The earth’s crust is composed of rocks. Rock is a mineral mass of a more or less uniform composition. It may consist of a single mineral (mono-mineralic) or of several minerals (poly-mineralic).
STONE -As A Building Material.
Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability.
The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, abutments, dams, barrages, roads etc are known as building stones.
STONE -As A Building Material.
Stones have been considered as one of the popular building material from the olden days due to their availability in abundance from the natural rocks. Building stones should possess enough strength and durability.
The stones which are suitable for the construction of the structures such as retaining walls, abutments, dams, barrages, roads etc are known as building stones.
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
Stones dressing as a Building material and constructionNaresh Kumar
Stone found in nature, have to be quarried from their thick beds. After quarrying large pieces of rocks, it is essential to break them into smaller sizes so that they can be used in buildings.
A place where exposed surfaces of good quality natural rocks are abundantly available is known as “quarry,” and the process of taking out stones from the natural bed is known as “quarrying.”
This is done with the help of hand tools like a pickaxe, chisels, etc., or with the help of machines. Blasting using explosives is another method used in quarrying.
The dressing of stones is important so that they are dressed in suitable shapes and polished to give a smooth surface if desired.
building stone
classification of stone
physical properties of stone
chemical properties of stone
types of building stone
uses in different construction
quarrying of building stone
prevention of stone
different tests performed on the stone
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing 230,000–280,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 metres (100 ft) high. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
THIS PPT SHOWS HOW THE EARTHQUAKE WAS CAUSED AND DAMAGE DUE TO IT.
Building stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving or roofing materials in the construction of buildings and other structures.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT
Rock, that is removed from its natural site and generally, cut or dressed and then finished for building purposes, is called “Stone” and the art of building the structure with stones as constructional units is called “Stone Masonry”.
nry
Types of Rubble Masonry
Random Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed Random Rubble Masonry
BUILT TO COURSES RANDOM RUBBLE MASONRY
SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
UNCOURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
BUILT TO COURSES SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
REGULAR COURSED SQUARED RUBBLE MASONRY
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY
ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLER FINE / COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
RANDOM COURSED ASHLAR MASONRY
ROUGH TOOLED ASHLER MASONRY
QUARRY FACED ASHLAR MASONRY
CHAMFERED ASHLAR MASONRY
ASHLAR FACING
rough ashlar stone masonic rough ashlarrough and pe
Stones dressing as a Building material and constructionNaresh Kumar
Stone found in nature, have to be quarried from their thick beds. After quarrying large pieces of rocks, it is essential to break them into smaller sizes so that they can be used in buildings.
A place where exposed surfaces of good quality natural rocks are abundantly available is known as “quarry,” and the process of taking out stones from the natural bed is known as “quarrying.”
This is done with the help of hand tools like a pickaxe, chisels, etc., or with the help of machines. Blasting using explosives is another method used in quarrying.
The dressing of stones is important so that they are dressed in suitable shapes and polished to give a smooth surface if desired.
building stone
classification of stone
physical properties of stone
chemical properties of stone
types of building stone
uses in different construction
quarrying of building stone
prevention of stone
different tests performed on the stone
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing 230,000–280,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 metres (100 ft) high. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
THIS PPT SHOWS HOW THE EARTHQUAKE WAS CAUSED AND DAMAGE DUE TO IT.
Building stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving or roofing materials in the construction of buildings and other structures.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT
Today, technology is rapidly evolving; and along with industry trends, hospital facility managers have more to manage than ever before.
Faced with increasingly complex systems, large amounts of available data, and limited human and capital resources, they need tools to organize all of this information to make their hospitals work better and smarter.
At the same time, building management systems are becoming more complex with multiple systems converging from HVAC and air quality systems, energy management systems, and fire safety and security systems.
Brick floors have a timeless sense of beauty and charm. They have a warm, inviting appeal, but installing brick floors is often a time consuming and expensive.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT.
Masonry is the craft of shaping rough pieces of rock into accurate geometrical shapes, at times simple, but some of considerable complexity, and then arranging the resulting stones, often together with mortar, to form structures.
In NIT Calicut there is an increasing need to meet growing water demands. There are about 5000 students in the college. There are fourteen departments and thirteen hostels in the campus. A lot of water is being misused both in the academic and residential campus which can be effectively managed and conserved.
Are you trying to reduce energy consumption on your campus? Conservation programs that include building retrofits and improvements to metering and controls can reduce energy consumption by over 20% on university and college campuses.
David Helliwell and John Metras, University of British Columbia’s Managing Director of Infrastructure Development presented a 45 minute webinar on reducing energy consumption on campus.
This presentation includes:
• An overview of UBC’s ECOTrek project and the keys to its success in reducing energy consumption across the campus
• An explanation of the role of EMS (Energy Management Systems) in ensuring the persistence of energy savings
• An outline of UBC’s future energy sustainability projects
John Metras was the Director of Operations for UBC when the university implemented its $35M ECOTrek project that involved rebuilding and retrofitting the infrastructure of nearly 300 buildings, and which led to a 23% reduction in campus energy consumption and a 15% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
David Helliwell has worked in the energy sector since 1994, including a role with the Canadian government where he was responsible for reducing costs and improving environmental performance of 700 million square feet of office space across the country. He is the CEO of Pulse Energy, which he co-founded in 2006.
The six climates are normally designated as Hot and Dry, Warm and Humid, Moderate, Cold and Sunny, Cold and Cloudy and Composite. The criteria of allocating any location in India to one of the first five climate zones are that the defined conditions prevail for more than six months.
THIS PPT EXPLAINS HOW TO SHAPE SHELTERS IN WARM HUMID CLIMATE.
The six climates are normally designated as Hot and Dry, Warm and Humid, Moderate, Cold and Sunny, Cold and Cloudy and Composite. The criteria of allocating any location in India to one of the first five climate zones are that the defined conditions prevail for more than six months.
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength, durability, and workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix design.
Smart Cities Mission is an urban renewal and retrofitting program by the Government of India with a mission to develop 100 cities (the target has been revised to 109 cities) all over the country making them citizen friendly and sustainable
Waste water in USJP and water treatment MethodsTrishan Perera
Waste water in USJP and water treatment Methods
A presentation Done by the 1st Year Students (Group 5) of the Department of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura for the Environmental Chemistry Assignment..
THE CRYSTAL, LONDON: A SUSTAINABLE INTELLIGENT BUILDING CASESTUDY BY LAKSHMI ...Lakshmi Ravi Chandu Kolusu
PPT PRESENTATION ON A CASE STUDY OF SUSTAINABLE INTELLIGENT BUILDING AS A PART OF CURRICULUM IN INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS SUBJECT OF SEMESTER 8, NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT
Types,manufacturing and behaviour of Dimension or decorative stoneZeeshan Afzal
Dimension stone
Definition:
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as wailing, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
Rock Types:
Principally limestone (including marbles), sandstone, slates and granite are used as dimension stone.
Texture, Minerology and Colour:
Dimension Stone shows a wide variety of texture and minerology depending on their origin. Colour is an important aspect but does not follow agreed and standard colour scheme.
Types:
Igneous Dimension Stone.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone.
Igneous Dimension Stone:
These are hard and crystalline and widely used as dimension stones but commonly termed as granite by trade.
Igneous rocks show a range from pale coloured, coarsely crystalline, quartzo feldspathic varieties to dark coloured, fine grained, basaltic rock type.
Sedimentary Dimension Stone:
Sedimentary rocks include our most common dimension stones. Sandstone and Limestone are most common in them.
These are formed by cementing of pre-existing igneous rocks and high quartz content in them makes them hard and durable building stone.
Metamorphic Dimension Stone:
These are not widely used commercially as dimension stone but are fine grained.
Cleaved slates are the principal source of roofing stone worldwide.
Included in the metamorphic rocks are the true marbles.
Miscellaneous Dimension Stone:
Some texturally and minerologically distinctive rocks are used for decorative building purposes include ironstone, flint, tufa, etc.
Extraction Method and Processing:
Extraction Method and Processing:Stone Processing:
Processing of stone is begins at the quarry or following transportation to centralized cutting sheds depending on the requirement of the contract.
Softer stones such as limestone can be shaped and dressed using hand or cut using hand saws.
Harder stones may need to be sawn using frame saws, gang saws, diamond rotary blades, high pressure water jets, etc.
Surface finishing of some stones can involve polishing using abrasive and flamejet texturing.
Classification and Uses
Dimension stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving and roofing material in the construction of building and other structures.
The process of extracting or taking out stones from natural rocks bed is known as the Quarrying of Stones. The term ‘Quarry’ is used to indicate the exposed surface of the natural rock. The place or site from where stones are taken out is called ‘Quarry Site’.
Building stones quarrying – properties – structural requirements
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
STONE: TYPES, USES, TESTS
1. STONE
GROUP NO: 02
ABHAY KUMAR
AKSHAY S KUMAR
D.PRASHANTH
K.L.RAVI CHANDU
LABEEB
MOHAMMED MUSTAFA ALI
RIYA SUSAN
VAMSHI KRISHNA RAO K
2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SEASONING OF STONE
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD BUILDING STONE
TESTS ON STONES
DURABILITY TEST
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
COMMON BUILDING STONES AND THEIR USES
3. INTRODUCTION :
The earth’s crust is composed of rocks. Rock is a mineral mass of a more or less
uniform composition. It may consist of a single mineral (mono-mineralic) or of several
minerals (poly-mineralic).
Mono-mineralic rocks are quartz sand, pure gypsum, and magnesite.
Poly-mineralic rocks are granite, basalt, and porphyries.
Natural rock materials are widely used for building purpose owing to their universal
occurrence and physical and mechanical properties.
Rocks are the main source of material for the manufacture of mineral binding
materials, such as gypsum, lime, cement and of artificial rock materials, e.g. brick,
glass, items for concrete and mortar.
4. SEASONING OF STONE
A freshly cut stone carries some natural moisture known as quarry sap.
Quarry sap makes the stone soft and workable.
The quarry sap is a mineral solution and reacts chemically with the mineral
constituents when it is exposed to atmosphere after quarrying.
Thus the stone becomes harder and compact.
All the stones should be seasoned before they are used in structural work.
Seasoning can be done for a period of 6 to 12 months.
5. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
BUILDING STONE
We use stone in different constructions. It is necessary to find their suitability
under different condition. The following properties need to be examined before
their use.
APPEARANCE AND COLOUR :
Stones must look good in appearance and be of uniform colour.
Light coloured stones are preferred as they resist weathering action in a better
way.
Stones with iron oxide should not be used as the presence of iron oxide
disfigures the stones and brings about disintegration.
6. STRENGTH :
Stones are used as a compression member and should have sufficient
compressive strength.
The crushing strength of stone should be greater than 100 N/mm2.
Igneous rocks have a strength of around 100 N/mm2.
WEIGHT :
In general, good building stones should have a high weight to resist higher
compressive forces.
Good building stones must have a specific gravity greater than 2.7.
A heavy stone possess more compactness and less porosity.
7. HARDNESS AND TOUGHNESS :
Stones must be hard and tough so that they can resist wear and tear.
Hardness is assessed by scratching and toughness by hammering.
A good building stone should have a wearing resistance less than 3%, and if it is more than
3% it is not satisfactory.
Stones used for road work should be hard to resist wear and tear.
POROSITY AND ABSORPTION :
All stones possess porosity.
Stones that have a porosity over a certain percentage are unsuitable for building purposes.
The presence of a higher percentage of pores may absorb rain, which may deteriorate the
stone.
A good stone should not absorb water more than 0.6% by weight.
It must be capable of withstanding effects of atmosphere. If stones in a cold climate absorb
water, they may freeze and even sit.
8. COMPACTNESS :
A good stone have a compact, fine, crystalline structure and must be strong.
A compact stone is capable of withstanding the effect of external agencies
effectively.
FINENESS OF GRAIN :
Stones that are fine grained are suitable for moulding purposes. Such stones
are easily carved and dressed.
Non-crystalline structures stones are likely to disintegrate under the action of
natural agencies.
9. RESISTANCE TO FIRE :
Stones must retain their shape when subjected to fire.
Limestone resists fire up to about 800 degree C.
Sandstone can resist fire in a better way.
Although argillaceous stones per poor in strength, they are highly fire resistant.
DURABILITY :
Durable stones are those which are compact, homogeneous, acid resistant and have
negligible water absorption.
10. DRESSING :
Dressing is the act of shaping a stone for decorative purpose or for other
purposes.
For this, the stone should possess uniform texture and softness so that
they may be easily dressed.
Hard stone can’t be dressed.
11. TESTS ON STONES
DURABILIY TEST:
The durability test is performed to find out the capacity of stone to resist
disintegration and decomposition.
Durability value = change in mass = (M1-M2)X100.
12. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Samples of stone is cut into cubes of size 40x40x40 mm.
Sizes of cubes are finely dressed and finished.
Minimum number of specimen to be tested is three.
Such specimen should be placed in water for about 72 hours prior to test and
therefore tested in saturated condition.
Load bearing surface is then covered with plaster of Paris of about 5mm thick
plywood.
Load is applied axially on the cube in a crushing test machine.
Rate of loading is 140 kg/sq.cm per minute.
Crushing strength of the stone per unit area is the maximum load at which the
sample crushes or fails divided by the area of the bearing face of the specimen.
13. COMMON BUILDING STONES AND
THEIR USES
GRANITE : It is a deep-seated igneous
rock, hard, durable and available in
different colours. It has high crushing
strength & capable of sustaining high
weathering.
14. BASALT & TRAP : Basalt and Trap are also of igneous origin. These are effective
solid rocks which have been formed on the earth’s surface in the absence of
pressure by rapid cooling of the magma which also carries crystals of various
minerals. These are hard, tough and durable and are available in different colours
15. Limestone and Chalk : These are sedimentary rocks which have been formed of
remnants of seaweeds and living organisms consolidated and cemented
together. They are easy to work and contain a high percentage of calcium
carbonate.
16. Sandstone : This is another form of sedimentary rock formed by the action of
mechanical sediments. It shows a sandy structure which is low in strength and easy
to work with the dress. This is available in different colours.
17. Laterite : This is a metamorphic rock and
is sandy clayey stone. It is porous and soft. It
can be cut easily into blocks and contains a
high percentage of iron oxide.
18. Gneiss : It is a metamorphic rock which can be easily split into thin slab and easy
to work on.
19. Marble : It is a metamorphic rock which can be easily cut with a saw and can
be curved.
20. Slate : It is also a metamorphic rock which is black in colour and can be split easily.
21. Gravel : It is available in river beds in the form of pebbles and is of different
shape.
22. Quartzite : It is a metamorphic rock which is hard, brittle and crystalline. It is
difficult to work with and is very durable.
23. USES OF COMMON BUILDING STONE
For foundation, walls, columns, arches, lintels, roofs, floors, etc.
For facing work of masonry.
For railway as ballast.
For concrete and road construction as coarse aggregate
For bridges as floors, piers, abutments, retaining wall, etc.
For lighthouses and dams.
24. USEFUL BUILDING STONES IN
INDIA
Granite
Granite is used for stone columns , road metal, ballast for railways, etc. It is
found in Karnataka,Maharashtra,Rajasthan,Punjab,kerala.
Sandstone
Sandstone is used for building and ornamental purposes and also as road
metal . It is found in M.P., Rajasthan ,Tamilnadu etc.
26. LIMESTONE
It is used for flooring, roofing,pavements and in general building construction.It is found in
Punjab Maharashtra,Andhra Pradesh,etc.
GNEISS
It is used for flooring and pavement and not for major purposes because of its
weakness.It is found in Karnataka,Gujarat and Tamilnadu.
MARBLE
It is used for ornamental purposes,flooring,facing works,etc.It is found in
Rajasthan,Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.
29. Selection of stones for various works:
1.General building works:
Stones used for foundation, walls and superstructure.
Stone with high mechanical strength and the pleasant colors are widely used,
such as sandstones.
2.Building exposed to high wind:
Stones with a high crushing strength and the presence of silica in addition to
hardness should be preferred, as such building are constructed near the sea
or location where more wind prevails.
30. 3.Building in industrial areas:
Buildings are mostly subjected to polluted atmosphere which may contain harmful gases,
acids and moisture.
These elements leads to damage, Hence stones that could sustain the effect of acidity
and smoke on them are preferred.
4.Building exposed to heat and fire:
Stones that have high fire-resisting properties or stones which are free from calcium
carbonate can resist fire. so, this type of stone can be used in buildings which are
frequently susceptible to fire.
5.Facing and architectural items:
Facing slabs and stones ,parts of stairs and landings ,parapets and guard rail are made of
slabs split from natural stone and worked on.
31. 6.Road metals and railways ballasts:
Road metals and railway ballasts are subjected to high compression abrasion. Thus stones
selected for such purposes should be able to resist thrust, must be strong and highly durable.
Granite and quartzite preferred for such purposes.