The document discusses different climate types and their key characteristics: - Climate Hot and Humid located between 15°N-S with day temperatures 27-32°C, high humidity, and annual rainfall of 2000-5000mm. - Hot and Dry located 15-30°N/S with day temperatures 43-49°C, low humidity, and low annual rainfall of 50mm. - Composite climate near tropics with temperatures and rainfall varying between dry and wet seasons.

1. Presented by:
Mithilesh Mandal
114AR0006
Sonakshi Bhattacharjee
114AR0024
Guidance:
Prof. Binit Kumar

2. Climate Hot andHumid Hot and dry Composite
Location 15° N-15° S 15°-30° N & S Near tropic of
Cancer and
Capricon
Temperature Day 27°-32° C 43°-49° C 32°-43° C(dry)
27°-32° C(wet)
Night 21°-29° C 10°-18° C(cool season)
27°-32° C(dry season)
21°-27° C(dry)
24°-27° C(wet)
Humidity 55-100% 10%-55% 20%-55%(dry)
55%-90%(wet)
Vapour Pressure 2500-3500 N/m² 750-1500 N/m² 1300-1600 N/m²
(dry)
2000-2500 N/m²
(wet)
Precipitation(annual
)
2000-5000 mm 50mm 500-1300 mm
Sky condition 850-7000 cd/m² 1700-2500 cd/m² Varies with
seasons
Solar Radiation Partly reflected, partly
scattered
Direct and strong Direct and
strong during
clear period

3. Flat roof - is used because of sandstorms – not obstruct the wind flow
Pitch roof - should be built as double layers
Small windows - to prevent sand and dust from entering the house
Thick wall – the entering of heat into the house during daytime become
slower and at night the cold air push the warm air to flow outside and the
building is maintained cold (ie: pyramid)
Concrete houses are built
Colors of the buildings - light / bright
Materials - crack and break up cause by high daytime temperature and
rapid cooling at night

5. Wall - is still warm at night because of the high solar radiation during the day
Pitch roof - is used act as a buffer to reduce the entering of heat into the house
Gutters are built
Plastered single layer wall – to prevent heat captured in the house
Window hoods and balcony - to reduce the entering of solar radiation and
daylight into the house
More windows and the opening are wide
Aprons - to prevent dirt on the wall
Wide doors – wind shaft is built to enable heated air go outside
Ceiling (high ceiling) – to prevent direct heat into the house

7. Courtyard type buildings are very suitable
A moderate dense, low rise development
Large projecting eaves and wide verandahs are needed in the warm-humid
season as out door living areas - to reduce sky glare, keep out the rain and
provide shade
Shading devices should preferably be of low thermal capacity
Roof and external walls - constructed of solid masonry and concrete.
Resistance insulation - placed at the outside surfaces of external walls or
roofs.
Large openings in opposite walls - preferably with solid shutters.

9.  Case Study - I
 Case Study – II
 Case Study – III
 Case Study -IV

10. Hot and dry climate
OVERVIEW OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES.
• Courtyard or patio
• White colored walls (“cool” colours reduce heat reflection ).
• Arrangement of the houses in is very closely packed to each other.
• Vegetation (reduces the temperature, filter’s the dust in and around the house, elevates
the humidity level may reduce as well as increase the wind speed) .
• Small openings
• Double roof or white single roof
• Thick walls
• Big basin to collect rainwater
• Louvered windows pergolas a water body

16. HOT AND HUMID CLIMATE
OVERVIEW OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES-
• Resisting heat gain
• Promoting heat loss
• Landform and Waterbodies
• Open spaces and built form
• Orientation and Planform
• cross-ventilation.
• Semiopen spaces
• Building Envelope
• Fenestration

17. Project details
Designers: Andrew Spiers (homeowner) and David
Bridgman, MODE DESIGN
Builder: Garrett Homes
Engineer: Elisha Harris, Qantec-McWilliam
Size: Approx. 177m2; 2 bedroom
Size of land: 80 hectares

18.  Site, location and climate
 Darwin River is a largely wooded rural suburb some 65km
south-east of Darwin.
 The house is sited in the western half of the block, away
from the river, on the highest point to make the most of
seasonal winds: south-easterlies in the dry and north-
westerlies in the wet.
 The Top End’s tropical climate has high humid summers
and warm winters, with mean maximum temperatures of
32°C and a mean minimum of 23.2°C. In the wet season,
from November to April, mean January rainfall is
423.8mm; in the dry season, from May to October, rainfall
drops to 1.2mm in July.
 During the wet season the region is prone to cyclone
activity, heavy monsoonal downpours and flooding. The
fire season occurs during the dry, from late autumn
through to late spring.

19.  Design response
 The home has a high-pitched roof that minimises sun
exposure and creates a cathedral ceiling to maximise air
circulation. Vents in the roof ridge and apex exhaust heat.
The roof is clad with steel and lined with insulation with
an air gap to act as an additional insulative barrier to heat
exchange.
 This home is built entirely with steel which has a low
thermal mass. The home and outdoor living area are
shaded year-round by the roof and eaves
 The home has been orientated west-south-west/east-north-
east to capture breezes common to this site The design
makes the most of passive cooling principles. The cross-
shaped plan ensures the home is only one room wide
throughout to encourage cross ventilation. Solid internal
walls have been placed on a north-west/south-east axis so
they increase natural ventilation by not obstructing air
paths
 Windows are fitted with roller shutters to protect the
house from fire or storm damage.

21. COMPOSITE CLIMATE – COLD AND DRY
OVERVIEW OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES-
• Resisting heat gain
• Decrease exposed surface area by orientation and shape of the building.
• Providing roof insulation and east and west wall insulation.
• Increase shading on east and west walls by overhangs, fins and trees.
• Increase surface reflectivity by using light-coloured textures.
• Encourage ventilation by locating windows properly.
• Increase air exchange rate with the help of courtyardS and Arrangement of openings.

22. Degree college and hill council,
Leh, India
• Located in Leh, in upper Himalayas,
the degree college and hill council have
been built within a cold and dry
climate.
• The building required to be heated
almost throughout the year. It has long
winter from October to April .

27. COMPOSITE CLIMATE – COLD AND CLOUDY
OVERVIEW OF DESIGN PRINCIPLES-
• Exposed surface areas are reduced by careful orientation and shape of building.
• Wall and roof insulation and double glazing
• Thicker walls.
• Providing air locks and lobbies darker colours inside as well as outside.
• Reduce shading on walls and glazed portions.
• Utilise heat from appliances and provide thermal storage mass like trombe wall, mass wall etc.
• Sunspace and solarium with day-lighting strategies.
• Skylights—domed or pyramid shaped—with baffles to control glare are more efficient.
• Glazing area should be 3 to 9 per cent of the floor area to provide adequate lighting levels.

28. H.P. STATE CO-OPERATIVE BANK
BUILDING, SHIMLA
 Location : Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
 Climate : Cold and Cloudy
 Brief description of building : This building is a
ground and three-storeyed structure with its longer
axis facing the east-west direction. The smaller
northern wall faces the prevailing winter winds
from the north-eastern direction.

29.  South-facing Trombe wall and
sunspace heats up the interior
 South-facing solar collectors on the
roof provide warm air, which is
circulated by means of ducts
 North face is protected by a cavity
wall that insulates the building from
prevailing winter winds
 Western wall is provided with
insulation as well as double glazing

30.  Daylighting is enhanced by
providing light shelves.
 Skylight on the terrace also provides
daylighting
 Air lock lobbies are provided to
reduce air exchange

32.  https://www.google.co.in/
 http://www.slideshare.net/
 www.teriin.org

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