The document discusses climatic conditions and architectural features of cold regions. It describes the climates of Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, and Mongolia. For Himachal Pradesh, it notes temperature variations by altitude and common building materials like timber. In Ladakh, the dry, sunny climate and hilly terrain influence the compact, solar-oriented settlement patterns. Traditional houses have thick mud walls, flat roofs, and courtyards. Mongolian architecture features portable yurts made of a wooden frame and felt covering. All three regions employ natural, insulating materials and passive solar design strategies to cope with cold weather.
The ppt consists of types of climatic regions in india, 5 typesof climatic zones in india, their description , cold and cloudy zone, shimla, himachal pradesh, types of design features according to climatic zones, active and passive cooling and heating techniques in cold and cloudy region.
hello! find the details about composite climate and aurabindo ashramam here. If u want best architecture and interior services, click on https://jakkan.com/ and contact them. They give best services.
The ppt consists of types of climatic regions in india, 5 typesof climatic zones in india, their description , cold and cloudy zone, shimla, himachal pradesh, types of design features according to climatic zones, active and passive cooling and heating techniques in cold and cloudy region.
hello! find the details about composite climate and aurabindo ashramam here. If u want best architecture and interior services, click on https://jakkan.com/ and contact them. They give best services.
This presentation gives brief details about hot and dry climate of India. A special focus on city Jaisalmer (case study) is also provided.our main motive was to provide climatological factors of hot and dry climate zone in India , also to give architectural features and vernacular construction materials used in hot and dry climatic zone.
Thank You
Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh, IndiaMansi Shah
This presentation gives an overview about kath-khuni construction practice prevalent in Himachal Pradesh. More information about the same is available in the book "Prathaa: Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh"
http://mansi-shah.weebly.com/book.html
by Mansi Shah- Adjunct Assistant Professor at CEPT University
This presentation gives brief details about hot and dry climate of India. A special focus on city Jaisalmer (case study) is also provided.our main motive was to provide climatological factors of hot and dry climate zone in India , also to give architectural features and vernacular construction materials used in hot and dry climatic zone.
Thank You
Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh, IndiaMansi Shah
This presentation gives an overview about kath-khuni construction practice prevalent in Himachal Pradesh. More information about the same is available in the book "Prathaa: Kath-khuni architecture of Himachal Pradesh"
http://mansi-shah.weebly.com/book.html
by Mansi Shah- Adjunct Assistant Professor at CEPT University
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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4. • The regions that lies on the earth’s equator tend to
have tropical and deserted region due to close and
direct sun rays. These regions are mostly hot and
moist.
• As the regions move away from the equator it starts
to get warmer, cooler and colder, due to distant sun
rays.
• The northern and southern hemisphere have the
polar region that are extremely cold due to the most
distant region from the sun.
• The northern part of the world has high amount of
colder region due to rise in the altitude.
6. • India is home to an extraordinary variety of climatic
regions, ranging from tropical in south to temperate
and alpine in north, where the elevated regions
receive sustained winter snowfall. The nation’s
climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and
the Thar desert.
7. Cold & Dry Regions
• Regions that lie in the cold climate zone are situated at the high
altitudes. The temperatures ranges between 20 – 30 C in summers;
while in winter, in rages from -3 – 8 C, making it quite chilly.
8. Essential features in designing of a house
• Building will have sloping roof.
• Windows will have wooden panels.
• Timber paneled wall will be used instead of brick or stone masonry.
• Bedroom will be on south west of the house.
• Kitchen will be on south east of the house.
• Dinning will be on the south.
• Bathroom will be on the north west of the house.
9. • Natural light is important in the house.
• Flooring of the house must be of timber.
• Living area should be in the north of the building.
• Utility rooms should be in the south.
• Cross ventilation is very important for healthy living.
• Tress can be planted near windows to the block cold
air.
10. Design Criteria
• Increase thermal resistance
• Increase thermal capacity
• Increase buffer spaces
• Decrease air exchange rate Roof insulation, wall insulation and
double glazing
• Thicker walls
• Air locks / lobbies
• Reduce shading
• Utilize heat from appliances
• Trapping heat
• Orientation and shape of the building
• Uses of trees as wind barriers.
11. Cold climate
Cold and cloudy Cold and sunny
• HIMACHAL
PRADESH
• LEH LADAKH
• MANGOLIA
12. Roofing in the cold and dry region
• Gable roofs are used in hilly areas, as these roof types are able to
shed snow in the hilly areas.
• The main used material for roofing in hilly area is timber, as it is
locally available from the trees.
• Trees which are used for this purpose are cedar.
13.
14. HIMACHAL
PRADESH - cold and cloudy
- DEV BHOOMI- ABODE OF GODS
• It is situated in the laps of Himalayas –
surrounded by number of ranges
• Main occupation : Agriculture – Wheat,
Maize, Rice, potato, ginger, garlic,
mushrooms, olives.
`
15. Climate : cold and cloudy
• Himachal Pradesh experiences of huge variations in it’s climatic
conditions
(The variations of climatic conditions are divided according to altitude)
1. 450- 900 m – hot and sub humid tropical – southern lower
traces
2. 900-1800 m – warm and temperate
3. 1900-2400 m – cool and temperate
4. 2400-4800 m – cold glacial
5. 3000 m – snowfall
Octobers - very cold
December-march – snowfall
Feb-April - spring season
June rainy - season starts
16. TOPOGRAPHY
AREA: 55673kmsq.
• Shares borders :
• Numerous mountain ranges, like
Shivalik ranges
• (450-6500)m above the sea level
• Latitude : 32’ 22’ 40” north to
33’12’40”north.
• Longitude : 75’ 45’ 55” to 79’
07’20” east.
• 38% of total area under forest
• Satluj is most prominent river,
others are Chenab, Ravi, Beas and
Yamuna.
17. vegetation
Flora:
• Forests
⁻ Alpine scrub forests
⁻ Sub alpine forest
⁻ Montane temperate forests
⁻ Montane sub tropical
⁻ Dry tropical forests
- Moist typical forests
• Medicinal plants
⁻ Latjira-snake bite
⁻ Neelkanthi-used as tonic
⁻ Mimosa –anti-depression
⁻ Aloe-discomfort in stomach and jaundice
18. Major Problems
• Frequent and Seismic tremor
• Problems of soil erosion and land slides.
• Suitable orientation on the hill slopes.
• Existence of tall shoddy trees and dense forest area, which obstruct
the winter sun required for the buildings.
• Limitations on the height of the building due to earthquake risk.
• High cost involved in the site development due to the cutting and the
filling process.
• Non-availability and transportation problems of construction
materials
19. Settlement patterns : Typical village along stepped contours
The traditional settlements appears to have the color of the land and appear just
right almost ecologically planned. The landscape materials, techniques of making, all
contribute to a common formal language of settlement.
Typically located along the contoured sunny slopes admits backdrop of hills and snow
clad mountains and appear to organically grow out of the fold of the landscape.
20. KATH KHUNI TECHNIQUE
• Made of alternate courses of dry stone masonry and wood
without cementing mortar.
• Layering and inter locking timber and stone provides strength,
stability and flexibility (Earthquake resistant).
• These heavy walls allow a good thermal insulation by providing
high time-lag of more than 8 hours. This makes the interior of the
house cooler in summer and warm in winter for maximum part of
the year.
• Above the plinth walls are strong with alternating stone layer, as
the wall rises up it is only the wood frame that is stacked above
another wood frame. This distributes mass optimally.
• Interiors of wall are finished with mud plaster and lined with
wood on account of its good insulation and binding properties.
• Resist sliding or overturning during land movement.
• Dry masonry construction allow stones to undulate within a
flexible wooden frame work to allow energy of earthquake to
disperse.
21.
22. Foundation :
• Stone plinth – 0.6 – 1 meters for two storey buildings.
3 meters for tower temples.
•. The upper floors are made of timber planks and timber-joints
24. FLOORING
• In the ground level mud
& cow-dung were used
for flooring above the
plinth made of random
rubble masonry. The
upper floors are made of
timber planks and timber-
joists
KITCHEN
• Kitchen made of mud,
placed at center which
helps in keeping the
indoor warm.
25. • Balconies: Provide a good sun-space
or solarium.
• Cantilevered balcony resting on stone
wall
• Wooden members supports it to
provide stability.
• Courtyard:Sunny courtyard to
perform various activities during day time.
26. ROOFING :
• Pitched roof with locally available timber. Slate
used for roof covering. Below the roof a ceiling is
constructed with timber.
• The light-weight roof construction and the air
between the roofing and attic-floor provided a
very good thermal insulation against the passage
of heat.
• Low pitched roof provides a good solution to
drain off the rain-water/ snow from the
dwellings.
27. ATTIC
• Multifunctional space
• Served as abode of god.
• Storage of grain.
• Windows – ventilates and helps to dry the grains .
• Protects from rain.
• Insulates the house
29. INTRODUCTION
• Ladakh region is at the highest altitude , belongs to the Tibetan Buddhist sphere, western neighbouring
region is Kashmir.
• Mountainous region
• Little vegetation
• Cold desert
30. CLIMATE: COLD AND SUNNY
• Temperature variations.
SUMMER :Day 17 : 24° C (March – September)
Night 4 : 11°C.
WINTER : Day -14 : 7°C ( October – February )
Night below 0° C -20°C.
• RELATIVE HUMIDITY : Consistently low 10 – 50 %.
• WINDS : Occasionally intense.
• SKY : Fairly clear throughout the year.
• CLOUD COVER: Is less than 50%.
• RAINFALL: 15cm annual average. (very less).
31. TOPOGRAPHY:
• Ladakh is land located between two mightiest
mountains ranges karakoram in north and
great Himalayas in south. Ladakh has its own
range, ladakh range and zanskar range
• Dras, zanskar and the suru valley on the
Himalaya’s northern flanks receive heavy
snow in winter, when it melts in the summer it
becomes only source of the water for the
crops here as there is very less or no rainfall.
• Because of thin air in its atmosphere the heat
of the sun is more intense then at lower
altitude vegetation is very sparse in ladakh except
along stream beds and wet lands, on high slopes
and in irrigated places.
32. SETTLEMENT PATTERN:
• Leh is the biggest town of ladakh.
• The settlements of various sizes are located along the meandering river Indus flowing
from east to west. This creates northern settlements facing south to allow maximum
sunlight.
• The houses are located on slopes
of the mountain rather than the plains
or valley in order to increase the time
duration of sun.
• Also they are close to water bodies and
Fertile land.
33. URBAN PLANNING :
• Leh is typically located on plateau on
the northern banks of Indus river.
• The old town is on southern slopes of
mountains where as newer parts are
extended in plains in south west
direction.
• The highest point of Leh is occupied
by houses of nobles and lower side
by commoners and main bazzar area.
34. • The vertical staging of buildings ensures the sunlight to all individual houses.
• The houses are placed in such a manner so that its 2-3 sides are shared with other
houses to reduce heat loss.
• The street pattern of old town is such that it allows maximum solar penetration.
• The important streets are laid in north south axis.
35. ARCHITECTURE – SPATIAL LAYOUT
• Most of the houses are two storey buildings
• Larger houses are based on courtyard while smaller ones don’t have the
courtyard
• The ground floor is low in height , used in keeping livestock, storage purposes
and also to collect toilet waste.
37. • Upper floor is used for living purposes usually consist of prayer room, store, toilet, kitchen , drawing and bedroom.
• Sometimes kitchen area and sleeping area are same to add warmth inside the house.
• Main hall is furnished with carpets and smoke chimney.
• The main living room is fitted with large window facing the sun it traps solar radiation as and indigenous green house
mechanism without opening the windows in some cases these windows are provided with double glazing to hence the
insulating properties.
38. • MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION
• Primary building material is earth and timber available locally.
• Both are natural materials offering climatic comfort in condition of Ladakh
• They are used due to their high thermal insulating properties.
• Mud plaster is applied on walls.
39. • Quartzite stone is used in making lower
storey palaces or forts where protection
from water is required .
Leh palace
• Stones are used in lower parts of walls to provide protection
and strength.
(stone)
40. • Sun dried earth block- 300x150x150 mm used for walls of thickness 300 or 450 mm.
• Soil available is alluvial soil found in banks of Indus .
41. • Floors of lower storey are made
of mud while upper storey by
timber
• It is observed that traditional
construction of earth block and
timber was able to offer
temperature difference of 40° C
in extreme winters. When
outside is -20 inside it is 20 C
recorded.
42. • The sills and jambs are articulated by the plaster band often coloured in red or black
these timber lintels and plaster bands are the distinct features of ladakhi
architecture. .
43. • ROOF- FLAT ROOF
• Beams are placed 50-60 cm apart
having 15 cm diameter and 3-4 m long.
• These beams are covered by popular
willows spread in the other direction
its thickness is 20-30 mm .
• 15-20 cm of dry grass, hay ,etc…. Over the willows, finally
plaster of clayey mud
44.
45. • Capital and post
supporting the roof.
• This type of wooden
design is speciality of
ladakh.
46. • The lintels of doors and windows are corbelled features with ornamentation.
• Doors and windows are made of timber brought from Kashmir.
47. Mongolia
Climate : Cold and dry
Short summers
Long winters
20-35 cm a year of rainfall
More than half of the country covered in
permafrost
Average temperature below freezing
Average of 257 cloudless days a year
48. Topography
• The main mongolian topographic feature are three mountain ranges,
which creates separate river drainage basins and some different
topographic zones.
• The GOBI DESERT lies in the south of mongolia, and stretches into
northern china. It has VERY LOW RAINFALL which creates the desert
by the rain shadow, formed by 4500 meter high Tibetian Plateau
which blocks rain-bearing clouds.
49. Yurt
• Traditional yurts consist of an expanding wooden circular frame
carrying a felt cover.
• The felt is made from the wool of the flocks of sheep that accompany
the pastoralist .
50. • The frame consists of one or more expanding lattice wall-sections, a
door-frame, bent roof poles and a crown.
• The Mongolian Ger has one or more columns to support the crown
and straight roof poles.