Smallpox is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease caused by the variola virus. It was responsible for hundreds of millions of deaths in the 20th century before being eradicated through global vaccination programs. The disease presents with a high fever and rash that develops into fluid-filled blisters which leave scars. It is transmitted through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent smallpox, and global vaccination efforts led to its eradication being certified by the WHO in 1979.

2. SMALL POX
Presented By:
Mr. Saurabh Raosaheb Chitte
2nd year Basic Bsc Nursing
Bhonsala Institute of Nursing
Nashik.

3. Contents
 Introduction
 Anatomy & Physiology
 Defination
 Incidence
 Types
 Etiological Factors
 Risk Factors
 Clinical manifestation
 Pathophysiology
 Transmission of Disease
 Diagnosis
 Management
 Preventive Measures
 Vaccines

4. Introduction
 A highly contagious & frequently fatal viral disease.
 The disease is also known by the Latin name “Variola” & “Variola vera”, which is
derivative of the Latin “varius”, meaning “spotted”,or “varus”, meaning “pimple”.
 The term “Smallpox” was first used in Europe in 15th century to
distinguish”Variola” from the “great pox” (syphilis).
 Small Pox was responsible for estimated 300 -500 million deaths in 20th century.
 Belived to have begun in Africa & spred to India & China.

5. Anatomy & Physiology

6. Skin has three layers:
1.Epidermis: The outermost layer of skin provides a
waterproof barrier &creates our skin tone.
2.Dermis: Beneath the epidermis, contains though
connective tissue, hair follicles & sweat glands.
3.Hypodermis: The deeper subcutaneous tissue is made
made up of fat & connective tissue.

7. Defination
It is serious infectious disease that causes a
high temperature & leaves marks on the skin.

8. Incidence
 The term “Smallpox” was first used in Europe.
 Various vaccination campaigns are arranged in 16th to 18th centuries.
 After that in 19th & 20th centuries , “WHO” certified the eradication of
Smallpox in 1979.
 The last naturally occurring case of Smallpox was diagnosed on 26th October
1977.
 Smallpox is one of the most infectious diseases to have eradicated, the
other being rinderpest, which was declared eradicated in 2011.

9. Types of Smallpox:
Type of Smallpox Characteristics Case fatality rate
Ordinary - Most common form
- 90 % of cases in
unvaccinated.
30 %
Modified - Milder form
- Producee fever, smaller &
more superficial lesions.
- 2 % of cases is
unvaccinated & 25 % are
vaccinated person.
Cases of modified Smallpox
were rarely fatal.
Malignant - Lesions were flatter,
evolved more slowly &
coalesced.
- 7 % of cases in
unvaccinated persons.
97%

11. Etiological Factors
Contaminated clothings.
Contaminated beddings.

12. Risk Factor
“Variola” virus.

14. Clinical Manifestations
 High fever.
 Headache.
 Body pain.
 Vomiting (sometimes).
 A rashe follows that pusfilled blisters that crust, scab & fall off
after about three weeks leaving a pitted scar.

15. Pathophysiology

16. Transmission of Smallpox
 Face - to - face contact.
 Direct contact with infected fluids & contaminated objects.
 Through air.
 The virus can cross the placenta but incidence of congenital
Smallpox is relatively low.
 Smallpox transmission does not occur through animals or
insects.

17. Diagnosis
 Physical Examination:
 This include a skin & mouth examination to look for small rash.
 If there is a moderate or high suspicion of Smallpox, the doctor may order
certain lab tests.
 Tests may only be conducted in specially protected laboratories, known as
“Biosafety Level 4” lab.
 PCR
 ELISA
 Immunohistochemistry electron microscopy.
 The origin of virus may be traced by genome analysis of virus.

18. Management
 Medical management:
 Antivirals :
1. Tecovirimat
2. Cidofovir
3. Brincidofovir
 Nursing Management:
 Treatment approaches include supportive measures, antiviral therapy,
administration of VZIG ( Varicella Zooster Immune Globulin) &
management of secondary bacterial infection.

19. Preventive Measures
 The Smallpox vaccine is the only known way to prevent
Smallpox in an exposed person.
 The Smallpox vaccine helps the body develops immunity to
Smallpox.
 Isolation of patients if they develop fever.

20. Vaccines
 Trace amount of antibiotics:
Polymyxin
Streptomycin
Chlortetracycline
Neomycin