Building stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving or roofing materials in the construction of buildings and other structures.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.
the most common constituent of sand is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the form of quartz.
Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
Stones dressing as a Building material and constructionNaresh Kumar
Stone found in nature, have to be quarried from their thick beds. After quarrying large pieces of rocks, it is essential to break them into smaller sizes so that they can be used in buildings.
A place where exposed surfaces of good quality natural rocks are abundantly available is known as “quarry,” and the process of taking out stones from the natural bed is known as “quarrying.”
This is done with the help of hand tools like a pickaxe, chisels, etc., or with the help of machines. Blasting using explosives is another method used in quarrying.
The dressing of stones is important so that they are dressed in suitable shapes and polished to give a smooth surface if desired.
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STONE -As A Building Material.
Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability.
The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, abutments, dams, barrages, roads etc are known as building stones.
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
introduction
Classification Of Aggregates, Good Qualities of an Ideal Aggregate: ,Tests on Aggregate:- , Specıfıc gravıty of Aggregate. , Flakiness & Elongation Index , Fineness Modulus (f.m):
building stone
classification of stone
physical properties of stone
chemical properties of stone
types of building stone
uses in different construction
quarrying of building stone
prevention of stone
different tests performed on the stone
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
Gives information about various building materials, classification of buildings, types of loads, building components their functions and nominal dimensions.
The earth’s crust is composed of rocks. Rock is a mineral mass of a more or less uniform composition. It may consist of a single mineral (mono-mineralic) or of several minerals (poly-mineralic).
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing 230,000–280,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 metres (100 ft) high. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
THIS PPT SHOWS HOW THE EARTHQUAKE WAS CAUSED AND DAMAGE DUE TO IT.
Today, technology is rapidly evolving; and along with industry trends, hospital facility managers have more to manage than ever before.
Faced with increasingly complex systems, large amounts of available data, and limited human and capital resources, they need tools to organize all of this information to make their hospitals work better and smarter.
At the same time, building management systems are becoming more complex with multiple systems converging from HVAC and air quality systems, energy management systems, and fire safety and security systems.
Understanding of Building materials, its behaviour and uses are extremely important for the students of Architecture and Interior Designing. Hence, I tried to introduce the 1st year students with the 1st building material they are going to learn in college, stone as a building material. The presentation covers almost all the factors related to this material class with a focus on the capability of 1st year students.
Stones dressing as a Building material and constructionNaresh Kumar
Stone found in nature, have to be quarried from their thick beds. After quarrying large pieces of rocks, it is essential to break them into smaller sizes so that they can be used in buildings.
A place where exposed surfaces of good quality natural rocks are abundantly available is known as “quarry,” and the process of taking out stones from the natural bed is known as “quarrying.”
This is done with the help of hand tools like a pickaxe, chisels, etc., or with the help of machines. Blasting using explosives is another method used in quarrying.
The dressing of stones is important so that they are dressed in suitable shapes and polished to give a smooth surface if desired.
i have made all the slide according to poly diploma
follow me for all updates and i will help u in make a quality of notes
if u have any doubt fell free to ask on comment section i will reply as fast as a cheeta
I love to interact with you all.
STONE -As A Building Material.
Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability.
The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, abutments, dams, barrages, roads etc are known as building stones.
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
introduction
Classification Of Aggregates, Good Qualities of an Ideal Aggregate: ,Tests on Aggregate:- , Specıfıc gravıty of Aggregate. , Flakiness & Elongation Index , Fineness Modulus (f.m):
building stone
classification of stone
physical properties of stone
chemical properties of stone
types of building stone
uses in different construction
quarrying of building stone
prevention of stone
different tests performed on the stone
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
Gives information about various building materials, classification of buildings, types of loads, building components their functions and nominal dimensions.
The earth’s crust is composed of rocks. Rock is a mineral mass of a more or less uniform composition. It may consist of a single mineral (mono-mineralic) or of several minerals (poly-mineralic).
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing 230,000–280,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 metres (100 ft) high. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
THIS PPT SHOWS HOW THE EARTHQUAKE WAS CAUSED AND DAMAGE DUE TO IT.
Today, technology is rapidly evolving; and along with industry trends, hospital facility managers have more to manage than ever before.
Faced with increasingly complex systems, large amounts of available data, and limited human and capital resources, they need tools to organize all of this information to make their hospitals work better and smarter.
At the same time, building management systems are becoming more complex with multiple systems converging from HVAC and air quality systems, energy management systems, and fire safety and security systems.
Brick floors have a timeless sense of beauty and charm. They have a warm, inviting appeal, but installing brick floors is often a time consuming and expensive.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT.
Masonry is the craft of shaping rough pieces of rock into accurate geometrical shapes, at times simple, but some of considerable complexity, and then arranging the resulting stones, often together with mortar, to form structures.
In NIT Calicut there is an increasing need to meet growing water demands. There are about 5000 students in the college. There are fourteen departments and thirteen hostels in the campus. A lot of water is being misused both in the academic and residential campus which can be effectively managed and conserved.
Are you trying to reduce energy consumption on your campus? Conservation programs that include building retrofits and improvements to metering and controls can reduce energy consumption by over 20% on university and college campuses.
David Helliwell and John Metras, University of British Columbia’s Managing Director of Infrastructure Development presented a 45 minute webinar on reducing energy consumption on campus.
This presentation includes:
• An overview of UBC’s ECOTrek project and the keys to its success in reducing energy consumption across the campus
• An explanation of the role of EMS (Energy Management Systems) in ensuring the persistence of energy savings
• An outline of UBC’s future energy sustainability projects
John Metras was the Director of Operations for UBC when the university implemented its $35M ECOTrek project that involved rebuilding and retrofitting the infrastructure of nearly 300 buildings, and which led to a 23% reduction in campus energy consumption and a 15% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
David Helliwell has worked in the energy sector since 1994, including a role with the Canadian government where he was responsible for reducing costs and improving environmental performance of 700 million square feet of office space across the country. He is the CEO of Pulse Energy, which he co-founded in 2006.
The six climates are normally designated as Hot and Dry, Warm and Humid, Moderate, Cold and Sunny, Cold and Cloudy and Composite. The criteria of allocating any location in India to one of the first five climate zones are that the defined conditions prevail for more than six months.
THIS PPT EXPLAINS HOW TO SHAPE SHELTERS IN WARM HUMID CLIMATE.
The six climates are normally designated as Hot and Dry, Warm and Humid, Moderate, Cold and Sunny, Cold and Cloudy and Composite. The criteria of allocating any location in India to one of the first five climate zones are that the defined conditions prevail for more than six months.
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability, and workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix design.
Smart Cities Mission is an urban renewal and retrofitting program by the Government of India with a mission to develop 100 cities (the target has been revised to 109 cities) all over the country making them citizen friendly and sustainable
Waste water in USJP and water treatment MethodsTrishan Perera
Waste water in USJP and water treatment Methods
A presentation Done by the 1st Year Students (Group 5) of the Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura for the Environmental Chemistry Assignment..
THE CRYSTAL, LONDON: A SUSTAINABLE INTELLIGENT BUILDING CASESTUDY BY LAKSHMI ...Lakshmi Ravi Chandu Kolusu
PPT PRESENTATION ON A CASE STUDY OF SUSTAINABLE INTELLIGENT BUILDING AS A PART OF CURRICULUM IN INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS SUBJECT OF SEMESTER 8, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
These slides are describes regarding different types of stone masonry used in construction of walls, plinth, compound wall etc. and also the terms used in the stone masonry.
Building Stones: Varieties of Indian Stones, Quarrying blasting, Dressings of stones,
Characteristics of good building stones, Slate, Marble, Artificial stones, Stone
Preservation
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. Stone
a natural, hard substance formed from
minerals and earth material which are
present in rocks.
Rock
the portion of the earth’s crust having no
definite shape and structure
3. To qualify as a construction material, stone
should have the following qualities:
4. Strength: Most types of
stone have more than
adequate compressive
strength. The shear
strength of stone,
however, is usually
about 1/10 of its
compressive strength
6. Hardness:
Talc, easily scratched with the thumb-nail: 1
Gypsum, scratched by the thumb-nail: 2
Calcite, not scratched by thumb-nail but easily cut by knife: 3
Fluorite, can be cut by knife with greater difficulty than calcite: 4
Apatite, can be cut only with difficulty by knife: 5
Orthoclase, can be cut w/ knife w/ great difficulty on thin edges: 6
Quartz, not scratched by steel, scratches glass: 7
Topaz: 8
Sapphire: 9
Diamond: 10
7. Durability: Resistance
to the weathering
effects of rain, wind,
heat, and frost action
is necessary for
exterior stonework
15. Metamorphic rocks has undergone a change in
structure, texture, or composition due to the
natural agencies, as heat and pressure,
especially when the rock becomes harder
and more crystalline, as marble and slate
19. As a load bearing wall material, stone is similar
to modular unit masonry. Although stone
masonry is not necessarily uniform in size,
its laid up with mortar and used in
compression. Almost all stone is adversely
affected by sudden changes in temperature
and should not be used where a high degree
of fire resistance is required.
20. Stone is used in construction in the following
forms:
Rubble
Dimension stone
Flagstone
Crushed stone
21. Rubble - consists of rough fragments of broken
stone that have at least one good face for
exposure in a wall.
22. Dimension stone - is quarried and squared stone
2’ or more in length and width and of specified
thickness, used commonly for wall panels,
cornices, copings, lintels and flooring.
23. Flagstone - refers to flat stone slabs used for
flooring and horizontal surfacing.
25. TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Argillite – formed from
clay, dark blue with faint
shades of green.
Used for:
floor tile
stair threads
coping stones
interior wall base
interior window
stools of exterior
window sills.
26. TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Granite – igneous origin,
hard, strong, durable and
capable of taking high
pressure polish. Red, pink,
yellow, green, blue, white
and brown.
Used for:
flooring
wall paneling
column
mullion facing
stair threads
flagstone
27. TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Limestone – sedimentary
rock like dolomite, no
cleavage lines, low in
absorption, smooth, uniform
in structure & composition.
High compressive & tensile
strength
Used for:
wall & floor surfaces
28. TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Travertine – sedimentary rock,
pleasing texture with small
natural pockets on a cut
surface.
Used for:
interior decorative stone
29. TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Marble – metamorphic rock, a
re crystallized limestone
forming into carrara, parian,
onyx and vermont.
Used for:
flooring
wall & column facing
30. TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Serpentine – igneous with
mineral serpentine.
Typically olive green to
greenish black but
impurities may color the
rock.
Used only for interiors due to
weathering
31. TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Sandstone – class of
rock of cemented silica
grains with texture
ranging from very fine
to very coarse. Colors
vary from buff, red and
light brown. Porous
where as 30% of
volume composed of
pores
32. TYPES OF BUILDING STONES
Slate Rock –
metamorphosis of clays
and shale's deposited in
layers. May be separated
into thin, tough sheets
called slates . Colors are
black, green red, grey, or
purple.
Used for:
flooring
window sills
stools
stair treads & facing
33. STONE CONSTRUCTION
Largely used as facing for building material with steel and
concrete frames.
Application Categories :
1. Paneling
2. Ashlars
3. Rubblework
4. Trim
34. Running Bond - a
masonry bond formed
when all units are laid in
stretcher position, with
a half-unit overlap
Paneling – thin slabs of stone cut to dimension
and thickness to cover back up walls and
provide finished exterior
35. Stack Bond - a masonry
bond formed when there
is no overlapping of all
units and all horizontal
& vertical joints are
aligned
Paneling – thin slabs of stone cut to dimension
and thickness to cover back up walls and
provide finished exterior
36. Ashlars – work requires the use of cut stone
that includes broken ashlars, regularly /
irregularly coursed.
Coursed Ashlar - Ashlar
masonry laid out in
courses of equal height;
blocks of various sizes
may be combined to
make up the height of
the course
37. Ashlars – work requires the use of cut stone
that includes broken ashlars, regularly /
irregularly coursed.
Random Ashlar - Ashlar
masonry laid without
regular courses but with
an overall effect of
horizontal orientation
38. Rubblework – random & no attempt to
produced an orderly course either
horizontal or vertical.. Small spaces are
filled with smaller stones.
Coursed Rubble - Fieldstone
or roughly dressed stone,
with or without mortar,
assembled to give a effect of
courses
39. Rubblework – random & no attempt to
produced an orderly course either
horizontal or vertical.. Small spaces are
filled with smaller stones.
Fieldstone - Stone found on the
ground (i.e., not quarried) that is
a suitable size and shape for use
as drywall or rubble masonry