The document discusses climate change and its causes, impacts, and potential solutions. It describes climate change as one of the most difficult scientific problems that draws on many disciplines. It also notes that climate science predictions require understanding economics, politics, and human psychology. The document then provides details on the composition and layers of the atmosphere, greenhouse gases, and factors that influence Earth's climate such as solar activity, volcanic eruptions, and orbital variations. It discusses evidence of past climate change from ice cores and sediments and compares current warming rates to natural rates. The document also summarizes climate modeling results showing risks of increased temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, extreme weather, and sea level rise by 2100 under emissions scenarios. Adaptation strategies discussed include urban

3. • described by some as the most difficult scientific problem
ever faced
• draws all the major scientific disciplines: chem,
geology,atmospheric science, oceanography, solar
physics and biology
• climate science predictions require understanding of
economics , politics, and human psychology.
• it is very much a frontier science

4.  layers of the atmosphere
1.troposphere- 0-10km, contains 80% of
atmos mass
2.stratosphere- 10-30km, contains the
ozone layer
3.mesosphere- 30-50km, temperature of
upto -80℃
4.thermosphere- HOT, ionic interaction
with solar wind

5. O 2
 atmospheric composition
(a) -78% (b) -20.8%
(c) -0.9% (d) -0.25%
(d) -0.04%
N2
OH2
CO2
Ar

6. • & make 92% of atmosphere, but are transparent
to solar and terrestrial radiation
• , and and other trace gases make lower
atmosphere opaque to I.R radiation
• also clouds have strong effect on radiation at all
wavelengths.
ipcc climate report 2014
OH2 CO2 ON2
N2O2

7. the earth's green house gas is so powerfull that on average the surface of earth gets nearly double the
amount of radiation from the atmosphere than it gets on the suraface from the sun
ipcc climate report 2014

11. nasa earth observatory

12. nasa earth observatory

13. • Earth's net radiation, sometimes called net flux, is the balance between
incoming and outgoing energy at the top of the atmosphere.
• It is the total energy that is available to influence the climate.
• Energy comes in to the system when sunlight penetrates the top of the
atmosphere.
• Energy goes out in two ways: (1)reflection by clouds, aerosols, or the
Earth's surface; and
(2)thermal radiation—heat emitted by
the surface and the atmosphere, including clouds.
• The global average net radiation must be close to zero over the span of
a year or else the average temperature will rise or fall.
nasa earth obervatory

14. • Earth has experienced climate change in the past without help from humanity. We know about past
climates because of evidence left in tree rings, layers of ice in glaciers, ocean sediments, coral reefs,
and layers of sedimentary rocks. For example, bubbles of air in glacial ice trap tiny samples of Earth’s
atmosphere, giving scientists a history of greenhouse gases that stretches back more than 800,000
years. The chemical make-up of the ice provides clues to the average global temperature.
• Using this ancient evidence, scientists have built a record of Earth’s past climates, or “paleoclimates.”
The paleoclimate record combined with global models shows past ice ages as well as periods even
warmer than today. But the paleoclimate record also reveals that the current climatic warming is
occurring much more rapidly than past warming events
• As the Earth moved out of ice ages over the past million years, the global temperature rose a total of 4
to 7 degrees Celsius over about 5,000 years. In the past century alone, the temperature has climbed
0.7 degrees Celsius, roughly ten times faster than the average rate of ice-age-recovery warming
• As the Earth moved out of ice ages over the past million years, the global temperature rose a total of 4
to 7 degrees Celsius over about 5,000 years. In the past century alone, the temperature has climbed
0.7 degrees Celsius, roughly ten times faster than the average rate of ice-age-recovery warming
nasaearthobservatory

15. • it provides a perspective on present climate and future
climate changes
• test our understanding of controls on earth's climate
• motivates exploration of climate physics

16. 1) snowball earth hypothesis(750mya)
2) paleocene-eocene thermal maximus(55mya)
3) milkanovitch cycles(100kyr-22kyr)
4) holocene(last 2000-present)

17. 4222 SOHOHSO 
• around 750mya ,
there were many
active volcanoes
• they were constantly
churning out huge
amount of into
the atmosphere
•
• The converts to
sulfuric acid aerosols
that block incoming
solar radiation and
contribute to ozone
destruction. The
blocked solar
radiation can cause
global cooling.
2SO
2SO

18. SERIES OF EVENTS IN SNOWBALL
EFFECT
global cooling
runway icehouse
slow weathering , leass Ca supplied to oceans
DEGLACIATION
↓
↓
↓↓
↓
efflux of
in
atmosp
builds up to a very high level in the atmosphere2CO
2SO

20. • happened about 55mya
• temp increased in the deep sea by 0.5C
• global surface temp rose by ~~5-9 C
• PETM resulted in the acidification of the ocean due to
the influx of into the ocean system
• last interglacial sea levels were 5-9m higher than the
present sea level.
• methane hydrates
• volacanic erruptions
• melting permafrost
• terrestrial biomass burning
• oxidation of organic carbon buried in shallow seas
2CO

21. the dominant hypothesis-
orbital changes are thought to drive climate changes on
timescales of tens of thousands of years.
 eccentricity of earth orbit (~100kyr)
 obliquity of earths axis (~41kyr)
 precession of equinox (~22kyr)

23. • The first piece of evidence that the warming over the past few decades isn’t part of a natural cycle is
how fast the change is happening.
• The biggest temperature swings our planet has experienced in the past million years are the ice ages.
• Based on a combination of paleoclimate data and models, scientists estimate that when ice ages have
ended in the past, it has taken about 5,000 years for the planet to warm between 4 and 7 degrees
Celsius.
• The warming of the past century—0.7 degrees Celsius—is roughly eight times faster than the ice-age-
recovery warming on average.
• Paleoclimate data show that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are higher than they have been in the
past 800,000 years. There is no plausible explanation for why such high levels of carbon dioxide would
not cause the planet to warm.

24. IPCC REPORT 2014 ,Mann et al

25. what is EdGCM?
• EdGCM is short for educational global climate modeling, it
was developed by nasa and Goddard institute of space
science
• It helps educators and students to do understand climate
science by using GCM's which can run on simple
desktops and laptop

26. 1. Using EdGCM we try and predict the future climate by
providing the boundary conditions based on IPCC's A1FI
scenario
2. IPCC's A1FI scenario describes a world where there is
rapid economic growth and population.
3. The emmision would peak during the mid century and
thereafter it would decrease as a result of the world
moving towards renewable sources of energy.

27. 4.Major underlying themes are economic and cultural
convergence and capacity building, with a substantial
reduction in regional differences in per capita income. In
this world, people pursue personal wealth rather than
environmental quality
5. Our climate modeling is based on the projected IPCC's
A1F1 CO2 emission scenario, this is of interest for our
project beacuse the projected CO2 trend is similar to the
current CO2 emission values

28. 1. The modeling is done from the period 1958 to the year
2100, the initial condition (eg:topography, vegetation) and
boundary conditions(eg:SST) are provided to the
software.
2. For the run we assume that the CO2 will increase by
0.5ppm per year for the period of 1958 to 2000 and
thereafter there will be a change of 1% per year from
2000 to 2100.
3. CO2 concentration is set at 280 ppm recorded for 1958
and thereafter it will increase as predicted.

29. ANNUAL PRECIPITATION 1958-2100

30. ANNUAL SNOW AND ICE COVERAGE
1958-2100

31. ANNUAL SNOW AND ICE COVERAGE
1958-2100

32. DIFFERENCING 1958 to 2100

33. ANNUAL SURFACE MAX TEMP
1958-2100

34. ANNUAL SURFACE MAX TEMP
DIFFERENCING 1958-2100

35. ANNUAL EVAPORATION
1958-2100

36. ANNUAL SNOW DEPTH
1958-2100

37. ANNUAL SNOW DEPTH DIFFERENCING
1958-2100

38. ANNUAL SNOW COVERAGE
1958-2100

39. ANNUAL SNOW COVER DIFFERENCING
1958-2100

40. CHANGING PRECIPIAION 1958-2100

41. CHANGING PRECIPITATION 1958-2100

42. CHANGING PRECIPITAION 1958-2100

44. • We see that their is a dramatic rise in the surface air
temperature particularly for the tropical and subtropical
regions.
• There is a reduction in the polar ice caps particularly for
the arctic region we see that by the summers of 2070 the
arctic ice caps would be completly be melted during the
summers.
• we see rise in abnormal weather patterns(eg: el nino and
el nina) and the oceans will undergo heavy acidification
due to the massive influx of CO2.

45. • We see that the precipitation patterns varying across the
world in very severe manner with some places recieving
very high intensity rainfall whlist some places undergo
desertification.
• The average surface air temperature of the planet will rise
from the present 15℃ increase by upto 3-6℃.
• There will be an increasing frequency of tropical cyclones
due to the prevalence of low pressure area in the oceans.

46. • perhaps the most significant impact of the rising
greenhouse gases will be the rise in the sea level.
• It is estimated that the sea level will rise by 28-46 cm
under low emmision scenario and by upto 98cm under
high emmision scenario.

47. • Flood damages to infrastructure, livelihoods and coastal
settlements due to increasing sea level.
• By 2070 Asian port cities like mumbai, kochi , kolkata and
dhaka could face severe coastal flooding.
• food and water shortage will become more prevalent due
to extreme temperature and drying trends.
• Heat related mortality will increase for the people in south
east asia espeacially during the summers.

48. • climate change will have a detrimental impact on food
production.
• The Indo-gangetic plains which produce 90 million tonnes
of wheat a year will see a substantial fall in its productivity.
• this will further lead to more malnutrition amonst the
people living in the south asia.

49.  The past century has seen an increase in the global mean temperature of 0.8C., and nearly all
of the top 10 warmest years on record have occurred in just the past decade
 this will lead to sea level rise, unusual weather patterns like el nino and el nina.
 Arctic ice reached its equal second-lowest extent in the satellite record in September while
warm oceans saw coral mortality of up to 50% in parts of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef
 Extreme weather and climate related events have damaged farming and food security, affecting
more than 60 million people, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.
 The level of CO2 in the atmosphere has also broken records in 2016, with May seeing the
highest monthly value yet - 407.7 ppm - at Mauna Loa, in Hawaii

50. • Not right away. The Earth’s surface temperature does not react instantaneously to the energy
imbalance created by rising carbon dioxide levels.
• This delayed reaction occurs because a great deal of the excess energy is stored in the ocean,
which has a tremendous heat capacity.
• Because of this lag (which scientists call “thermal inertia”), even the 0.6–0.9 degrees of global
warming we have observed in the past century is not the full amount of warming we can expect
from the greenhouse gases we have already emitted.
• Even if all emissions were to stop today, the Earth’s average surface temperature would climb
another 0.6 degrees or so over the next several decades before temperatures stopped rising.
• If we wait until we feel the amount or impact of global warming has reached an intolerable level,
we will not be able to “hold the line” at that point; some further warming will be unavoidable.

51. • Their is a consensus amongst scientist that the emmision would continue to
rise for atleast the half of the century , therefore there is very little that we can
do to stop the rise in temperature and sea level.
• the best option we have is to start planning for inevitable rise in sea level and
temperature.
• the governments in these regions need to start taking capacity building
measures like:
1. effective land use planning and selective relocation in the long term
2. reduction in the vulnerability of lifeline infrastructures like water, energy
,food, waste management, biomass, telecom services.
3. construction of monitoring and early warning system
4. economic diversification

52. 5.Urban planning to reduce heat islands and improvemnet of built environment
development of self sustainable cities.
6.Proper disaster preparedness including early warning systems.
7. Adaptive and intergrated water resource management along with
diversification of water resources and re-use
8.Improved aggriculture practices and water management along with improved
variety of high yield crops
9. building awareness amongst people and introduction of global warming into
education AND DEVELOP NEW POLICIES!

53. • It's a climate change accord agreed by nearly 200 countries in December 2015,
which came into force on 4 November 2016.
• The agreement commits world leaders to keeping global warming below 2C,
seen as the threshold for safety by scientists, and pursuing a tougher target of
1.5C.
• The carbon emission curbs put forward by countries under Paris are not legally-
binding but the framework of the accord, which includes a mechanism for
periodically cranking those pledges up is binding.
• The agreement also has a long-term goal for net zero emissions which would
effectively phase out fossil fuels.