Moderate climate

C L I M A T I C Z O N E S O F I N D I A
1. HOT AND DRY CLIMATE 2. WARM AND HUMID CLIMATE
3. COMPOSITE CLIMATE 4. MODERATE CLIMATE
5. COLD CLIMATE
MODERATE CLIMATE
a) THE MODERATE CLIMATE HAS MILD TO WARM SUMMERS AND COOL WINTERS.
b) THE NEED FOR WINTER HOME HEATING IS GREATER THAN THE NEED FOR
SUMMER COOLING
BUILDING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY - III
OUR COUNTRY IS DIVIDED INTO FIVE MAJOR CLIMATIC
ZONES

BUILDING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY - III 3
E) FEW OPENING ON EXTERNAL SIDE OTHER THAN DOOR.
F) COOKING AND SLEEPING OUTDOOR IN SUMMER WERE AS INSIDE
IN WINTER.
C) IN THE MOUNTAINS OF THE GREAT
DIVIDING RANGE, WINTERS ARE COLD
AND SUMMERSARE PLEASANTLY MILD.
D) IT IS A RELATIVELY COMFORTABLE CLIMATE,
ESPECIALLY NEAR THE COAST, WHERE SUMMERSARE
COOLER AND WINTERS WARMER THAN FURTHER INLAND.
G) SOLAR RADIATION :- THE SOLAR RADIATION IN THIS REGION IS
MORE OR LESS THE SAME THROUGHOUT THE YEAR. BEING
LOCATED AT RELATIVELY HIGHER ELEVATIONS, THESE PLACE
EXPERIENCE LOWER TEMPERATURES THAN HOT AND DRY
REGIONS. THE TEMPERATURES ARE NEITHER TOO HOT NOR
TOO COLD. IN SUMMERS, THE TEMPERATURE REACHES

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H) RELATIVE HUMIDITY ;-THE RELATIVE HUMIDITY IS
LOW IN WINTERS AND SUMMERS, VARYING FROM 20 –
55%, AND GOING UPTO 55 – 90% DURING MONSOONS. THE
TOTAL RAINFALL USUALLY EXCEEDS 1000 MM PER YEAR. WINTERS
ARE DRY IN THIS ZONE. WINDS ARE GENERALLY HIGH DURING SUMMER.
THEIR SPEED AND DIRECTION DEPEND MAINLY UPON THE TOPOGRAPHY.
THE SKY IS MOSTLY CLEAR WITH OCCASIONAL PRESENCE OF LOW, DENSE
CLOUDS DURIN SUMMERS.
I) THE DESIGN CRITERIA IN THE MODERATE ZONE ARE TO REDUCE
HEAT GAIN.
J) PUNE AND BANGALORE ARE EXAMPLES OF CITIES THAT FALL
UNDER THIS CLIMATIC ZONE. AREAS HAVING A MODERATE
CLIMATE ARE GENERALLY LOCATED ON HILLY OR HIGH-
PLATEAU REGIONS WITH FAIRLY ABUNDANT VEGETATION.
30 – 34 ºC DURING THE
DAY AND 17 – 24 ºC AT NIGHT.
IN WINTER,THE MAXIMUM
TEMPERATURE IS BETWEEN 27 TO
33 ºC DURING THE DAY AND 16 TO 18 ºC
AT NIGHT.

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MAJOR PLACES IN INDIA WITH
MODERATE CLIMATE
BANGALORE
• LATITUDE: 12° 58’ N
• LONGITUDE: 77°35’ E
• ALTITUDE: 921M ABOVE MEAN SEA
LEVEL
• TEMPERATURE RANGE: 15.1°C TO 35°C
• RELATIVE HUMIDITY: 65.2%
• (AVERAGE ANNUAL RELATIVE
HUMIDITY)
PUNE
• LATITUDE: 18°31’ N
• LONGITUDE: 73°55’ E
• ALTITUDE: 560 M ABOVE SEA LEVEL
• TEMPERATURE RANGE: 19°C TO 33°C
• RELATIVE HUMIDITY: 59.3%
• (AVERAGE ANNUAL RELATIVE HUMIDITY)
5BUILDING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY - III

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6
B U I L D I N G M A T E R I A L S U S E D
FLOOR: LIME CONCRETE
WALLS: STONE MASONRY WITH LIME MORTAR
ROOF: STONE SLABS WITH LIME CONCRETE SCREED
COVER FOR FLAT ROOF.
MANGALORE TILES FOR SLOPING ROOF.
DOMESTIC ENERGY
9%
DOMESTIC TRANSOET
14%
CONTRACTOR AND
BUILDING WORK
27%
WATER
2%
BUILD LAND
8%
FOOD
39%
NON-DOMESTIC
ENERGY
1%
BUILDING PI CHART
DOMESTIC ENERGY DOMESTIC TRANSOET
CONTRACTOR AND BUILDING WORK WATER
BUILD LAND FOOD
NON-DOMESTIC ENERGY

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PASSIVE FEATURES
 Reduction of solar heat gain:
- by orientation of the bedrooms towards north
- by shading of east and west walls by neigh boring
buildings.
- by shading the windows and walls with projecting
stone slabs.
 Reduction of internal heat gain:
- by placing the kitchen outdoors in summer(and
indoor in winter).
 Reduction of heat transfer to interior
- by insulating roof.
 Increase of heat loss
- by ventilation and smoke outlet through chimney.

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MALLIKARJUN RESIDENCE, BANGALORE
C A S E S T U D Y - 1 s t
S I T E D E S C R I P T I O N
L O C A T I O N
NUMBER OF FLOORS - 2
SITE AREA - 211.00 m²
GROSS FLOOR AREA - 150 m²
NET FLOOR AREA - 125 m²
NON AIR-CONDITIONED AREA - 100 percent m²
GENERAL CONTRACTOR - OWNER BUILT. WITH
LABOUR CONTRACTORS
TYPE OF PROJECT - NEW BUILDING
INDIA / BANGALORE,
KARNATAKA 12.90,77.59

HOUSE
VIEW
H O U S E S K E T C H I N G

C L I M A T E A N A L Y S I S
DESCRIBE THE LOCAL CLIMATE
BANGALORE IS LOCATED IN THE SOUTHERN EDGE OF DECCAN PLATEAU. ELEVATION 923M ABOVE
MSL.IT HAS A TROPICAL WET / DRY CLIMATE. THE DRY SEASON IN THE LOW-SUN MONTHS , NO
VERY COLD SEASON, WET SEASON IS IN THE HIGH-SUN MONTHS. TEMPERATURES ARE MODERATE.
NEVER GOES BELOW 10 DEGREE CELSIUS IN WINTER NIGHTS AND HARDLY GOES ABOVE 35 EVEN IN
SUMMER. VERY RARELY REACHES 40 .HOWEVER FAIRLY GOOD AND HEAVY RAIN LASHES
BANGALORE.

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SPREAD OVER 7-8 MONTHS. IT RECEIVES GOOD WINDS FROM WEST AND SOUTHWEST AS WELL
AS FROM EAST AND NORTH EAST.. FOR A COMFORTABLE LIVING GOOD VENTILATION AND
CIRCULATION OF AIR WITH INSULATION OF ROOF FROM DIRECT HEAT GAIN WOULD SUFFICE.
D E S I G N A P P R O A C H
C O N C E P T
AN INWARD LOOKING HOUSE INTERNALIZING HIGH PERGOLAS AND PROVIDING SKY
LIGHTS AND VENTILATORS AND THUS INCREASING THE CIRCULATION OF AIR WAS THE
PRIMARY CONCEPT. FLUID SPACES HELP AIR CIRCULATION IN SUMMER.
S I T E I N T E G R A T I O N
SITE WAS SMALL 12 X 18 METERS. WITH SIMILAR SIZE PLOTS ON BOTH SIDES AND
BEHIND. AN ACCESS ROAD OF 12 METERS AT THE EAST. HIGH DENSITY DEVELOPMENT
WITH 2 -3 STORIES AROUND. AREA WAS FULLY DEVELOPED. GROUND LEVEL.THE
BUILDING WAS DESIGNED TO FIT THE AREA LEAVING LARGISH REQUIRED SET BACK AT
THE FRONT. THE TREES ON THE ROAD WERE PRESERVED. THE APPROACH ROAD IS A
SHADED STREET NOW.

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B U I L D I N G D E S I G N
† THE HOUSE IS DESIGNED FOR A SMALL FAMILY OF 4 ADULTS. FATHER, AN SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIALIST
AND A PHOTOGRAPHER, MOTHER AND CHILDREN. THE SETBACKS ON THE SIDES ARE INTERNALIZED BY
MAKING THEM AS SEMI LANDSCAPED COURTS WITH HIGH LEVEL PERGOLAS AND INSECT PROOFING. THE
WITH LARGE OPENINGS BETWEEN THESE COURTS AND THE DOUBLE HEIGHT LIVING SPACES ARE FLUID
SPACES. NO WINDOWS OR DOORS USED THERE SO THAT THE INSIDE SPACE MERGES WITH SEMI
ENCLOSED OUTSIDE.
† ONE BED ROOM IS ON THE GF BESIDES, LIVING DINING AND KITCHEN AND THE ENTRANCE. CARS AND
VEHICLES LIKE 2 WHEELER CAN BE. PARKED IN THE FRONT OPEN YARD THAT ALSO DOUBLE AS BASKET
BALL PRACTICE SPACE. TWO MORE BED ROOMS ON THE WEST AND A STUDY IN THE EAST ARE OF FIRST
FLOOR CONNECTED BY AN WOODEN BRIDGE. THIS AND AN OPEN WOOD PLANK STAIRS LANDING ON TO
THE BRIDGE ARE SUPPORTED ON STEEL. HIGH DENSITY SINGLE RESIDENCE DEVELOPMENT ALL ROUND
INSULATE THE HOUSE FROM NORTHERN OR WESTERN AFTERNOON SUN

S P E C I A L
F E A T U R E NATURAL LIGHTING
VENTILLATORS, INDIRECT SKY LIGHTS, PUNCTURES ON ROOF
WITH GLASS COVER.
WATER EFFICIENCY
NOTHING SPECIFICALLY ATTEMPTED.
PASSIVE HEATING/COOLING
HEATING IS NOT REQUIRED FOR BANGALORE'S CLIMATE. GOOD VENTILATION AND
PROVISION OF AIR MOVEMENT IS SUFFICIENT MOST OF THE TIMES. ONLY DURING
SUMMER MONTHS WHEN TEMPERATURE TOUCHES AND SOMETIME CROSS 35
DEGREE CELSIUS, THE PLACE NEED COOLING. IT IS ACHIVED BY REDUCING HEAT
GAIN FROM ROOF USING VAULTED SHAPES

IT IS NOT DESIGNED AS A COST EFFECTIVE
BUILDING. BUT NOT AS A HIGHER COST AS WELL.
EXPOSED STONE AND BRICKS, MINIMAL OPENINGS
HAS NOT INCREASED THE COST BEYOND AVERAGE.
COST EFFECTIVE FEATURES
ECO-FRIENDLY FEATURES
REDUCTION OF EMBEDDED ENERGY BY LOCAL AND LABOUR INTENSIVE
MATERIALS. RECYCLED WASTE WOOD ( PINE WOOOD PACKING CASES
REUSED
B U I L D I N G M A T E R I A L
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
LOAD BEARING MASONRY USING WIRECUT BRICKS LOCAL STONES
AND BRICK COMPOSITE MASONRY WITH PLASTERED SURFACE
INSIDE. THE ROOFS WERE OF FILLER CONCRETE VAULTS.

FOUNDATION
STONE MASONRY FOUNDATION. COMMON USE.
COMPOSITE MASONRY. LOCAL GRANITE STONE OR WIRE CUT BRICKS OUTSIDE AND LOCAL BRICK INSIDE.
WALLS INSULATE AGAINST EXTERNAL TEMPERAUIRE VARIATIONS.
MINIMAL USE F CLOSE-ABLE OPENINGS. WOOD. TEAK WOOD. GLAZED WINDOWS.
CERAMIC TIES AND VITRIFIED TILES. EASY AVAILABILITY , EASY MAINTAINABILITY AND COMPARATIVELY
LESSER COSTS.
VAULT ROOF WITH HOLLOW CLAY BLOCKS EMBEDDED-FILLER SLAB. STAGGERED VAULTS WITH ROW OF
VENTILATORS. THE VAULT ROOF EXTENDS AREA UNDER COVER AND ALSO MAKES THE ROOF RECEIVE LESSER
INTENSITY OF SUN'S RAYS. HOLLOW TILES USED AS FILLER IN SLABS AND VAULTS REDUCE RADIATION FROM
ROOF. INSULATES BETTER.
WALLS
DOORS AND WINDOWS
FLOORING
FINISHING
ROOFING
PLASTER OR EXPOSED BRICKS

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LOCAL GRANITE SLABS FOR PAVEMENTS. PEBBLES FOR DRY LANDSCAPE OF COURTS.
OTHERS
E N E R G Y S Y S T E M S
INTERIOR LIGHTING
30 + NOS WITH OPEN POINTS TO FIT ANY BULB. CFL, LED OR INCADESCEND OR PLAIN TUBES
EXTERIOR LIGHTING
8-9 NOS WITH BULK HEADS
CEILING FANS
5 NOS
AIR-CONDITIONING
NONE. PROVISION OF POINTS FOR SPLIT AC IN BED ROOMS
LIFT
NONE

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E N E R G Y E F F I C I E N T S Y S T E M S
ONE SPECIAL. EXCEPT SOLAR WATER HEATER ON ROOF WITH HOT WATER ON ALL BATH ROOMS. PICTURE
BELOW.
E N E R G Y E F F I C I E N T S Y S T E M S
SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM FOR BATHING ONLY. PICTURE BELOW.
SOLAR WATER HEATING

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H O U S I N G C O M P L E X I N P U N E B Y
G A N G O T R E E C A S E S T U D Y - 2 n d
H O U S I N G C O M P L E X I N P U N E B Y G A N G O T R E E
THIS HOUSING PROJECT FINDS ITS GREAT RELEVANCE IN THE FACT THAT IT ATTEMPTS TO
INTEGRATE SIMPLE PASSIVE DESIGN FEATURES IN THE REAL ESTATE MARKET
DEVELOPMENT WITHOUT COMPROMISING NEITHER FINANCIAL MECHANISMS NOR ALTERING
REGULAR CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES. THE ARCHITECTS TRIED TO IMPLEMENT PASSIVE
PLANNING ACCORDING TO PUNE’S CLIMATE WHILE STUDYING SUN PATHS ALONG THE YEAR
AS WELL AS VENTILATION STRATEGIES.
A P P R O A C H :
« THE BASIS OF OUR ATTEMPT AT CLIMATICALLY RESPONSIVE DESIGN INVOLVES CONSIDERING
THE CLIMATE IN EVERY ASPECT OF THE BUILDING AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT FROM MICRO-LEVEL
DETAILS TO MACRO-LEVEL DETAILS. THESE DECISIONS WILL AFFECT DAYLIGHT COMING INTO
THE BUILDING, RADIATION, RELATIVE HUMIDITY, AIR TEMPERATURE AND AIRFLOW. »

THE CLIMATIC DATA SHOWS THAT PUNE FALLS IN HOT AND DRY CLIMATIC ZONE. THIS REGION
EXPERIENCES HARSH AMBIENT CONDITIONS AND ARE CHARACTERIZED BY VERY HIGH RADIATION LEVEL
AND AMBIENT TEMPERATURES, ACCOMPANIED BY LOW RELATIVE HUMIDITY. THEREFORE, IT IS DESIRABLE
TO KEEP THE SUN OUT AND IF POSSIBLE, INCREASE THE HUMIDITY LEVEL.
T H E D E S I G N O B J E C T I V E S A R E A C C O R D I N G L Y .
 RESIST HEAT GAIN BY :
DECREASING THE EXPOSED SURFACE/
INCREASING THE BUFFER SPACES/
DECREASING AIR EXCHANGE RATE DURING
DAYTIME/
INCREASING THE SHADING.
 PROMOTE HEAT LOSS BY VENTILATION OF SPACES : STARK EFFECT, VENTURI EFFECT...
D E S I G N W I S E :
SHADDING :
IN OVERALL LAYOUT, BUILDINGS ARE PLACED ALONG THE PERIPHERY WITH CENTRAL OPEN SPACE.

H O U S I N G C O M P L E X I N P U N E S K E T C H I N G
WIND SIMULATION NORTH FAÇADE : INLET FOR VENTILATION

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 VENTILATION :
CLUSTERS ARE FORMED BY CLUBBING DIFFERENT UNITS. NATURE OF OPEN SPACE IS SUCH THAT THE
BUILDINGS THEMSELVES ENCLOSE THEM ACHIEVING SHADING FOR MOST OF THE PERIOD OF THE DAY.
THIS REDUCES HEAT GAIN.
STAGGERING OF VERTICAL PLANES IN THE BUILDING BLOCK ALLOW MUTUAL SHADING OF THE WALL
SURFACES. THIS REDUCES HEAT GAIN THROUGH SOLAR RADIATION. THIS IS FURTHER ACHIEVED BY
ROTATION OF ROOM ON ALTERNATE FLOORS, WHICH CREATE TERRACES
STAIRCASE AND LIGHT WELLS ACT AS SHAFTS OR CHIMNEY SUCKING THE AIR AND IMPROVING THE
NATURAL VENTILATION. NARROW GAPS OVER THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING FABRIC ARE CREATED TO
ENSURE AN ACCELERATION OF THE AIR (VENTURE EFFECT) AND ALLOW THE COOLING OF THE ALONG
SPACES.THE PREVAILING DIRECTION FOR COOL WINDS IS SOUTHWEST, WHICH IS AVAILABLE FOR EIGHT
MONTHS OF THE YEAR. THE BUILDING LAYOUT ALSO ALLOWS CAPTURING THE SOUTHWEST WIND AND
DISTRIBUTING IT THROUGHOUT THE SITE. NORTHWEST WIND, WHICH IS AVAILABLE FOR FOUR MONTHS,
IS CAPTURED THROUGH A PUNCTURE ON

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NORTHWEST SIDE : TWO FLATS HAVE BEEN REMOVED FROM THE ORIGINAL LAYOUT GRID. IT CREATES A
LARGE “HOLE” IN THE FAÇADE THAT ACTS AS AN INLET SOURCE FOR THE INTERNAL VENTILATION OF
THE COMPLEX.
THIS DECISION HAS BEEN PROMOTED AMONGST THE BUILDER AS THE CREATION OF A COMMON SPACE AND
AS A LOOSE OF INCOME THAT CAN BE RECOVERED BY THE REMOVING OF THE REGULAR SWIMMING POOL
OR SPORT FACILITIES FOR A GREEN GARDEN.
COMMON TERRACES AT THE INTERMEDIATE LEVELS ARE PROVIDED AS THE COMMUNITY GATHERING
SPACES.
CIRCULATION REALMS ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A CLEAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN VEHICULAR AND
PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT. THE MAIN CIRCULATION SYSTEM IS A RING ROAD AROUND THE SITE AND
PROVIDES ACCESS TO THE PARKING LOTS BELOW STILTS. DUE TO THE HIERARCHY OF VEHICULAR AND
PEDESTRIAN AREAS A SAFE AND CONDUCTIVE ENVIRONMENT IS CREATED.
 COMMON SPACES :

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ENERGY AND WASTE MANAGEMENT :
PROVISION OF PIPES AND SPACE HAS BEEN INSTALLED FOR SOLAR HEATERS AS IT SEEMED DIFFICULT FOR
THE PROMOTER TO MEASURE THE ACTUAL INDIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION OF HOT WATER FROM SUCH
COMMUNITY EQUIPMENT AND THIS TO ENSURE THE FAIR AND EQUITABLE SUPPLYING FOR EACH FLAT.
GARBAGE DISPOSAL FOR VERMI-COMPOST HAVE BEEN PROVIDED IN EACH KITCHEN. WATER IS
HARVESTED FROM THE ROOFS AND STORED IN AN UNDERGROUND RESERVOIR FOR GARDENING.
S O L A R P O W E R
ENERGY BINS CAN HANDLE WET WASTE

BSTBUILDING OF SCIENCE
Thank You.

Moderate climate

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