The six climates are normally designated as Hot and Dry, Warm and Humid, Moderate, Cold and Sunny, Cold and Cloudy and Composite. The criteria of allocating any location in India to one of the first five climate zones are that the defined conditions prevail for more than six months. THIS PPT EXPLAINS HOW TO SHAPE SHELTERS IN WARM HUMID CLIMATE.

1. “SHAPING OF SHELTERS”
IN
WARM HUMID CLIMATE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CALICUT

2. GROUP MEMBERS:
• K.L.RAVI CHANDU (B130397AR)
• D.PRASHANTH (B130371AR)
• T.VIJAY KUMAR (B130094AR)
• V.MANOJ PRASHANTH (B130969AR)

3. CLIMATE
 CLIMATE IS A MEASURE OF THE AVERAGE
PATTERN OF VARIATION IN TEMPERATURE ,
HUMIDITY , ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE ,
WIND , PRECIPITATION , ATMOSPHERIC
PARTICLE COUNT IN A GIVEN REGION OVER
LONG PERIOD OF TIME, SAY 30 YEAR.
 THE CLIMATE OF A LOCATION IS AFFECTED
BY ITS LATITUDE, TERRAIN, AND ATTITUDE
AS WELL AS NEARBY WATER BODIES AND
THEIR CURRENT.

4. WORLDWIDE CLIMATE CLASSIFICATIONS

5. WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE
A CLIMATE WITH AN EXCESS OF MOISTURE, IN
WHICH THE SOLAR HEAT RECEIVED IS SUFFICIENT
TO EVAPORATE ALL MOISTURE OCCURING IN THE
FORM OF PRECIPITATION.
THIS CLIMATE IS FOUND IN BELT NEAR EQUATOR
EXTENDING TO ABOUT 15◦ NORTH & SOUTH.
THERE IS VERY LESS SEASONAL VARIATION
THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
EXAMPLES: COLOMBO, SINGAPORE, HAWAII ,
MALASIA

7. REASONS FOR WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE
PLACES THAT ARE CLOSE TO SEAS OR OCEANS
HAVE A HUMID CLIMATE AS THERE IS LARGE AMOUNT
OF WATER VAPOUR IN THE AIR. ACTUALLY WHAT
HAPPENS, LAND AND WATER DON’T GET HEATED AT
THE SAME RATE. LAND GETS HEATED FASTER SO IT
RADIATES THE ENERGY, THAT HEATS THE AIR ABOVE
THE LAND, AS A RESULT OF WHICH AIR ABOVE THE
LAND GETS HEATED FASTER THAN AIR ABOVE THE
WATER BODIES. NOW HOT AIR IS LIGHTER SO IT
MOVES UP AND THE SURROUNDING AIR ABOVE THE
SEAS RUSHES TO TAKE ITS PLACE WHICH HAS LOTS
OF WATER VAPOUR IN IT. THIS IS THE REASON FOR
WARMNESS AND HUMIDITY.

9. CHARACTERISTICS
1. TEMPERATURE:
 DURING DAY BETWEEN 27◦C AND 32◦C.
 AT NIGHT BETWEEN 21◦C AND 27◦C.
2. HUMIDITY:
 RELATIVE HUMIDITY REMAIN HIGH, 75% FOR MOST
OF THE TIME, BUT VARY FROM 55% TO ALMOST
100%.
3. VAPOUR PRESSURE:
 BETWEEN 2500 TO 3500 N/M2.

10. 4. PRECIPITATION:
 HIGH PRECIPITATION THROUGHOUT THE
YEAR(RAINFALL).
 GENERALLY BECOMES MORE INTENSE FOR
SEVERAL CONSECUTIVE MONTH.
 ANNUAL RAINFALL- 2000 TO 5000 MM.
 OCCURANCE OF GUSTY WINDS AND ELECTRIC
STORMS.
5. SKY CONDITION:
 ARE FAIRLY CLOUDY THROUGHOUT THE YEAR.
 CLOUD COVER- 60 TO 90%.
6. WIND:
 WIND VELOCITY IS LOW, CALM AND PERIODIC BUT
MAY BE STRONG DURING RAIN SQUALLS.

11. 7. SOLAR RADIATION:
 THE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION IS HIGH
DURING SUMMERS AND MODERATE DURING
WINTERS.
8. VEGETATION:
 GROWS QUICKLY DUE TO FREQUENT RAINS &
HIGH TEMPERATURE.
 DIFFICULT TO CONTROL.
 HIGH HUMIDITY ACCELARATES MOULD AND ALGAE
GROWTH, RUSTING AND ROTTING.

12. AREAS INFLUENCED BY THIS
CLIMATE:
• GOA
• MUMBAI
• VISHAKHAPATNAM
• THIRUVANANTHAPURAM
• CHENNAI
• KOLKATA
• PURI
• TRIPURA

13. REQUIREMENTS IN WARM
HUMID CLIMATE
• Minimization of the high day temp.
• Avoidance of direct exposure of facades to solar
radiations
• Reduction in the humidity levels
• Continuous air circulation to reduce heat and
relief from stickiness!
• To create a temp. difference between the inside
and outside environments to facilitate
evaporation and heat dissipation.

14. To define climatic design process according to comfort zone, it could be divided
to four main parts:
A. Study of the design subject (climate-activities-clothing-etc.)
Designer should be able to fully understand the climate and comfort needs
as well as all architectural issues related to the project.
B. Defining the comfort zone (monthly-daily)
The monthly or daily comfort zone should be defined
C. Gathering the climatic design advices (shading-thermal mass-evaporative
cooling-thermal insulation suitable orientation.)
Clear design advices could be derived from previous studies to give
directions for each issue in building such as site design, form, ventilation, solar
gains, window sizing, thermal mass, passive heating and cooling materials
D. Designing the project (a climatic building)
Architect is able to form a climatic building.
CLIMATIC DESIGN PROCEDURE

15. CLIMATE AND
ARCHITECTURE
• SINCE BEGINNING CLIMATE HAS ITS EFFECTS ON
MAN, SURROUNDINGS AND ARCHITECTURE.
• A CLIMATE RESPONSIVE ARCHITECTURE TAKES
ADVANTAGE OF THE FREE ENERGY IN THE FORM
OF HEAT AND LIGHT.
• A ADAPTIVE THERMAL COMFORT DESIGN IS
ESSENTIAL.

16. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR BUILDING
DESIGN FOR THIS CLIMATE ARE:
• SITE
a. LANDFORM
FOR FLAT SITES, DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR
LANDFORM IS IMMATERIAL.
IN CASE OF SLOPES AND DEPRESSIONS, THE
BUILDING SHOULD BE LOCATED ON THE WINDWARD
SIDE OR CREST TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF COOL
BREEZE.

17. b. WATER BODIES
WATER BODIES ARE NOT ESSENTIAL AS THEY WOULD TEND TO
FURTHER INCREASE THE HUMIDITY.
c. STREET WIDTH AND ORIENTATION
THE WIDTH OF THE STREET SHOULD BE SUCH THAT THE INTENSE
SOLAR RADIATION DURING LATE MORNING AND EARLY NOON IS
AVOIDED DURING THE SUMMER.
MAJOR STREET SHOULD BE ORIENTED PARALLEL TO OR WITHIN 30
DEGREE OF THE PREVALLING WIND DIRECTION DURING SUMMER
MONTHS TO ENCOURAGE VENTILATION IN WARM AND HUMID REGIONS.

18. d. OPEN SPACE AND BUILT FORM
• BUILDINGS SHOULD BE SPREAD OUT WITH LARGE OPEN SPACES IN
BETWEEN FOR UNRESTRICTED AIR MOVEMENT.
• IN CITIES BUILDINGS ON STILTS CAN PROMOTE VENTILATION AND
CAUSE COOLING AT THE GROUND LEVEL.

19. • VENTILATION
WINDOW TYPE FOR GOOD AIR FLOW

20. EXTRA VENTILATING DEVICES USED FOR
PROPER AIR CIRCULATION

21. • BUILDING PLANNING
TO PROVIDE SHELTER FROM RAIN AND HEAT, THE FORM OF THE
BUILDING SHOULD BE PLANNED TO PROMOTE AIR FLOW.

22. • MATERIALS
MATERIALS WITH HEAT STORAGE CAPACITY SUCH AS BRICKS
AND CONCRETE ARE OF LITTLE BENEFIT, A LIGHTER HOUSE
CONSTRUCTION (TIMBER , FIBRO) WILL COOL QUICKLY AT
NIGHT.
TIMBER HOUSE FIBRO HOUSE

23. • COLOUR AND TEXTURE
 THE WALLS SHOULD BE PAINTED WITH LIGHT WHITEWASHED,
WHILE THE SURFACE OF THE ROOF CAN BE BROKEN GLAZED TILE
TO REFELECT THE SUN BACK TO THE ENVIRONMENT.

24. • BOUNDARY FENCES SHOULD NOT BLOCK AIRFLOW.
• MAKE SURE TO BLOCK THE SUMMER BREEZES.
• SPACING OF BUILDINGS SHOULD BE CAREFULLY CONSIDERED TO
AVOID OBSTRUTION OF WIND.

25. DOCUMENTATION-1
• LOCATION: Nothern Territory, Australia
• Housing for Commonwealth employees

26. PLAN

28. CASE STUDY ON KERALA:
• WIND-
WINDS HAVE WESTERLY COMPONENT DURING THE DAY AND
EASTERLY COMPONENTS DURING THE NIGHT THROUGHOUT THE
YEAR.
IN GENERAL WINDS ARE QUITE STRONG DURING DAYTIME WHEN
THERMAL CIRCULATION IS BEST DEVELOPED AND WEAK DURING
NIGHT.

29. • HUMIDITY
DURING THE HOT WEATHER SEASON IT RANGES FROM 53% TO 72%
DURING THE MOONSOON SEASON IT IS ABOUT 85% OR ABOVE
• AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL
RECEIVES AN AVERAGE RAINFALL OF 3300MM.

30. Stations 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Trivandru
m city
31.6 31.9 31.5 31.9 31.8 31.5 32 31.7 32 32.5
Kozhikod
e city
31.2 31.4 31.3 32.1 32.3 31.3 31.5 31.4 32 32.2
Punalur 33.2 33.4 33.4 32.9 33.1 31.9 33.1 33 33.6 34.1
Trivandru
m (AP)
31.3 31.4 30.9 31.6 31.7 31 31.3 30.9 31.3 31.6
Kottayam 31.9 32.2 32.4 33 32 31.8 31.7 31.7 32 32.3
Kannur 31.7 32.3 32.1 32.6 32.3 31.8 31.9 31.9 32.7 32.8
Pallakkad 32.1 32 31.4 31.1 31.2 30.9 32.6 Dna dna Dna
Kochi
(AP)
31.1 31.3 31.1 31.4 31.3 31 30.9 30.9 31.1 31.5
Allappuzh
a
31.6 31.8 31.6 32.2 32.2 31.4 30.3 31.6 31.6 31.9
Karipur
(AP)
31.6 31.8 31.7 32.2 31.9 31.4 31.6 31.5 32 32.2
Vellanikar
a
Dna 32.1 31.8 33.7 32.1 31.6 31.9 31.8 31.3 32.3
MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE

31. Stations 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Trivandrum
city
23.5 23.4 23.3 23.5 24.1 23.4 23.5 23.5 23.5 23.1
Kozhikode
city
24.0 24.3 24.2 24.5 24.9 24.2 24.2 24.4 24.5 24.7
Punalur dna 22.2 22.1 22.1 23.0 22.3 21.9 22.0 22.1 22.1
Trivandrum
(AP)
23.8 23.9 23.7 24.0 24.1 23.9 24.2 23.8 23.4 24.1
Kottayam 22.9 23.6 23.3 23.5 23.6 22.8 21.4 22.7 22.8 22.9
Kannur 23.4 23.5 23.4 23.7 24.1 23.5 23.5 23.4 23.7 23.7
Palakkad 22.7 23.4 23.6 23.6 24.1 23.4 dna dna dna dna
Kochi (AP) 24.2 24.4 24.4 24.3 24.7 24.4 24.1 24.5 24.7 24.1
Alappuzha 24.1 24.3 24.1 24.3 24.6 23.9 23.9 23.6 23.3 22.6
Karipur 23.4 23.6 23.4 23.7 24.2 23.6 23.4 23.5 23.3 23.5
Vellanikkara dna 22.5 23.2 33.7 23.1 23 23.1 23.4 23.3 23.5
MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURE

32. THIS TYPE OF ROOF ALLOW RAINWATER FLOW
DOWN

33. HOT AND COLD BREEZES MAINTAINS THE
TEMPERATURE

34. VERANDAH IS USED FOR PROPER VENTILATION AND
PROTECTION FROM DIRECT SUN RADIATION

37. DOUBLE WINDOW SHEDS ARE USED FOR
PROTECTION FROM SOLAR RADIATION

39. THANK YOU