Parvovirus B19 - Causes, Symptoms, Pathology, Diagnosis, Treatment #Parvovirus B19
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks...
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Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Mallu
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#MalluMedicosLounge
#parvovirus treatment
It might be thought that viruses as a class represent the ultimate in parasitism.
Reliant as they are on their host cells to provide most of the machinery or replication.
The Parvoviruses, show a still further degree of dependence .
paracoccidiodiomycosis- its a acute subacute chronic ,systemic fungal infection
mainly effect respiratory system from there disseminated to various body parts.
It might be thought that viruses as a class represent the ultimate in parasitism.
Reliant as they are on their host cells to provide most of the machinery or replication.
The Parvoviruses, show a still further degree of dependence .
paracoccidiodiomycosis- its a acute subacute chronic ,systemic fungal infection
mainly effect respiratory system from there disseminated to various body parts.
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans.
Everything you wanna know about Chagas disease and Trypanosoma cruzi in a nutshell, including the morphology and life-cycle of the parasite ,diagnosis treatment and prophylaxis of Chagas disease.
This lecture presentation contains description of arbovirus particularly detailing Dengue virus infections. Lecture outlined general characteristics of Arbovirus, classification of Arboviruses, salient features of Dengue virus, dengue pathogenesis, clinical course, laboratory diagnosis, complications of secondary dengue and some recent aspect of dengue vaccine preparation.
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans.
Everything you wanna know about Chagas disease and Trypanosoma cruzi in a nutshell, including the morphology and life-cycle of the parasite ,diagnosis treatment and prophylaxis of Chagas disease.
This lecture presentation contains description of arbovirus particularly detailing Dengue virus infections. Lecture outlined general characteristics of Arbovirus, classification of Arboviruses, salient features of Dengue virus, dengue pathogenesis, clinical course, laboratory diagnosis, complications of secondary dengue and some recent aspect of dengue vaccine preparation.
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
Adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, parvoviruses and polymovirusesNCRIMS, Meerut
Adenoviruses, papillomaviruses, parvoviruses and polymoviruses are Double stranded DNA Viruses except parvoviruses. Adenoviruses are non enveloped icosahedral symmetry.
There are nearly 100 viruses of the herpes group that infect many different animal species.
Official name of herpesviruses that commonly infect human is Humans herpesvirus (HHV)
herpes simplex virus types 1 (HHV 1)
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HHV 2)
Varicella-zoster virus (HHV 3)
Epstein-Barr virus, (HHV 4)
Cytomegalovirus (HHV 5)
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6)
Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV 7)
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus).
Herpes B virus of monkeys can also infect humans
hELMINTHS#corona virus#Aspergillosis#BUGANDO#CUHAS#CUHAS#CUHAS
Picornaviruses presentation for medical student created by: Farhang Shapouran
References : Moray medical microbiology, Jawetz medical microbiology, ICTV
إياك أن تتلاعب بفتاة انحنى ظهر أبيها
لتصل إلى ما هي عليه
فتهدم ما بناه ..
فيكون لك بناءً يهدمه أحدهم يوماً ما
كن قويا" كجراح ينجز عملية في الدماغ لمعلم أخبره ذات يوم انه طالب فاشل
اختر الألم قبل أن يختارك فألم الإجتهاد أهون بكثير من ألم الندم
أراك فتضحك الدنيا لعيني وتبتسم الأماكن والزوايا أرى كل الوجوه تفيض حبًا كان شعوري اكتنف البرايا.
القلم الذي لا يحمل ضمير الإنسانية وهموم المظلومين وجوع الفقراء وأنين الوطن لا يصلح للكتابة.
كنتُ أبرر فقدان شغفي بأنها استراحة محارب، ولكنه يبدو أنني رميت سيفي وغادرت المعركة..
سيُحبك الحظ أن احببتها صنعانية..
اللهم صل وسلم وبارك علـّۓ نبينا محمد وعلى آله❤️
«سأبـدع فـي نسـيانك وإن رأيتـك سأقـول يخـلق مـن الشـبه اربعـين..!🖤»
" نحن نتكئ دوماً على من نثق بقلوبهم لا بأيديهم..
فقوّة البدن قد تخون ، لكن قوّة المشاعر لا تخون أبداً "
لن يفهمك إلا إثنان ، أحدهما مرّ بنفس حالتك ، والآخر يحبك جداً ..
Parvovirus B-19 in Pregnancy Parvovirus is a member of the family Parvoviridae. The virus contains a single-stranded DNA. It can only infect humans. 50% of all adults have been infected sometime during childhood or adolescence.
Parvovirus B-19 in Pregnancy Epidemiology Congenital infection rates vary depending on the prevalence in the community. Approximately 50 to 75% of adult women are immune. 20% to 30% of susceptible adults in school settings will become infected. Day-care workers have a 20% to 50% risk of seroconversion. The risk of infection among susceptible adults following household exposure to an infected person is approximately 50%.
For the students studying Medical Microbiology like MSC BSC MBBS DENTAL BPTH Nursing DMLT Pharmacy etc and also for those who are preparing for exams such as NEET
Syphilis and gonorrhea - Its etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms,di...Aiswarya Thomas
Discussed about Syphilis and gonorrhea - Its etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms,diagnosis and prevention. Also dicussed about the classifications of both STDs and its diagnostic tests
HIV infection
Mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, scope of AIDS vaccine.
Vaccines What is Vaccine? What are the different types of vaccines?Maneesha M Joseph
What is Vaccine Malayalam What are the different types of vaccines?#Malayalam Lecture class #vaccine
VACCINES
A vaccine is a medical preparation given to provide immunity from a disease.
Vaccines use a variety of different substances ranging from dead microorganisms to genetically engineered antigens to defend the body against potentially harmful microorganisms.
Effective vaccines change the immune system by promoting the development of antibodies that can quickly and effectively attack disease-causing microorganisms when it enters the body, preventing disease development.
A vaccine may contain live-attenuated or killed microorganisms or parts or products from them capable of stimulating a specific immune response comprised of protective antibodies and T cell immunity.
A vaccine should stimulate a sufficient number of memory T and B lymphocytes to yield effector T cells and antibody-producing B cells from memory cells.
The viral vaccines should also be able to stimulate high titers of neutralizing antibodies.
Injection of a vaccine into a nonimmune subject induces active immunity against the modified pathogens.
Vaccination is immunization against infectious disease through the administration of vaccines for the production of active (protective) immunity in humans or other animals
There are 4 main types of vaccines:
Live Attenuated vaccines (LAV)
Inactivated vaccines (Killed Antigen)
Subunit and Conjugate Vaccines (Purified Antigen)
Toxoid vaccines (Inactivated Toxins)
1. Live attenuated (LAV)
Tuberculosis (BCG), Oral polio vaccine (OPV), Measles, Rotavirus, Yellow fever
2. Inactivated (killed antigen)
Whole-cell pertussis (wP), Inactivated polio virus (IPV)
3. Subunit (purified antigen)
Acellular pertussis (aP),
Haemophilus inuenzae type b (Hib), Pneumococcal (PCV-7, PCV-10, PCV-13), Hepatitis B (HepB)
4. Toxoid (inactivated toxins)
Tetanus toxoid (TT), Diphtheria toxoid
Vaccines teach the immune system to fight off disease by helping it learn what a pathogen looks like. What kinds of vaccines are out there, and how do they differ from one another?
Vaccines and the Immune Response: How Vaccines Work
This animation provides an overview of vaccines and the immune response, and how influenza vaccines work. Influenza vaccines are able to trigger an immune response by mimicking viral infection. They are usually manufactured using inactivated or killed virus particles taken from various circulating influenza strains.
Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Bacterial Growth Curve microbiology | Log phase lag phase stationary phase in microbial growth
bacterial growth curve microbiology
In this video, I will be discussing what the bacterial growth curve reflects, different phases & their significance.
Bacterial growth curve and microbial growth kinetics - This microbiology lecture is going to teach you about the bacterial growth curve and the microbial growth kinetics. The microbial growth curve consists of 4 phases.
Lag phase of the growth curve, Log phase of the bacterial growth curve which is also known as the exponential growth phase and the stationary phase of bacterial growth curve where the bacterial growth is about to stop. The last phase of microbial growth curve is the death phase where the cell death is complete and the bacterial population starts declining.
Stay tuned to know more about the bacterial growth curve microbiology.
Thank you for watching the video lecture on microbial growth curve microbiology.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks...
If you like my video
#like
#comment
#subscribe my channel
don't forget to subscribe my channel
Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Mallu
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#MalluMedicosLounge
#HealthAndVoyage
Bacterial Growth Curve
ACTINOMYCES - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Pathogenesis & Treatment #Actinomycosis
Actinomyces are a Gram-positive anaerobic type of bacteria. At one time, due to their fungus-like branched network of hyphae, they were assumed to be a type of fungus. They play an important role in soil ecology by producing enzymes that help degrade organic plant materials.
The bacteria are known for causing disease in humans and animals and are one of most common causes of infections following dental procedures as the bacteria can be found in the nose and throat of many people. The infectious bacterial disease caused by Actinomyces species is known as actinomycosis.
Actinomycosis is a rare type of infectious bacterial disease. Unlike other infections, actinomycosis is able to move gradually and infiltrate the body's tissue, causing swelling and inflammation. Eventually there is tissue damage and scaring, pus-filled abscesses appear in the mouth, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract. Small holes leaking pus form in the affected tissue.
Actinomycosis is caused by a species of bacteria known as actinomyces, which live harmlessly in the lining of the mouth, throat, digestive system and women´s vagina. If the tissue-lining becomes damaged by injury or disease, the bacteria can penetrate deeper into the body - the actinomyces bacteria then thrive deep inside human tissue.
This bacterial disease is very rare in humans, but more common in farm animals. In cattle it is called lumpy jaw
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks...
If you like my video
like
comment
subscribe my channel
don't forget to subscribe my channel
Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#ACTINOMYCES - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Pathology
# Actinomycosis
#Mallu
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#MalluMedicosLounge
#HealthAndVoyage
WIDAL Test Microbiology - Principle, Procedure, Limitations, Results, QC #WidalTest
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks...
If you like my video
Like
comment
subscribe my channel
don't forget to subscribe my channel
Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#WidalTest
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#MalluMedicosLounge
#HealthAndVoyage
#Test Microbiology
Oxidase Test Microbiology - Principle, Procedure, Limitations, Results, QC - in lab #Oxidase Test
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks...
If you like my video
#like
#comment
#subscribe my channel
don't forget to subscribe my channel
Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Oxidase Test
#Medical
#Microbiology
# malayalam lecturer
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
#MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
Superficial Mycoses Mycology - Tinea Versicolor / Tinea Nigra/Piedra
For Downloading PDF note
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Qualification
AHLAD T O
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Superficial Mycoses Mycology microbiology
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Superficial Mycoses Mycology malayalam lecturer
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Tinea Versicolor
#Tinea Nigra
#Piedra
Methyl Red (MR) and Voges-Proskauer (VP) Test principle, Method, Interpretation & QC #MR & VP
Mallu Medicos Lounge
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
Qualification
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
#Methyl Red Test
#Voges-Proskauer Test
#MRVP Procedure
#MRVP Tests
#MR-VP Tests
#VP (Voges Proskaeur) Test
#MR/VP Test
#Methyl red (MR) and Voges-Proskauer (VP)
#Methyl red test in Microbiology
#Medical
#Microbiology
#MR/VP Test malayalam lecturer
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
#MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
IMMUNE RESPONSE - Humoral Immune Response
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Qualification
AHLAD T O
MSc MLT (Biochemistry)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#IMMUNE RESPONSE microbiology
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Gram-negative
#Enterobactericea
#Weil Felix Test
#Humoral Immune Response
#Humoral Immune Response Tutorial
What is Klebsiella? Klebsiella is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, which belongs to a family of bacteria called the Enterobacteriaceae.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Klebsiella
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Klebsiella pneumoniae
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Qalification
AHLAD T O
MSc MLT (Biochemistry)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Proteus microbiology
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Gram-negative
#Enterobactericea
#Weil Felix Test
#PROTEUS - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Parvoviruses are the smallest of the DNA viruses
belonging to the family Parvoviridae.
• They are icosahedral, nonenveloped viruses containing a
single-stranded DNA.
• Human parvovirus B 19 (B 19) is the only known
parvovirus that is pathogenic for humans, and it shows
tropism for erythroid progenitor cells.
• History: In 1974, Cossart et al. first identified B19 while
evaluating tests for hepatitis B virus surface antigen. The
name originates from the coding of a serum sample,
number 19 in panel B, that gave anomalous results when
tested by counterimmunoelectrophoresis and
radioimmunoassay.
Maneesha M Joseph 2
3. Classification
• The family Parvoviridae consists of three genera:
• Dependo-virus, Parvovirus, and Erythrovirus.
• The genus Dependovirus consists of poxviruses which are
defective and replicate only in association with a second
helper virus.
• They neither cause illness by themselves nor alter the
infection caused by helper viruses.
• These are usually found in association with an adenovirus,
hence are known as adeno-associated viruses.
• These viruses do not cause any disease in humans.
• The genus Parvovirus includes the viruses which include
animal viruses of veterinary importance such as feline
panleukopenia virus and canine parvovirus.
• The genus Erythrovirus consists of B 19, the only member
of the Parvoviridae family known to cause disease in
humans.
Maneesha M Joseph 3
4. PARVOVIRUS B19
• Parvovirus B19, or B19 virus, is the causative agent of
erythema infectiosum ('fifth disease'-it was fifth of the
six classified exanthematous diseases of childhood), a
mild viral illness of children, and polyarthralgia-arthritis
syndrome in immunocompetent adults.
Maneesha M Joseph 4
6. Morphology
• B 19 viruses are extremely small
viruses, measuring 18-26 nm in
diameter.
• They possess a nonenveloped,
icosahedral capsid.
• The viral genome contains a single-
stranded DNA measuring 4000-6000
bases in length.
• The genome is negative-strand DNA.
• The genome encodes for many
proteins which include three
structural, one major nonstructural,
and several smaller proteins.Maneesha M Joseph 6
7. Epidemiology
• Geographical distribution
• B 19 virus is distributed worldwide.
• The exact data on sero-positivity in population world
over is not known.
• Approximately, 90% of adults older than 60 years are
seropositive in the United States.
• Similar data from other parts of the world are lacking.
• Reseruoir, source, and transmission of infection
• B 19 virus infection is strictly a human disease.
• Humans are the only reservoir of infections. Viruses are
excreted in respiratory samples which are the primary
source of infection. Maneesha M Joseph 7
8. Antigenic properties
• Only one serotype of B 19 virus is known to occur.
Other properties
• B 19 virus is highly resistant to inactivation but can be
inactivated by formalin, beta propiolactone, and
oxidizing agents.
• The viruses withstand heating at 56°C for 30 minutes
and are stable between pH 3 and 9.
Maneesha M Joseph 8
9. Pathogenesis and Immunity
• B 19 virus shows a tropism for two types of cells:
• (a) red blood cell (RBC) precursors and
• (b) endothelial cells in the blood vessels.
• The virus infects rapidly dividing erythrocyte precursors
such as bone marrow cells, erythroid cells from fetal liver,
and erythroid leukemia cells and destroys these cells after
infection, thereby causing aplastic anemia.
• Infection of the endothelial cells in the blood vessels leads
to erythema infectiosum.
• It has been demonstrated that the B19 virus first enters
through the nasopharynx or upper respiratory tract and
then spreads to the blood, causing viremia.
• The virus then infects mitotically active erythroid precursor
cells in bone marrow and establishes the infection.
Maneesha M Joseph 9
10. Pathogenesis and Immunity
• The virus enters susceptible cells through the P blood
antigen receptors on the erythrocyte precursors.
• Inside the red cells the virus enters the nucleus, starts
replicating, followed by killing of the red cells.
• The production of RBCs is stopped for approximately 1
week due to killing of the erythroid precursor cells by
the viruses.
• The initial stage is associated with flu-like illness caused
by large viremia.
• The viruses are shed in the oral and respiratory
secretions and even cross the placenta.
• Subsequently, viremia is controlled by the production
of specific antibodies against B 19 virus.Maneesha M Joseph 10
11. Pathogenesis and Immunity
• The rash and arthralgia present the second stage of the
disease, and is believed to be immunologically mediated.
• This stage coincides with the disappearance of B 19 virus from
the circulation, appearance of B19 virus-specific IgM and IgG
antibodies, and finally the formation of immune complexes.
Host immunity
• “The disease exhibits two stages: initial stage is flu-like
illness and second stage is appearance of rash and
arthralgia.
• Host immunity to B 19 virus infection is primarily antibody
mediated.
• The circulating antibodies stop the viremia and are
important for resolution of the disease.
• The role of cell-mediated immunity in conferring immunity to B
19 virus is unknown.
Maneesha M Joseph 11
12. Clinical Syndromes
• B19 virus causes following clinical syndromes:
• (a) Flu like illness, (b) erythema infectiosum or fifth disease,
(c) infection in pregnant women, and (d) chronic B 19
infection.
Flu-like illness
• B 19 virus most commonly causes a flu-like illness.
• Malaise, headache, myalgia, and rhinorrhea are the
common symptoms.
Erythema infectiosum or fifth disease
• B 19 virus is an additional causative agent of erythema
infectiosum or fifth disease, the condition seen most
commonly in children.
• The infection begins with nonspecific symptoms, followed
by appearance of a distinctive rash on 5th day of infection.Maneesha M Joseph 12
13. Clinical Syndromes
• A bright red rash develops
on both cheeks that
appear as they have been
slapped.
• The rash then appears on
the trunk, which spreads
gradually toward the arms
and legs.
• The condition usually
subsides within 1-2 weeks.
Maneesha M Joseph 13
14. Clinical Syndromes
Aplastic anemia
• Transient but severe aplastic anemia
can occur in children with chronic
anemia such as sickle cell anemia,
thalassemia, and spherocytosis
(aplastic crisis) after infection with B
19 virus. Gloves and sock syndrome
is another serious complication
caused by B19 virus.
• In this syndrome, erythematous
exanthema appears on the hands
and feet, with a well-defined margin
on the wrist and ankle joints.
Maneesha M Joseph 14
16. Clinical Syndromes
Infection in pregnant women
• If the B 19 virus causes reinfection in a pregnant mother
who is infected earlier by the same virus, and is already
immune to the virus (showing positive B19 antibodies),
then no adverse effects are seen in the fetus.
• In non immune seronegative pregnant mothers, B19 virus
infection is increasingly associated with risk for fetal death.
• The infection may cause severe anemia in the fetus, and
subsequently, the fetus may develop signs of high-output
cardiac failure (hydrops fetalis).
• B19 virus, however, does not cause any congenital
anomalies in the fetus.
Maneesha M Joseph 16
17. Clinical Syndromes
Chronic B19 infection
• This infection occurs in immunocompromised
patients such as patients with HIV, those receiving
immunosuppressive therapy, and transplant patients.
• Chronic anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia
are the common manifestations.
Maneesha M Joseph 17
18. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Demonstration of specific IgG and IgM antibodies in the
serum is useful for diagnosis of erythema infectiosum
caused by B19 virus.
• ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), RIA
(radioimmunoassay), and IFA (indirect fluorescent
antibody) for demonstration of IgG and IgM antibodies are
available.
• In pregnant women, the serum positive for IgG and IgM
antibodies indicates B19 virus infection within 7 days to 4
months, and a possible risk to fetus.
• Positive IgG but negative IgM result indicates only past
infection, hence no risk to fetus.
• Furthermore, polymerase chain reation (PCR) is available to
demonstrate B19 virus genome in the blood.
• The positive result suggests viremia or infection.Maneesha M Joseph 18
19. Treatment
• No specific antiviral therapy is available for treatment
of B 19 virus infection.
Prevention and Control
• No specific measures are available for prevention of
the infection.
• Development of a vaccine against B 19 virus is
undergoing phase I clinical trial.
Maneesha M Joseph 19