes high quality papers, which covers all major areas of Virology Studies & Research. SciDoc with its Open Access publication model spreads all the day-to-day developments and research to readers around the world.
IJVSR aims to publish all the latest and outstanding research articles, reviews and letters in all areas of Virology. It contains a series of timely, in-depth written articles by scholars & researchers in the field, covering a wide range of the integration of multidimensional challenges of research of Virology
http://scidoc.org/IJVSR.php
International Journal of Virology Studies & Research (IJVSR) ISSN:2330-0027 is a comprehensive, peer reviewed journal devoted to Virology Studies & Research. IJVSR, published by SciDoc is an open access journal that includes high quality papers, which covers all major areas of Virology Studies & Research. SciDoc with its Open Access publication model spreads all the day-to-day developments and research to readers around the world.
IJVSR aims to publish all the latest and outstanding research articles, reviews and letters in all areas of Virology. It contains a series of timely, in-depth written articles by scholars & researchers in the field, covering a wide range of the integration of multidimensional challenges of research of Virology
one of the best power point about plague(black death) , its easy for understand and prepared with a good quality which will be useful for all students and doctors that want w prepare a presentation
International Journal of Virology Studies & Research (IJVSR) ISSN:2330-0027 is a comprehensive, peer reviewed journal devoted to Virology Studies & Research. IJVSR, published by SciDoc is an open access journal that includes high quality papers, which covers all major areas of Virology Studies & Research. SciDoc with its Open Access publication model spreads all the day-to-day developments and research to readers around the world.
International Journal of Virology Studies & Research (IJVSR) ISSN:2330-0027 is a comprehensive, peer reviewed journal devoted to Virology Studies & Research. IJVSR, published by SciDoc is an open access journal that includes high quality papers, which covers all major areas of Virology Studies & Research. SciDoc with its Open Access publication model spreads all the day-to-day developments and research to readers around the world.
IJVSR aims to publish all the latest and outstanding research articles, reviews and letters in all areas of Virology. It contains a series of timely, in-depth written articles by scholars & researchers in the field, covering a wide range of the integration of multidimensional challenges of research of Virology
http://scidoc.org/IJVSR.php
International Journal of Virology Studies & Research (IJVSR) ISSN:2330-0027 is a comprehensive, peer reviewed journal devoted to Virology Studies & Research. IJVSR, published by SciDoc is an open access journal that includes high quality papers, which covers all major areas of Virology Studies & Research. SciDoc with its Open Access publication model spreads all the day-to-day developments and research to readers around the world.
IJVSR aims to publish all the latest and outstanding research articles, reviews and letters in all areas of Virology. It contains a series of timely, in-depth written articles by scholars & researchers in the field, covering a wide range of the integration of multidimensional challenges of research of Virology
one of the best power point about plague(black death) , its easy for understand and prepared with a good quality which will be useful for all students and doctors that want w prepare a presentation
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. 'Could it not be contrived to send smallpox among
these disaffected tribes of Indians? We must use
every stratagem in our power to reduce them.‘
Sir Jeffrey Amherst, the Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in North America 1763
3. 'I will try to inoculate the [Native American tribe]
with some blankets that may fall in their
hands, and take care not to get the disease myself.‘
Colonel Henry Bouquet, British forces in North America 1763
4. Smallpox decimated the Native Americans, who had
never been exposed to the disease before and had
no immunity.
5. In the 1980s, the Soviet Union developed variola as an
aerosol biological weapon and produced tons of
virus-laden material annually intended for
intercontinental ballistic missiles.
7. An estimated 300 million people died from smallpox in the
20th century alone.
As the world's population grew, and travel increased, so the
virus that Edward Jenner called the "speckled monster"
grasped every opportunity to colonize the world.
People struggled to find ways to battle with smallpox.
It was also potentially one of the most devastating
biological weapons ever conceived
8. Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease unique to humans, caused by
either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor.
The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola
vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning
"spotted", or varus, meaning "pimple".
The term "smallpox" was first used in Europe in the 15th century to
distinguish variola from the "great pox" (syphilis).
9. Smallpox is believed to have emerged in human populations about
10,000 BC. The earliest physical evidence of smallpox is probably the
pustular rash on the mummified body of Pharaoh Ramses V of Egypt.
Traders carried the disease from Egypt to India during the 1st
millennium BC. From there it swept into China in the 1st century AD
and reached Japan in the 6th century
Returning crusaders provided a way for smallpox to spread through
Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries.
10. After vaccination campaigns throughout the 19th and 20th
centuries, the WHO certified the eradication of smallpox in 1979.
The last naturally occurring case of smallpox (Variola minor) was
diagnosed on 26 October 1977.
Smallpox is one of the two infectious diseases to have been
eradicated, the other being rinderpest, which was declared
eradicated in 2011.
11. Variola has 2 predominant variants, major and minor
Variola major —is a serious illness with a mortality rate according
to the CDC of 30% or more, in unvaccinated people, while Variola
minor — is a milder infection with a mortality rate of less than 1%
During the era of naturally occurring smallpox, several variations of
variola major disease were recognized.
12.
13.
14. Smallpox Signs and Symptoms
The symptoms of smallpox begin with high fever, head and body
aches, and sometimes vomiting.
A rash follows that spreads and progresses to raised bumps and pus-
filled blisters that crust, scab, and fall off after about three
weeks, leaving a pitted scar.
19. Transmission can happen in one of several ways:
Face-to-face contact
Direct contact with infected fluids and contaminated objects
Through the air
The virus can cross the placenta, but the incidence of
congenital smallpox is relatively low.
Smallpox transmission does not occur through animals or
insects.
20. Physical exam for signs and symptoms of smallpox. This will
include a skin and mouth exam to look for the smallpox rash.
If there is a moderate or high suspicion of smallpox, the doctor
may order certain lab tests.
Tests may only be conducted in specially protected
laboratories, known as "Biosafety Level 4" labs (BSL-4).
21. PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
analysis are used to identify the specific strains
ELISA and serologic tests measure the variola virus-specific
immunoglobin and antigen to aid in the diagnosis of the virus.
Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy
The origin of the virus may be traced by genome analysis of
the virus.
22. In order to precisely diagnose a smallpox infection, virus must be grown on
chorioallantoic membrane - a vascular membrane found in bird eggs - and
then have the lesions examined.
At the microscopic level, Poxviruses form cytoplasmic inclusions, such as
Guarnieri bodies in virus-infected epidermal cells.
The virus appears as pink blobs when stained with eosin and hematoxylin.
23. Figure : A photograph revealing smallpox virus pocks on the
chorioallantoic membrane of a developing embryonic chick.
24. Before a smallpox diagnosis is made, your healthcare
provider will consider other illnesses that can mimic the signs
and symptoms of smallpox. Some of these illnesses include:
Chickenpox
Monkeypox
Herpes zoster (also called shingles)
Adverse reaction to medications
Contact dermatitis
Erythema multiforme
Hand, foot, and mouth disease
26. Figure: This is a chickenpox scab (left), and smallpox scab (right) viewed
from above as a demonstration in comparative morphology.
27. Smallpox is caused by infection with variola virus, which
belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus.
The organism got its name from the Latin
word varius meaning spotted, or varus meaning “pimple”.
Variola virus infects only humans in nature.
28. Both enveloped and unenveloped virions are infectious.
Variola major causes smallpox and Variola
minor causes alastrim.
Infection with either variola major or variola minor confers
immunity against the other.
30. Variola virus is a large brick shaped virus with a measurement
of 302 to 350 nm by 244 to 277 nm, which consist of single
linear double stranded DNA.
Its genome consist of 186 kbp and contain a hairpin loop at
each end.
The hairpin loop at each end consists of 530 bp fragments.
31. They have 187 closely spaced open reading frames specifying
putative major proteins contain more than or equal to 65
amino acids.
The complete DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence of two
closely related variola virus (VARV) genomes was published
in the early 1990s.
32. Figure : Variola virus genome bp, base pair; ORF, open reading frame; VARV, variola virus.
33. Variola viruses are DNA viruses with virions consist of a surface
membrane, a core, and lateral bodies with or without an envelope.
During their life cycles variola produces extracellular and
intracellular particles. The infection is caused by the extracellular
particles.
The capsid of virus is enveloped and virons mature naturally by
budding through the membrane of the host cell.
35. Poxviruses are unique among DNA viruses in that they replicate in
the cytoplasm of the cell rather than in the nucleus.
In order to replicate, poxviruses produce a variety of specialized
proteins not produced by other DNA viruses, the most important of
which is a viral-associated DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
36. Virus particles land on the cell surface and are taken into the cell.
The genetic information (DNA) of the virus is released into the
cell and begins to make copies of itself.
These new DNAs are taken into the developing spherical viral
particles and the particles mature internally and in so doing adopt
a more block like appearance.
37. Most will remain in the cell
as Intracellular Mature Viruses, (IMV) and will be released
when the cell bursts.
However, some of the virus particles will obtain a second
wrapping of host cell membrane and this occurs at the trans
Golgi.
These double wrapped particles are
called Intracellular Enveloped Viruses (IEV).
38. Some IEVs push through the cell's plasma membrane and
remain attached to the cell surface. These are called Cell-
associated Enveloped Viruses (CEVs).
Others that push through the membrane are released and are
called Extracellular Enveloped Viruses (EEVs).
40. This organism is transmitted among humans primarily by inhalation
of virus or by droplets from oral, nasal or pharyngeal mucus of an
infected person.
After the virus enters in the human body through respiratory tract, it
grows on the mucous membrane and then spreads to the lymph
nodes where it multiplies and then finally enters the blood stream.
41. Pathology
After entering the blood stream the virus invades internal organs and
skin.
The time frame for the incubation of small pox is 10 to 12 days.
42. There is no proven treatment for smallpox, but research to evaluate
new antiviral agents is ongoing.
Laboratory studies suggest that the drug cidofovir may fight against
the smallpox virus.
Patients with smallpox can benefit from supportive therapy such as
wound care and infection control, fluid
therapy, possible ventilator assistance and antibiotics for any
secondary bacterial infections that may occur.
43. Vaccinia immune globulin (VIG) can be offered to persons
exposed to smallpox as a prophylaxis.
Vaccination within three days of exposure can aid in the
treatment by preventing or significantly lessen the severity of
smallpox symptoms in the vast majority of people.
44. Prevention of smallpox rests on two pillars:
1. Vaccination
2. Isolation of patients if they develop fever.
45. The smallpox vaccine is made from a virus called vaccinia which is
a “pox”-type virus related to smallpox.
The smallpox vaccine contains the “live” vaccinia virus—not dead
virus like many other vaccines.
Also, the vaccine can have side effects. The vaccine does not
contain the smallpox virus and cannot give you smallpox.
46. The only smallpox vaccine currently licensed by the Food and Drug
Administration is Dryvax.
The vaccine was first approved in 1931, and the existing lots were
manufactured in the 1970s and early 1980s and stored frozen
47. Smallpox vaccination provides high level immunity for 3 to 5 years
and decreasing immunity thereafter.
If a person is vaccinated again later, immunity lasts even longer.
Historically, the vaccine has been effective in preventing smallpox
infection in 95% of those vaccinated.
48. The vaccine is given using a bifurcated (two-pronged) needle that
is dipped into the vaccine solution.
The pricking of the skin will cause a sore spot and one or two
droplets of blood to form.
The vaccine usually is given in the upper arm.
If the vaccination is successful, a red and itchy bump develops at
the vaccine site in three or four days.
50. After vaccination, it is important to follow care instructions for the
site of the vaccine.
Because the virus is live, it can spread to other parts of the body, or
to other people.
The vaccinia virus (the live virus in the smallpox vaccine) may
cause rash, fever, and head and body aches.
In certain groups of people, complications from the vaccinia virus
can be severe.
51. Smallpox is considered one of the most serious bioterrorist
threats.
It was used as a biological weapon during the French and
Indian Wars, (1754 to 1767) when British soldiers
distributed smallpox-infected blankets to American Indians.
In the 1980s, the Soviet Union developed variola as an
aerosol biological weapon and produced tons of virus-laden
material annually intended for intercontinental ballistic
missiles.
52. Several factors contribute to the concern about the use of
smallpox as a biological weapon:
Variola can spread from person to person.
There is no widely available or licensed treatment for the disease.
It has a high fatality rate.
Variola is relatively stable as an aerosol.
The infectious dose is small.
53. Since routine smallpox immunization ceased in the United States in
1972 and in all other countries by 1983, the global population is
extremely vulnerable to the disease.
Most of the world’s population has never been vaccinated or was
vaccinated so long ago that immunity to smallpox has waned.
Because there are no symptoms at the time of exposure, a covert
release of variola may not be detected until sick people begin
showing up at doctor's offices and hospitals.